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The Industrial Minerals Milling Section of the Mineral Processing Division has been engaged for the past three years in a study of the separation of minerals, by means of electronic sorting equipment, on the basis of their colour. Considerable knowledge of the subject has been built up. Because the object of this study is application as a means of beneficiation, a number of examples of the separations achieved are presented. Introduction T 0 the mineral collector, the colour of a mineral may be pleasing, even fascinating; to the mineralogist, student or professional, it may also be practical. It serves, to some extent, as a distinguishing feature in many minerals, and helps to fix with reasonable accuracy the identity of a few. It may now become a useful tool of the mineral dresser. The idea of using a difference in colour as a means of separation of one mineral from another is not new. Hand sorting dates back to ancient time. However, the means by which this can be done mechanically was developed only during the past decade. As far as the Mineral Processing Division is concerned, interest dates from March, 1960, when the following item was observed in the

Jan 1, 1965

By E. O. T. Simpson

"IntroductionAS COMPARED with coal mines in the United States, and even with some of those in eastern Canada, the coal mines of western Canada, generally speaking, :have made little progress toward mechanization at the working faces. So far as Vancouver island is concerned, there are three main reasons for this : ( 1 ) in some areas, conditions• easy for hand-loading but unsuitable for mechanical loading make high outputs per man •possible by the former method; (2) faulting of the coal seams in ..some areas precludes long-term planning and the introduction and efficient use of expensive equipment; (3) thinness •and other characteristics of the seams in many areas favour hand-loading.No. 8 MINENo. 8 mine of Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Limited, is located in the Cumberland sub-area of the Comox coalfield on Vancouver island about 90 miles west-northwest of Vancouver. The geological structure of this coalfield has been described by J. D. McKenzie. The seams occur in the Comox formation, a subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. The formation is of near-shore origin and was laid down on an irregular surface of' older rocks. The irregular generally have a northeasterly dip, modified by gentile folds and by a •few large, and a number of smaller, faults.Four seams have been worked in the Cumberland area and all vary in thickness and in the amount and number of interstratified bone and rock •bands."

Jan 1, 1953

By H. Memarian

In the last few decades, many developing countries have tried to expand and improve upon higher education, which is acknowledged to be the leading factor for development. In this respect, develiping countries have significantly increased the number of tertiary institutions and their students. These rapid expansions, along with all the benefits, have drawbacks as well. An example is the status of mining engineering education in Iran. Presently, the number of active mining engineering departments in Iran (27) is more than the sum of similar departments in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and South Africa (23 altogether). Also, the number of annual mining graduates in Iran (645) is more than the cumulative graduates of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia (613). The expansion of mining engineering education in Iran has coincided with the closing or merging of similar mining departments, as well as a decline in the number of interested students in the industrialized world. The present study shows that the need for development and the excessive number of high school graduates, resulting from high population growth in the early 1980s, are the two primary factors influencing the significant expansion of mining engineering education in Iran.

Jan 1, 2007

By L. O. Thomas

BROADLY, Yukon is divisible into three physiographic provinces which are extensions of the similar divisions in British Columbia that are there known as the Coastal system, the Interior system, and the Rocky Mountain system. South of Yukon to about the 50th parallel of latitude, the Coastal system consists solely of the Coast range, which, in Yukon, passes behind the St. Elias range and for the remainder of its course constitutes the most easterly portion of the Coastal system. The extension, in Yukon, of the Interior system of plateaus and mountains of British Columbia is commonly referred to as the Yukon plateau, and the extension of the Rocky Mountain system as the Mackenzie Mountains system. The Coast-Range province is largely made up of granitic intrusives; the Mackenzie Mountains province of folded sediments; and the intervening Yukon Plateau province of ancient metamorphic rocks, folded sedimentary rocks, volcanics, and intrusives. Almost the entire area dealt with in this article was subjected to glaciation and, in those parts where its full effect was experienced, the valleys were invaded by vast masses of ice which transported and scattered the stream gravels, with their gold content, so that, even where gold still remains in the old stream channels, it has become so buried under boulder clay and other glacial accumulations that it is, in most places, difficult to find, and, when found, may prove very expensive to mine. Most of the present rivers have done little more than cut new channels in the glacial debris, touching only here and there upon the subjacent rocky floor. The territory in Yukon adjacent to the section of the Alaska highway between Watson and Teslin lakes is for the most part unknown both topographically and geologically. From Teslin to Kluane, the highway travels a fairly well-mapped part of Yukon, but beyond that point, until White river is reached, the geology of the adjacent country has, largely, yet to be determined, particularly on the north side of the highway.

