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By John Fritz

Gentlemen of the American Institute of Mining Engineers : I desire to thank you sincerely for the distinguished honor you have conferred upon me by electing me to the presidency of this society, a position which in the past has been filled by some of our most distinguished and ablest members, men eminently qualified by education, practical training and a business ability which has enabled them not only to fill the position with credit to themselves, but as well with honor to the society. In deference to a custom long established, by which the presidentelect is expected to read a paper on some subject with which he is more or less familiar, I have thought that a brief review of the methods employed in the manufacture of iron, as witnessed by myself, and reaching back to 1838, would interest some of our older members and give our younger ones a glimpse into the trials and difficulties encountered in those early days by the pioneers in this great industry. In 1840, 12 to 20 tons of pig-iron was the make of a furnace per week—at this time from 1200 to 2000 gross tons. In 1840, 3 to 4 tons No. 4 wire rods per turn. They have lately made 176 gross tons in 11 hours. In 1840 I have not the quantity of puddled iron made; but it was

Jan 1, 1895

By Arthur Winslow

Introductory.—The following paper is based upon a report on the lead- and zinc- deposits of Missouri, prepared for the State Geological Survey, which is now being printed. This report is the outcome of work prosecuted by the writer, assisted by Mr. J. D. Robertson, during the past five years. The studies in the State were supplemented by examinations of the similar ore deposits in Wisconsin and Arkan- sas. The report will contain in all about 800 pages, and the aim has been to make it complete and exhaustive, especially in descriptive matter. Naturally, only a brief outline can be presented here, and the reader is referred to the report itself for further details. Contents. I.—History and Statistics, . . 636 II.—Topography of the Region, . 639 III.—General Geology, . . .639 The Archean, . . .639 The Algonkian, . . 640 The Silurian, . . .640 The Devonian, . . 640 The Lower Carboniferous, 641 Tie Coal Measures, . 641 The Tertiary, . . .641 Structural Geology,. . 642 IV.—The Ore-Deposits, . . .643 Geologic Distribution, . 643 The Forms of the Ore-Bodies, . . .641 The Composition if the Ore-Bodies, . . .645 Gangues, . . . 645 Minerals, . . .618 Paragenesis of Minerals, . . . 651 The Structure of the Ore-Bodies, .... 651 V.—Descriptions of Types, . . 652 The Eagle Mines, . . 652 Shaft No. 23, . . 652 The Western Zinc Company or Oswego Lands, 651 The Gobar and Tomlinson Shaft, . 655 The Alba Company's Mine, 656 The Victor Mine, . . 658 The Bonne Terre Mines, . 660 General Geology, . 660 The Ore-Bodies, . 661 The Vallé Mines, . . 664 The Garatee Mines, . 664 The Corn-Stalk Diggings, . . .665 The Virginia Mine, . 666 The Conlogue Mine, . 667 VI.—The Mode of Formation of the Ore-Bodies, . . 670 The Formation of the Cavities. . . . 670 The Filling of the Cavities, . . . .675 The Formation of the Breccia Deposits, . . 673 The Formation of Circle Deposits, . . .674 The Impregnated Deposits of the Southeast, . 676 VII.—The Origin of the Metalliferous and Other Minerals, 676 1. Originally Deposited in Concentrated Condition, 676 2. Derived from Great Depths, . . .677 3. Original Diffusion, Supplemented by Lateral Secretion, . . . 678 4. Concentrated Through Surface Decomposition, 681

Jan 1, 1895

By John Birkinbine

A specimen of brown hematite, taken from an iron-ore mine near Anniston, Alabama, exhibits a metallic streak or thread running throngh it. This specimen having been sent to me, I have no personal knowledge of its occurrence; but Mr. Albert E. Noble

Jan 1, 1895

E. C. Pechin, Cleveland, 0.: Will you indulge me a moment, Mr. President, to narrate an incident which is recalled by your admirable address?

Jan 1, 1895

By F. M. F. Cazin

In my first paper, relating in general to the movement of solids in a medium, I stated a newly-discovered natural law, and explained its application to mechanical ore-concentration. This law, as applied primarily to the motion of ships in water, had been announced, demonstrated and defended by me in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for March, April and May, 1893, and has not been controverted since then. I therefore contented myself in my first paper with the simple statement of it; and in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, I refer the readers of this paper to that statement (ante, p. 81) and to the earlier publication already mentioned.*

Jan 1, 1895

By R. W. Raymond

In a former paper (Trans., xvi., 770) I gave the text of the archaic mining law of the State of New York, together with some comments upon its curious provisions. In that connection I pointed out two facts : first, that the law seemed to have originated in the schemes of private parties, who were satisfied with those parts of it which concerned them particularly; and secondly, that the remaining provisions had been hitherto quite inoperative, for the reason that mines of the character to which they referred had not been discovered in the State. Since 1888, when that paper was written, the New York Legislature has passed several acts relating to mines as follows: 1. Chapter 394, Laws of 1890. This provides for an inspection

