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By Tim Edwards, Richard Triglavcanin, Ian Arbuthnot, Darren Colwell, Brad Garraway, Ken Roberts

"In the mineral processing industries, there is an increasing need to design thickeners which are able to produce high density underflows usually referred to as “paste”.The behaviour of a flocculated suspension in compression needs to be well understood in order to arrive at a reliable thickener tank configuration (i.e. diameter, cone angle and depth) for a required paste result.As a suspension approaches paste consistency, it’s fluid characteristics change markedly. It develops a high yield stress, and may have an increased tendency to form agglomerates, which lead to a phenomenon known as “rotating beds”, “donuts”, or “islands”. These characteristics present challenges to the designer of the rake mechanism.The subject paper addresses the requirements for designing a paste thickener, covering the following topics:o Testwork for thickener sizingo Design of rake mechanismso Suspension rheology and effect on designo Case studiesTESTWORK AND SIZING FOR PASTE THICKENERSThickening slurries to the maximum possible density (paste) is becoming increasingly common. Applications such as Autoclave feed thickeners, paste backfill and some counter current washing (CCD) circuits are all examples of potential paste thickening applications. The principle of paste thickeners is that the compression zone is much deeper than on either high rate (HRT) or high compression (HCT) units; generally 3 metres or more. As the compression zone gets deeper, theunderflow density for a given flux rate (tph/m2) increases, as a result of two factors:1. Longer bed settling time. Settling flocs move relative to one another and release interstitial fluid when they are in compression. Increasing bed residence time achieves higher density underflow as more fluid is removed.2. The nett weight of the bed creates a compressive force on the settling flocs. This force increases with depth, so that the flocs at the bottom of the bed experience the highest compressive force. This represents the driving force to expel interstitial fluid and hence increase bed density."

Jan 1, 2005

By Claude Bazin, Jalna Lamontagne

"The operators of mineral processing plants collect daily samples from strategic process streams with a view to prepare production balances to assess plant performances. The rules to minimize the risk of systematic sampling errors are known and applied in many mineral processing plants. The mass of the sample to be collected is calculated to yield a target measurement reproducibility considering the fundamental error associated to the sampling of heterogeneous material. This paper demonstrates that this practice is partly valid if one does not account for the time variation of the ore composition during the day. The concept is demonstrated using samples collected on a 30 minute basis from different streams of a gold ore concentrator. Results show that depending of the natural variability of the stream characteristics the mass of the daily samples may not be the critical variable to obtain reproducible measurements. On the other hand the number of cuts taken during the day could impact on the variance of the measurements obtained from daily samples.IntroductionMineral processing plants may treat several thousand tons of ore every day to produce concentrate or impure gold ingots. The operation and performances of these plants are monitored on a daily basis through the collection of ore samples from various streams of the processing circuit. The samples are prepared and assayed to obtain the concentrations of target elements that are subsequently used to calculate the mass flowrates in the streams of the circuit and ultimately the distribution of the target metals for the estimation of the plant performances (Morrison, 2009; Lachance and Leroux, 2016).The acquisition of representative and reproducible samples is therefore the first step in the characterization of plant performances. The term representative sample is used here to indicate an unbiased sample, i.e. a sampling procedure that does not introduce a systematic error. Rules for the collection of unbiased samples are reviewed in the literature by different authors (e.g. Morrison, 2009) and are not discussed in this paper. The term reproducible indicates the dispersion of the measurements around the average value of a characteristic of a stream meets an acceptable level of variance. The reproducibility of a measurement process (sampling and analysis) is assessed by the relative standard deviation or coefficient of variation of the measurement that is a function of the sampling and assaying errors (Morrison. 2009; Gy, 1979). Usually the focus is put on the fundamental error of sampling whose variance can be controlled by the choice of the primary sample mass or adequate particle size reduction during the preparation of secondary or tertiary samples extracted for the chemical analysis. When a sample is taken from a stream that exhibits a time varying characteristic, the obtained measurement exhibits a variability that is not only a function of the sample mass but also of the natural variability of the ore in the sampled stream. This paper examines this aspect of the sampling of a time varying process on the reproducibility of composite samples for a day of production."