Jan 1, 1943

By M. Dupuis

Recently, a new approach to controlling alumina feeding in a H.H. cell has been proposed [1, 2 and 3]. This approach, labeled In Situ aluminium cell control, is based on a correlation between the slope of the cell voltage during a no feed observation period and the dissolved alumina concentration in the bath. Once the dissolved alumina concentration has been estimated, a primary calibration surface uniquely relating the dissolved alumina concentration and the anode-cathode-distance (ACD) to the cell voltage is used to estimate the cell ACD. Once both the alumina concentration and the ACD have been estimated at the end of the observation period, a PID controller can be used to regulate the rate of alumina feeding using only the normalized cell voltage to calculate the error between the estimated dissolved alumina concentration and a target value. The In Situ aluminium cell control algorithm has now been tested with the Dyna/Marc [4, 5 and 6] cell simulator demonstrating that it should be possible to control a H.H. cell in this manner with less variation in the dissolved alumina concentration and other process variables producing a prediction of improved cell current efficiency and power efficiency.

Jan 1, 2011

By C. W. Langenberg, D. E. Macdonald, R. S. Strobl

"The successful marketing of Alberta coals will increasingly depend, to a large degree, on an extensive coal quality information base. This information, at present, is generally based on a deliverable, cleaned coaland is confined to existing mine sites. Coal quality information is not as well understood for raw in situ coal outside of mine sites and even less is known about the geological factors that control it.If new uses and markets for Alberta coal are to be developed, such as gasification, coprocessing, and exploiting high rank coals for combustion, it will be imperative that the coal quality parameters important for these utilizations be known. These parameters need to be known for existing deliverable coals and, just as important, for as yet unexploited in situ coal. Factors such as the Cl, No, K, Co, P and trace element contents should be addressed to meet the requirements of these new utilizations.The geological characterization and explanation of what factors control these coal quality parameters is part of research being done at the Alberta Geological Survey. In-seam vertical profiling has been undertaken within the plains and foothills/mountains coals to determine exactly where coal quality variations occur and why. In the Ardley coal zone at the Highvale Mine it has been found, for example, that the ash content of the mined coal is made up of discrete partings and of microsized particles associated with inertinite macerals. The in-seam characterization of coal seams will lead to a better understanding of in situ coal quality variations, leading to new uses and markets for Alberta coal."

Jan 1, 1993

By K. C. Corin, Z. G. Song, J. G. Wiese

In the present study the effect of using different grinding media, viz, ceramic balls, forged steel balls, 15% Cr steel balls, stainless steel and mixture of stainless steel and 15% Cr steel balls (50:50) on the flotation performance of a Platinum Group Mineral (PGM) UG2 ore was investigated. Test work was conducted using a laboratory scale horizontal tumbling mill and a batch flotation cell. Power draw to achieve a specific P80 was determined for each media type. Changes in flotation behaviour were evaluated in terms of particle size distribution, water recovery, solid recovery and valuable mineral recovery. pH, Eh and DO levels were also measured. Grinding products of five different media produced similar solids and water recovery, which is indicative of the froth characteristics, but the grades and recoveries of PGE and chromite were different. The product obtained when using ceramic media showed the best flotation performance, producing the highest PGE recovery and the lowest Cr2O3 recovery. The products obtained when using stainless steel balls (SS) produced the lowest PGE recovery and highest Cr2O3 grade and recovery. The paper proposes possible reasons to explain these observations which may have significant importance for the operation of a PGM concentrator.

Jan 1, 2015

By Georgy A. Cherkashov, Andrey V. Efimov, Yury S. Borodaev, Nadezhda N. Mozgova, Sergey G. Krasnov, Tamara V. Stepanova, Alexander M. Ashadze

"Abstract - A horizontal mineralogical-geochemical ore zonation with a southeast to northwest trending succession of Cu and Fe (Zn) main zones has been discovered in the Logatchev hydrothermal field (14°45??N Mid-Atlantic Ridge). The major minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, isocubanite, digenite and chalcocite. Zn-sulfide, marcasite and covellite are less abundant. Rare minerals are native copper, zincian copper and cobalt pentlandite (first found in oceanic massive sulfides), Cu and Cu-Co-bearing Fe-disulfides. Two groups of the main sulfide assemblages with different copper contents are recognized: Group I comprises assemblages with primary sulfides (isocubanite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and Zn-sulfide; Cu up to 35 wt% in Cu-bearing minerals); Group II contains assemblages with secondary Cu-rich sulfides (bornite, digenite, chalcocite; Cu ~60 wt%) as well as rare minerals (cobalt pentlandite, native copper and zincian copper). The assemblages of Group I formed at a temperature of about 300°C; the sulfur fugacity (log fs2 atm) at 300°C is probably 9.9. Relations between minerals of this group are contradictory, attributed to non-equilibrium environments, and no unified sequence of crystallization of minerals has been determined. Minerals of Group II replace, rim or cross the assemblages of Group I. Group II minerals crystallized in a distinct sequence (cobalt pentlandite-bornite-digenite- chalcocite-native copper), with increasing copper content from the start to the end of the depositional sequence. This may correspond to pH from 7 to 8 near Eh = -0.2 at 250°C. Minerals of this group were generally formed under hypergene alteration processes. Compositions of ore minerals were studied by means of electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) (150 analyses). Narrow composition fields were revealed in all main sulfides, which comprised known experimental data. ZnS contains 6.0 to 28.0 mol.% FeS, which is close to data known for other hydrothermal massive sulfides from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). A common admixture in ZnS is Cu (0.16 to 1.32 wt%). Rare grains of unusual anisotropic Fe-disulfides, (Fe0.95Cu0.05)S2 and Cu(Fe,Co)9S20, were found among the ore minerals."

Jan 1, 1999

By A. B. Baldwin

"Uranium and thorium mineralization occurs at several localities in eastern Quebec along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The main occurrences are near Sept-Iles, Baie Johan Beetz, Romaine and St-Augustin river. Mineralization occurs mainly as disseminated uraninite, uranothorite, uranothorianite, monazite and minor zircon and allanite. Yellow to orange oxidation products are observed along fracture planes of the uranium-bearing deposits to a depth of a few feet. Magnetite, biotite and smoky quartz have a distinct tendency to accompany the radioactive minerals. The host rocks include white to pink pegmatite, pink granite and also, in the case of the Romaine and St-Augustin River occurrences, cream to grey plagioclase-rich, well foliated paragneiss and migmatite. Radioactivity near secondary structures, such as fractures and joint planes, indicates some reconstitution of radioactive minerals.The North Shore of Quebec is the northeast extension of the Grenville sub-province. It is also a uranium-thorium metallogenic province."

Jan 1, 1970

By A. P. Sasmito

It is well known that underground miners are exposed to one of the most dangerous working environments on earth. As mine delve deeper, the geological factor, mine position and climate condition as well as heat generation from mining machine give rise to the mine operating temperature. This, in turn, has an adverse effect on the environment and thus leads to higher operating costs. Careful estimation and design of air flow rate, spray system, cooling load and additional ventilation auxiliary equipment are of importance to ensure safety, comfort and productivity whilst maintaining low operating cost. A computational fluid dynamics simulation approach is employed to examine underground mine ventilation in a 36 m cul-de-sac of tunnel of coal mine. The model predictions in the turbulent range were validated by comparison with published data. Different turbulence models were tested to select one that yields adequate accuracy and is computationally efficient. Effects of the following parameters are evaluated: tunnel geometry, air flow rate and inlet air temperature. The objective of the simulation is to arrive at an optimal strategy for ventilation and thermal comfort at low cost.