Jan 1, 2017

By Steve Cole

"The economic and strategic importance of PGE bearing deposits is fuelling renewed exploration and development efforts in the precious metals mining sector.This paper presents a review of the various techniques used in the processing of PGE bearing ores, from primary benificiation to processing routes for the different flowsheets that have been developed amongst current producers. Recent innovations such as preconcentration of ore using gravity separation, recent trends in flotation circuit design and the development of hydrometallurgical routes for the direct treatment of flotation concentrates without the need for smelting will be discussed. Data from recent projects will be presented to illustrate common characteristics of PGE ores and concentrates.INTRODUCTIONThe six platinum-group elements (PGE): ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum, together with gold and silver, are considered to be ""precious"" metals. The recent spike in platinum and palladium prices coupled with the projected increase in demand for the metals has fuelled a spate of exploration and new projects in the PGE sector. Historically primary producers of PGE metals have controlled the flow of information relating to the mining and processing of these ores into the public domain. Very little published information relating to individual operations and processes is available in comparison to the abundant literature relating to other metals.The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of the issues relating to the processing of PGE ores. Each topic discussed could easily be the topic of a paper or book and so in many cases only the surface of the topic will be scratched. An attempt has therefore been made to provide as many references as possible.This paper discusses the classification and location of PGE ores, the mineralogical factors that affect recovery of PGE's, methods currently used for recovering PGE's and process trends in PGE metallurgy."

Jan 1, 2002

By G. Belzil, F. Robichaud, M. Fullam

"The Goldex mining and milling complex is operated by Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd. and is located in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Northwest Quebec, Canada. The mill operates presently at a throughput of 8,250 tpd with gold grade varying between 1.8 and 2.2 g/t. The ore is very high in gravity recoverable gold (GRG) at about 92% and as such a significant emphasis was placed on the gravity circuit. Commercial production started in 2008. Average gold recovery is 93.5% with about 68% of gold recovery coming from the gravity circuit. Over the course of the first several years of production, several gravity audits were carried out. In 2009, a complete gravity audit was completed, including ore, classification, Knelson Concentrators, and the gold room. In 2011, an audit was undertaken of the flotation circuit to determine the efficiency by which GRG is floated. Large samples of flotation feed and tails were collected and process for GRG content. This allowed a link between gravity and overall recovery to be made. This paper presents results of the audits and the development of a model linking gravity and overall gold"

Jan 1, 2012

By T. R. Wildeman

"At the Big Five wetland, which was built to treat drainage from a metal mine, encouraging results have attributed to sulfate reduction. Cu and Zn were reduced to below detection limits of 0.50 mg/L, Fe was reduced by at least 90% to below 3 mg/L, and the pH was raised from below 3 to above 6. The study showed that treatment was primarily through microbial processes within the substrate and that plants were not needed to insure success.Constructed wetlands can be taken through design and proofing stages, and into operations scale in a meaningful time frame for on-line acid drainage remediation. In staged design, laboratory experiments are initiated to determine reasonable substrate materials for remediation of a particular drainage. When a reasonable substrate is found, bench scale experiments are initiated as the next stage in the design. In these studies, removal efficiency, permeability, and flow are analyzed to identify candidate substrate which will support sulfate reduction and be hydraulically reasonable. Using this design method at one site, an acid drainage of pH 2.5 was raised to a pH of above 7. Total heavy metal concentrations in this drainage exceeded 900 mg/L. In the pilot constructed wetland Cu, Zn, and Fe were reduced by 99%.Determining how well these anaerobic cells operate in the winter is done at the pilot plant site in Idaho Springs, CO. It's been found that over the last four winters, those cells that emphasize anaerobic removal within the substrate have operated continuously and effectively the year round. Winter operation is aided by the fact that the water temperature of the acid drainage is always between 14 and 16° C, and the cell can be readily insulated from the cold. Activity of the sulfate reducing bacteria may decrease during the winter. However, it appears that organic complexation of metals helps to maintain low concentrations of metals in the effluent."

Jan 1, 1992

By Henry Stoch

It?s a green, green world ? Public concern about the impact of human activities on the environment and the roles that businesses play in that impact is rising. What?s happened in the last few months? ? Recent news: ? British Columbia announces carbon tax in 2008 budget ? Federal Court ruling stalls oil sands approvals due to a lack of consideration of GHG implications ? US Energy Independence and Security Act could limit government procurement of oil sands-derived fuels ? Western Climate Initiative (WCI) suggests a ?first seller? approach for regulating generators outside WCI jurisdictions ? Implications ? A cost for carbon has arrived ? The lack of a GHG strategy can have a material impact on your business ? Regulations in other jurisdictions could affect your organization

May 1, 2008

By Patrick R. Stephenson

The current version of the JORC Code was issued in 2004 and since that date the Australian Securities Exchange, in collaboration with JORC, has issued a number of companies? updates to provide guidance on various reporting issues. An interim review will be undertaken during 2010 to meld these updates with the current 2004 Code. This will be followed by a full review during 2010/11 covering all aspects of the Code and focusing particular attention on: ? clauses / guidelines relating to Exploration Results1, exploration targets and the reporting of historical estimates; ? issues relating to the Public Report2, including definition, the requirements for Competent Person sign-off, level of disclosure and mandatory requirements; ? guidance on techniques to quantify resource / reserve estimation uncertainty; ? the level of study required to convert Mineral Resources to Ore Reserves, and disclosure of prices and economic factors; ? expansion of the requirements for reporting of marketable material for bulk commodities; ? the use of language and tone that anticipates new and emerging technologies and techniques for the qualitative and quantitative measurements of data; and ? linkages to valuation and the valuation code (The VALMIN Code). Although the Canadian and Australian reporting regimes for public statements on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral (Ore) Reserves are similar in intent and coverage, they differ in detail, sometimes substantially. Canadian requirements are generally more wide-ranging and prescriptive than Australian requirements, including in the need in many situations to publicly lodge a Technical Report, a requirement that does not exist in Australia. Australian-listed companies seeking to list in Canada, and Competent Persons seeking to act as Qualified Persons in Canada, need to ensure that they are fully conversant with Canadian regulations and how they differ from those in Australia.

May 1, 2010

By Barnard Foo

Topics of Discussion ?Location ?Production & Mining Operation ?Mineralization ?Mining Method ?Rock Mechanics Issues ?Ground Control Problems ?Numerical Analysis ?RockmassBehaviour ?Conclusions & Recommendations ?Discussion

Feb 1, 2008

By F. Bruey, T. Bruce, D. R. Nagaraj, W. Thomas, P. Riccio, E. Guitard

"AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter is a flotation collector that has been an industry standard in the Canadian mineral processing industry since its first commercial use at the Kidd Creek concentrator in 1980. Its wide range of applications in sulphide mineral flotation has made it successful, specifically in the processing of complex sulphide ores which contain copper, lead, zinc, and silver or any combination of these elements for selective separation.AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter is a unique, phosphine-based collector originally developed for the flotation of copper sulphide minerals and activated zinc minerals. It is now recognized for its selectivity for complex, polymetallic sulphide ores and porphyry copper ores. In addition, AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter is highly selective for copper, lead, activated zinc, nickel and precious metals. AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter exhibits strength yet, selectivity against iron sulphides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite), non-activated sphalerite, and many minerals which contain penalty elements.This paper outlines a brief history of the product’s development, its historical use in Canada and several potential innovative mineral processing applications with the use of the chemistry. Three Canadian case studies will be presented on various ore types including: a Cu-Au ore, a Cu-Zn ore, and Cu-Pb-Zn ore. A plant production update will also be given on the future supply of AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter.INTRODUCTIONCytec Industries Inc. operates a phosphine derivatives plant in Niagara Falls, Ontario, that manufactures various products for their speciality chemicals division. The products from this site are based on phosphine (PH3) chemistry and are used in a variety of markets including electronics, agriculture, LED lighting, water treatment, metal extraction, and mineral processing. One of the major products is the phosphine-based sulphide mineral collector, AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter.AEROPHINE® 3418A Promoter (Figure 1) was originally developed for the flotation of copper and activated zinc minerals (Thomas, 2010).."

Jan 1, 2015

The uphole bench extraction strategy at EKJV Management Pty Ltd?s Raleigh Mine, requires simultaneous horizontal and vertical exposure of paste filled stopes. In order to prevent excessive ore dilution, the paste fill must be of sufficient strength to prevent failure during exposure. A numerical modelling methodology has been developed to accurately simulate the initial stress distribution within paste filled stopes, together with the strain-softening loading response of paste fill material. Due to the narrow orebody width and high deformation behaviour of the host rock mass, high closure strains are likely to cause a stiff, brittle fill material to undergo crushing failure upon exposure. The stability of paste fill exposures at the Raleigh Mine was determined by conducting a series of three-dimensional numerical models that incorporate the extraction, filling and exposure sequence of paste filled stopes. Stability charts for 2.5 m and 3.5 m wide simultaneous horizontal and vertical exposures have been derived based upon the numerical modelling results. Implementation of the stability charts has proved successful in limiting the amount of ore dilution from paste fill and provides a basis to optimize paste fill cementation and stability throughout the life of the mine.