Aug 1, 2013

By Peter A. Hacquebard

"The coals of the Sydney and Pictou coalfields are generally classed as high volatile ""A "" and medium volatile bituminous coals but there are significant differences within and even beyond this rank. These are related to the observation that the coalification in eastern Canada is essentially post-deformational, resulting in a general increase of rank with depth in individual seams.Exploration drilling in the Sydney coalfield has shown that the rank increases offshore to M. V. bituminous at mineable depths and in the Pictou field to L. V. bituminous coal. There is also a marked easterly shift in rank within one seam at the same depth at Sydney, with the result that M. V. coal will be reached sooner in the Donkin Reserve area (at 700 m depth) than in the Lingan-No , 26 Reserve area (at 900 m depth). These rank changes are important for the manufacturing of metallurgical coke as shown with coke stability predictions based on petrographic analyses. The L. V. coal of the Pictou field can be used for blending purposes and is the only known L. V. deposit of mineable thickness in eastern Canada.In addition, the vertical rank changes between seams have been studied in ten boreholes. They are not constant within the confines of the Sydney coalfield. Four separate areas can be recognized, each with different coalification gradients, which can be related to changes in the paleogeothermal gradients . Variations of 2.5 degrees to 6. 7 degrees CI IOO m are indicated and geological causes for these changes are suggested.IntroductionThe Sydney coalfield is the largest and most important field in eastern Can ad a, and although it has been in production some 200 years, the remaining ""demonstrated "" resources of 1.6 billion metric tons can extend its production capability for at least another 100 years. All coals mined are high volatile "" A"" bituminous and have been used for both thermal and metallurgical purposes. For the latter rank variations even of a minor scale are of critical importance for the manufacturing of metallurgical coke.The significance at the present time of the Pictou coalfield, which has only modest remaining "" demonstrated"" resources of 60 million metric ton s, lies in the discovery in 1975 of a 14-million-ton deposit of low volatile bituminous coal. It is the only known low-volatile coal in eastern Canada and is suitable for use as a blend for metallurgical coal. As such, it could supply the Sydney coke ovens for a period of 30 years at the current rate o f coke production and replace imported American low volatile coal.Consequently, coal rank studies of the Sydney and Pictou fields are important not only from a geological point of view, but also because of economic considerations."

Jan 1, 1984

By R. L. Stanton

"The present contribution is complementary with a preceding one on the field association of the conform-able ""pyritic"" deposits. It considers the more important features of their mineralogical constitution and their microtextures, re-examines the present interpretations of these, and of-fer-some alternative explanations. The term ""pyritic"" for these de-posits is m many cases a misnomer, as two quite distinct ore types are inuolve. One is a banded pyritic sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite ore (for which the term '•pyritic"" is in-deed quite suitable), while the other is non-banded and is composed essentially of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. In addition to these constitutional differences, each is distinctive in general appearance and texture. The occurrence of two such consistent but clearly distinguishable ore types is attributed -rather than to difference in source material and pressure-temperature conditions of deposition -to the contribution of similar source material to dissimilarly oxygenated environments of sedimentation. Textures in the banded ores generally thought to be indicative of replacement or of high-temperature exsolution are explained by slow, law-temperature segregation in situ during compaction, folding, and regional metamorphism."

Jan 1, 1960

By D. F. Machuca-Mory

The new algorithm for high-order simulation of ore deposit grades termed HOSIM is based on the concept of spatial cumulants. The algorithm is tested using data from Apensu, a structurally controlled gold deposit in Ghana. The required high-order spatial structures are obtained from a training image or analogue of the deposit. Using the available drillhole data and training image, HOSIM realizations are able to model well the grades and geometry of the large and well sampled mineralized structures. However, under-sampled small structures remain difficult to model. HOSIM offers a promising alternative for the spatial simulation of complex non-Gaussian orebody attributes of interest.

Jan 1, 2011

By S. D. Graham

"The extractive metallurgy of gold is largely controlled by mineralogical factors such as the presence of refractory gold, particle size, gangue mineral associations, presence of preg-robbers, oxygen and cyanide consumers, and locking characteristics in base metal sulphides. Light microscopy and automated mineralogy techniques are regularly used to characterise the effect of these variables on gold recovery. However, despite their widespread application there are a range of limitations when grades are low. Typically, the analysis of low-grade samples requires the preparation and analysis of numerous polished blocks. This is often costly and time consuming, with complexities regarding analysing statistically representative particle quantities and problems overcoming stereological bias. This is compounded by the “nugget” effect and high tenor nature of gold mineralisation. X-ray Microscopy techniques have the potential to overcome many of these problems, in particular the statistical representivity of analysis, removing stereological bias and effectively locating phases that are present in ultra-trace proportions. In this paper we outline the potential benefits of employing X-ray Microscopy (XRM) in characterising gold losses from a typical Cu-Au porphyry project, which were illusive in 2D based analysis. The talk will also outline additional application areas of XRM within the extractive value chain."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. D. Corrans