May 1, 2007

By Tassos Grammatikopoulos, Sarah Prout, William Mercer, C. Gunning

"The Nechalacho rare metal deposit is located in NWT, Canada. Avalon Rare Metals Inc. is now evaluating processing techniques for recovery of REE to be used in the industry. QEMSCANTM analysis coupled with whole rock, REE, Zr and Nb, and electron microprobe analyses were utilized to identify and quantify the mineralogy of the deposit, and define the REE distribution among minerals. QEMSCANTM mineralogy was performed on fifty intact drill samples using EXPLOMINTM that provided textural information for the mineralization; crushed samples were used to determine the variability of the ore and define REE domains, and composite samples to determine the liberation and association of the REE minerals. The sample matrix predominantly consists of biotite, feldspars, quartz, muscovite/clays, minor chlorite and amphibole, magnetite and hematite and carbonates. REE include in decreasing order of abundance allanite (3.6%), monazite (1.5%), synchysite (0.9%), columbite (0.9%), fergusonite (0.6%), bastnaesite (0.4%), and zircon 11.0%. The majority of the HREE are carried by fergusonite and zircon, and the LREE by monazite, allanite, synchysite and bastnaesite. QEMSCANTM mineralogical data is extremely valuable in assessing the mineralogy of the ore. The data have been implemented in defining the mineralogy of the ore body, support metallurgical test work, predict recoveries and grades, and finally calculate reserves of the deposit.INTRODUCTIONAvalon is in the unique position of owning and developing one of the world’s largest rare earth deposits in the Northwest Territories of Canada.The term Rare Earth Elements (REE) is used to describe the 15 lanthanide elements or metals and, more recently, the metals yttrium and scandium, which display similar physical and chemical properties. REE are not particularly rare and have a similar abundance in the earth’s crust to nickel, tin or tungsten. Unlike these better known metals however, the rare earths have little tendency to become concentrated into commercial ore deposits. When they do become concentrated, deposits of REEs usually display enrichment in one of two groups. The most commonly occurring deposits of REEs contain a sub-group of elements referred to as the “light rare earth elements” (LREEs), which include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium. Less commonly, deposits of REEs contain the much more valuable sub-group of elements referred to as the “heavy rare earth elements” (HREEs), which include europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium. Yttrium and scandium most commonly occur in association with this second HREE sub-group. Generally, LREEs are produced from the mineral bastnaesite, and the HREEs have been produced from the minerals xenotime and monazite. LREEs continue to be produced from bastnaesite, however in the 1980s, China started production of HREEs from unique laterite clay deposits. China now produces approximately 95% of the world’s rare earths."

Jan 1, 2011

By L. Li

The backfilling of underground stopes is a common practice throughout the mining industry. The stresses imposed by the backfill on the surrounding rock mass need to be assessed because of their influence on ground stability and on the hydro-geochemical response of the fill material. There is, however, a complex interaction between the relatively soft backfill and the much stiffer adjacent rock mass. In recent years, the authors have presented results from investigations conducted on stress distributions (obtained numerically and analytically) in and around backfilled stopes with (sub)vertical walls. In this paper, the influence of stope inclination and of backfill properties is evaluated. Results indicate that, in general, the vertical and horizontal stresses in inclined stopes are close to, but somewhat smaller than the stresses in vertical stopes. Nonetheless, significant differences can be observed in some cases, especially for the vertical stress along the inclined central line and along the hanging wall. It is further shown that neglecting deformability in limit equilibrium analyses is an acceptable assumption. However, Poisson?s ratio and the dilatancy angle, usually neglected in limit equilibrium analyses, may have significant effect on the stress distribution. Results also confirm that the backfill strength parameters (cohesion and friction angle) are critical factors required to properly evaluate the stress distribution, at least within a certain range of parameter values.

May 1, 2007

By Tom C. Palangio

The mining industry has come to rely on imaging devices to monitor and record all kinds of activities. We use them to measure, improve the process, ensure security, increase production and automate machinery. Cameras can be installed in locations most people wouldn?t want to live and be our ?eyes? to record the events at that location. This paper discusses digital imaging, the equipment, methods, techniques and information that can be learned from digital devices used in mining operations. The guy who said ?a picture is worth a thousand words? probably understated it. Images are the perfect way to document conditions before, after and even during mining activities. Today?s wide choice of cameras, camcorders and other digital devices allow us to record most activities and events. The technology is advancing at a high rate. Digital cameras and camcorders are marvels of technology with high resolution optics, compact size, automatic time and date stamp, great battery life, shutters to freeze motion and computers to auto focus and eliminate jitter (image stabilization). Add to this the economical price and ease of use and everyone in this industry should be aware of the possibilities.

Oct 1, 2010

Brunswick Mine employs an ore and waste pass system for material transfer. This paper reviews the evolution and performance ore pass systems at the mine. It presents the range of selected configurations, inclination, dimensions etc. Select case studies are used to address the influence of structure, stress and materials handling on the longevity of the employed ore passes.

Feb 1, 2008

By A. Azizi, P. Blatter, A. Bouajila

"Due to the high reactivity of sulfide minerals in alkaline cyanide solutions, some parasitic reactions inflict a heavy gold surface passivation and excess cyanide consumption resulting in a dramatic decrease of the gold leaching rate. Atmospheric pre-oxidation was shown to be an effective tool to enhance gold extraction by preventing a passive film from forming on the surface of gold grains. This work aims to highlight efforts undertaken to determine: (1) how gold cyanidation is limited by passivation; (2) what are the reactions and mechanisms involved during gold cyanidation; and (3) how a better understanding of fundamental issues can be used to design a proper pre-oxidation strategy. INTRODUCTION Precious metals (PM), gold in particular, naturally occur in contact within a wide range of sulfide mineral systems. Hence, one of today’s most challenging R&D tasks consists in accounting for the presence of sulfides on the cyanidation behavior of gold. An important body of knowledge reveals that metal sulfides display a range of reactivities in alkaline cyanide solutions (Marsden & House, 2006). Such reactivities are acknowledged to inflict additional utility costs and loss of profits because they are accompanied with higher consumption of cyanide and/or formation of undesirable by-products that are often detrimental to gold leaching rates. Gold recovery in cyanidation is hampered by a multitude of factors, among others: (1) consumption of excess cyanide as a result of the formation of thiocyanate and dissolution of transition (Cu, Fe, Zn, etc.) metals (Habashi, 1967); (2) gold surface passivation by solid reaction products, e.g., Fe(OH)3 (Guo, Deschenes, Pratt, Fulton & Lastra, 2005), sulfur (Dai & Jeffrey, 2006; Jeffrey & Breuer, 2000;) or oxo and thiooxo (SbO33- SbS33-) salts in alkaline solutions (Guo et al., 2005). Because of their energy structure, most of the sulfide minerals exhibit semiconductor properties (Marsden & House, 2006). Therefore, the contact between constitutive sulfide minerals inside complex sulfurous ores entrains electrochemical phenomena in which sulfide dissolution is a genuine corrosion process (Azizi, Petre, Olsen & Larachi, 2010). For instance, galvanic interactions could be initiated between the various constituents within the ore and could substantially increase or decrease the reactivity of some of the associated minerals."

Jan 1, 2012

By Corby G. Anderson

"Laboratory testing, plant optimization, and the interpretation and application of metallurgical technologies can be tedious, time consuming and costly. This paper outlines the use of proven statistical design of experimentation software for rapid laboratory testing and optimization of operating plants with limited representative sample utilization. This results in less costly required testing, a more thorough understanding of results and the ability to simultaneously optimize several variables and outcomes at once. At the Center for Advanced Mineral and Metallurgical Processing (CAMP), this testing methodology has been used successfully in many metallurgical development and plant optimization projects thereby confirming its real world utility and application. Accordingly, several applied examples in flotation and hydrometallurgy will be outlined in this paper. This will include flotation testing of a copper gold ore, flotation testing of a copper, cobalt and gold ore, optimization of an industrial hydrometallurgical jarosite circuit and optimization of industrial nitrogen species catalyzed pressure leaching of a copper enargite concentrate.INTRODUCTIONWhile flotation technology is now 100 years old, the testing, interpretation and application of lab results can be tedious, costly and time consuming requiring extensive sample collection and preparation. In addition, recent applications like hydrometallurgical pressure leaching and associated unit operations, such as precipitation, still remain more of an art than a quantifiable science. This paper will elucidate the application of STAT-EASE Design-Expert software to minimize required laboratory testing while rapidly optimizing multiple results and outcomes in a statistically valid manner. The STAT-EASE program is based on proven design of experiment fundamentals. In this paper, the real world application of this methodology for lab testing, plant optimization and process development will be elucidated."