"Abstract - Africa is endowed with a number of the world's giant ore deposits which have contributed significantly to the development of their host countries. Mineral exploration has a long history in the continent, but mining on an unprecedented scale took off during the latter part of the 19th century, accompanied by the development of lines of communication and other infrastructure to service the major mining centres .The ""Winds of Change"" which swept Africa in the 1950s and 1960s brought in new styles of government and economic management to a number of regions, often with demise of economic viability and infrastructure. ln recent years, with the end of the cold war, collapse of communism and changes in South Africa, new opportunities for mineral exploration are opening up rapidly in Africa. However, due to the large cost, long lead-in time, and high risk of developing new mineral ventures in the continent, it is necessary for the host countries to draft realistic and favorable mineral laws and fiscal codes in order to attract, and not deter, potential mineral investors.There will be an on-going role in mineral exploration throughout Africa for the artisanal miner, the smaller entrepreneurs and mining companies, exploration aid programs funded by the developed countries through African governments, as well as the major mining houses who have the resources to develop larger viable mineral deposits."

Jan 1, 1994

By Arthur Grounds

Historical In the course of a paper which is necessarily limited in length, such as the present one, it is obviously impossible to describe in detail the history, development, and present position of coal preparation in Western Europe. Great Britain has been blessed with large deposits of excellent coal of nearly every type, ranging from the high-grade anthracites of South Wales, which are characterised by their very low ash and volatile con-tents, to the superb coking coals of South Wales and Durham -probably the finest in the world -with their low ash and sulphur contents, the latter constituent often well be-low l per cent. Gas coals abound in Lancashire and Yorkshire, while coals from the East Midlands, Northumberland, and Scotland are excellent for steam-raising and other industrial purposes. The excellent quality of these various coals has, in years gone by, ensured ready .sales abroad and it is not surprising, therefore; that methods of coal preparation were largely developed on the Continent in an endeavour to upgrade the inferior fuels found there, so that the prepared product could compete with British coals on the European market.

Jan 1, 1951

By T. Orser

In 2010 Newmont made the decision to purchase a 42 foot (ft) Semi-Autogenous Grinding (SAG) mill from Metso and a 28 Mega-Watt (MW) Gearless Mill Drive (GMD) from ABB for the Conga Project in Peru. The test and study work showed that a single line 42 ft SAG mill circuit gave the most favorable project economics in comparison to an equivalently powered single line 40 ft SAG mill circuit. This paper does not address the process design or the project economics, but instead focuses on the key aspects of the SAG mill design, GMD design and the associated component manufacturing. This paper also addresses, where applicable, the potential reliability differences between the initially proposed 40 ft SAG mill and the finally accepted 42 ft SAG mill.

Jan 1, 2012

By G. N. A. Senhorinho, J. A. Scott, C. A. Laamanen

"Closed mine sites are widely regarded as a negative asset due to their legacy of environmental impacts. These sites are often characterized by waterbodies with elevated metal concentrations and low pH that are traditionally considered to have little or no value. These sites are potential sources of beneficial biocompounds produced by microalgae in response to environmental stresses. A bio¬prospecting program found that certain microalgae from waterbodies near historical mine sites exhibited higher antibacterial activity than any microalgae previously reported in the literature. There is potential for the mining industry to be involved in examining features such as tailings ponds at mine sites for high-value compounds, including ones that might help mitigate rapidly growing microbial resistance to current antibiotics. ¦ KEYWORDS Antibacterial, Closed mining sites, Metabolites, Microalgae, Stressed environments RÉSUMÉ Les sites miniers clôturés sont généralement considérés comme des actifs négatifs en raison de leurs répercussions sur l’environnement. On trouve souvent sur ces sites des étendues d’eau affichant de fortes concentrations en métaux et un pH faible, généralement considérées comme ayant peu, voire pas de valeur. Ces sites sont des sources potentielles de biocomposants bénéfiques produits par des microalgues en réponse aux perturbations environnementales. Un programme de bioprospection a permis de déterminer que certaines microalgues trouvées dans ces étendues d’eau à proximité de sites miniers historiques présentaient une activité antibactérienne supérieure à celle mentionnée dans toute la docu¬mentation existante. L’industrie minière pourrait bien participer à l’examen de particularités telles que la recherche de composants à haute valeur dans des bassins de décantation des résidus sur des sites miniers, notamment des composants qui pourraient aider à atténuer l’augmentation rapide de la résistance micro¬bienne aux antibiotiques actuels. ¦ MOTS CLÉS antibactérien, environnements perturbés, métabolites, microalgues, sites miniers clôturésINTRODUCTION The mining industry is one of the largest economic drivers in the world. Within Canada, for example, it contributed 2.8% (C$57.6 billion) of the 2016 gross domestic product (Marshall, 2016). Canada also has the highest non-ferrous exploration budget worldwide (Marshall, 2016); therefore, it is likely that mining operations, mine waste disposal, and the number of closed sites will continue to grow in Canada. The environmental impact of mining operations stems from the volume of tailings produced, which can be up to 97–99% of the total volume of ore processed at a mine (Adiansyah, Rosano, Vink, & Keir, 2015). In 2010, mining was the world’s largest industrial producer of waste at a total of 65 billion tonnes: 51 billion tonnes of waste rock (mine overburden) and 14 billion tonnes of tail¬ings (Jones & Boger, 2012)."

Jan 1, 2019

By T. H. Etsell, P. Kerr

Over the past 50 years, there have been a number of geological, mineralogical and metallurgical studies carried out on the Clear Hills ironstone deposits in northern Alberta, Canada. Due to the low grade and complex mineralogy, previous metallurgical studies have achieved limited success. After rejecting some of the more ‘conventional’ techniques for iron ore beneficiation, the authors chose to investigate the grain enlargement/iron segregation process for the beneficiation of the Clear Hills ironstone. The segregation reactions for iron have not been explored in as much detail as they have for copper and nickel. Iron segregation roasting involves the addition of a carbonaceous reductant and a chloride transport agent to an iron oxide ore, and heating the mixture to an appropriate temperature. The benefit of this process is that it allows ores in which the value minerals are intimately associated with gangue minerals to be processed in circumstances where conventional iron ore processing techniques are not suitable or capable of upgrading the material. As iron is one of the few elements that can be transported through this process, a clean high purity metallic concentrate can be achieved.Through the use of crucible testing followed by Davis tube magnetic separation, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis, characterization of the reaction products has been made with an improved understanding of the reaction mechanism.

Jan 1, 2015

By Long Han, A. V. Kalinin, Xiujian Luo, Xiaobo Wang, Xiaoou Xia

"Inertia vibration crusher is a kind of vibration equipment which crushes ore by vibration. When the inertia vibration crusher works, ore between the two moving jaws is subjected to the high frequency contact force, which is produced by the two moving jaws with high frequency synchronous reciprocating motion. The synchronous motion of the two moving jaws depends on the self-synchronous feature of the inertia vibration crusher. To study the self-synchronous feature of the equipment, the dynamic model was established, in which relative parameters were taken into consideration. The kinematic coupling relations of the assemblies are discussed, and appropriate calculation method is chosen to solve the vibrating differential equation. Whether the two vibration exciter can realize synchronous operation depends on the ability of the vibration system's capture moment. Results show that though the two rotors’ motors and damping coefficients are different, and two jaws’ damping and stiffness coefficients are also different, as angular velocities of the two unbalanced rotors reach a certain value, the vibrating system can be stable. Their angular velocities tend to be equal, and the swings of the two moving jaws can be the same. The horizontal vibration and swing of the frame are large in a few seconds after starting the machine. When the system runs stably, the horizontal vibration and swing vanish, and the vertical vibration is stable. The study and its results can provide reference for the optimization design and parameter setting of inertia vibration crusher and related vibratory equipments.INTRODUCTIONMaterials can be easily broken by using the inertia force of the vibration exciter, which can effectively realize the selective crushing, reducing excessive combinations and the energy consumption, as introduced by Zhang in 2005. The initial micro crack between crystals in the material increases and new cracks can be manufactured because of the high frequency impact and the extrusion of the vibration crusher, so vibration crushing equipment can make it possible for any high strength brittle material to be broken theoretically. Inertia cone crusher and inertia vibration crusher have been successfully used in the treatment of metallurgical slag and construction waste, and it verifies the efficiency of vibration crushing."

Jan 1, 2016