Jan 1, 2006

By Eric Konigsmann

"Omai Gold Mines is a large scale open pit gold mining operation located in central Guyana, South America with a 12,000 tonne per day milling facility. Mill operations were initiated in December 1992 with commercial production beginning in January 1993. The entire operation employs approximately 120 expatriates and some 800 Guyanese nationals and is expected to produce in excess of 250,000 ounces of gold per year. The total mineable reserves contain 2.5 million ounces of gold with a projected mine life of twelve years.The milling circuits feature an SABC grinding circuit, gravity concentration and a conventional CIP gold recovery circuit. This paper will review the mill start up and ""run-in"" phase during the first year of operation. Emphasis will be placed on descriptions of start up problems and circuit modifications, mill performance trends in 1993, and personnel training and development. An outlook for 1994 is also given.IntroductionOmai Gold Mines is a large scale, open pit gold mining operation located in the Potaro district of Guyana, South America, some 160 kilometers south of the capital city Georgetown. Although there are numerous small scale gold mining ventures in Guyana, particularly with the dredging operations on the rivers, Omai is the first hard rock, open pit mine to be developed in the country. At present, this mining operation is one of the largest gold mines in South America.The Omai gold deposit has been exploited for over one hundred years. In the late 1800's, a German syndicate used hydraulicing with subsequent gravimetric separators such as sluice boxes and trommel screens to recover gold from saprolite, a soft, oxidized, claylike mineral which covers much of the claim area. Through the early 1900's and up until the 1950's, numerous mining companies including Anaconda Mining Co. Ltd. explored and drilled the Omai deposit but the technology and low gold price of the day made the reserve uneconomic to develop."

Jan 1, 1994

By Linda C. M. Elliot, Liangxue Liu

"The deposition of tailings under water is considered to be one of the most environmentally promising and potentially cost effective methods to reduce or eliminate acid mine drainage from tailings. One of the concerns of subaqueous deposition has been that metals may leach into the cover waters, thereby increasing aqueous metal concentrations to higher than acceptable limits. This potential was seen to have an even greater possibility for impact when the tailings are deposited under acidic lake water.The following paper summarizes the results of subaqueous tailings pilot column test work conducted to determine the effects of subaqueously deposited tailings on lake water and tailings pore water. Two types of tailings were tested: high sulphide tailings (pyrrhotite concentrate), and low sulphide tailings (end of pipe slime tailings).Data was collected from five columns over a 13 month test period. The results indicated that a stagnant I 000 mm water cover was capable of maintaining the underlying tailings in a reducing condition. The upwards diffusion of pore water resulted in a pH increase in the waters overlying the thickened pyrrhotite tailings and the pyrrhotite tailings with a shallow cover of substrate. A conductivity gradient between the tailings and the water cover caused a diffusion of salts upwards into the overlying water column. Precipitation noted at the tailings water interface may be related to the precipitation of ferric oxyhydroxides, which resulted in a decrease in Fe concentrations noted in the water cover. Other metal concentrations did not exhibit significant increases in the water cover. A sulphate concentration gradient between the tailings and the water cover may have caused the diffusion of SQ4 from the tailings into the water cover."

Jan 1, 1997

Scope / Agenda ? What is Situation Awareness (SA)? ? Background on SA theory ? SA is critical in a wide variety of domains ? SA and human performance ? Consequences of poor SA ? Significant challenges for SA in mining operations ? Technology centric design ? SA-oriented design methodology ? Goal-Directed Task Analysis ? Design ? SA Measurement and Evaluation ? Applications of SA-oriented design

Aug 1, 2013

By A. Dave Mackintosh

In 2001, at the CIM AGM in Quebec, a paper discussing poor ground conditions in a newly opened area at Agrium?s Vanscoy Potash Operation?s, suggested load transfer around old workings as a possible reason for the early room failure. High closure rates are expected in deeper regions however the rapid failure of walls immediately behind the face resulted in protective guards being mounted on and behind the borer. The high closure and early rib failure continued well past any reasonable distance to be explained by load transfer around old workings and investigations continued into possible reasons other than simply depth. Detailed investigations into the mineralogy and crystal fabric of the ore zone provided one possibility, which combined with a changed borer cutting profile are now believed to have contributed greatly to the poor conditions.

Apr 1, 2005