Jan 1, 1895

By J. F. Kemp

The use of nickel-steel has directed increasing interest of late towards the deposits of nickel, and at the same time the parallel advance in our knowledge of the basic igneous rocks has rendered these deposits a subject of important geological inquiry. Investigations have led to some views, more or less new, on the igneous origin of certain ores, which, though not universally accepted, have a growing number of adherents. In Europe, the mines in Norway have been especially suggestive subjects of study, and others somewhat less generally known have also added their testimony; while in this country the great economic importance and scientific interest of the developments in the Sudbury district of Canada, have furnished the principal texts for the discourses that have appeared among us. The purpose of the present paper is to set forth these views through the medium of one interesting ore-body, of which but little has been written ; and, by the description of another, to place in contrast two different geological associations in which nickeliferous pyrrhotite occurs, and to indicate a generalization, based upon these different geological characters, and justified by the experience so far gained. To Prof. J. H. L. Vogt, of Christiania, Norway, is due the chief credit for the revival of interest in the geology of nickel. His important contributions* of recent date have made generally available

Jan 1, 1895

By R. G. Brown

Tars paper will present a general description of the different mineral belts in the Butte City region (limited, however, to the copper and contiguous silver veins) such as may serve to give an intelligent idea of the distribution and characteristics of the deposits, forming thus a groundwork of information, which it is hoped will have value, when later writers enter into particularized detail.

Jan 1, 1895

By Ken Goering

"Bridgestone Americas opened the company’s first U.S.-based giant off-road radial (ORR) tire plant in November. The 139,000-m2 (1.5 -million-sq ft) plant, located on a 222-ha (550- acre) site in Aiken County, SC, will produce radial tire products, including 157-cm (63-in.) tires, used on mining and aggregate haul trucks.The plant, announced in 2011 as a $970-million investment, represents the largest investment that Bridgestone has made in the United States, and is also the single largest investment ever made in South Carolina. Although it had already been producing tires for a few months, the plant officially opened with a ceremony in November 2014, attended by South Carolina federal, state and local elected officials, as well as Bridgestone personnel from the United States and Japan. Prior to the Aiken County plant’s construction, all of Bridgestone’s giant ORR tires were manufactured at its Shimonoseki and Kitakyushu facilities in Japan.Kurt Danielson, president of Bridgestone’s U.S. & Canada Commercial Group, said the facility was built to primarily serve the North American mining and aggregate industries in a more efficient manner. "It’s a real change for us," he said of the U.S.-based plant at its opening ceremony. "This allows us to have a true global presence."The Aiken County plant is intended to allow Bridgestone to meet customer demand for ORR tires, Danielson said. "It really frees up our other plants in Japan to service the rest of the world, allowing us to serve our customers faster," Danielson said. "As soon as we build (a tire), we can have it to our customers."Tires manufactured at Bridgestone’s Japanese plants could spend up to a month in transit to the American continents; from initial mixing of the rubber and other compounds to being warehoused, tires manufactured at the Aiken County plant can be ready to ship in four to five days.Danielson said most of the tires built in Aiken County will be used by customers on the American continents. "We will export," he said, "but our desire is to use as much capacity as we can for the Americas."Ground was broken for the facility inSeptember 2011, when commodity prices were much different than today and global demand for tires had skyrocketed."

Jan 1, 2014

By N. Djilali

Many of the transport phenomena encountered in proton exchange membrane fuel cells occur intrinsically at the microscale level. Physically representative models that fully account for the salient physico-chemical and transport processes in PEM fuel cells are necessary to achieve truly predictive models that can be used with confidence to: (i) gain a better understanding of in-situ processes and couplings, (ii) explore new concepts, and (iii) support design and optimization. The development of more general, rationally based macroscale models requires use of knowledge on the microscale level to provide guidance, and to determine the required parameters and coefficients (model "constants"). In this paper we present a new membrane transport model, the binary friction membrane model (BFM2), recently developed to account for coupled protonic and water transport in polymer membranes. This general model is based on rational and physical consideration, removes several of the limitations of the empirical models used to date, and is formulated for all purfluoro-sulfonic acid membranes. The use of the BFM2 in a fuel cell model is illustrated highlighting significant performance predictions compared to existing empirical model. The second part of the paper addresses the fundamentals of two-phase transport in hydrophobic gad diffusion media. Computational and experimental visualizations resolving the microscale dynamics of water transport between the fibres of a GDL are presented, revealing transport mechanisms that are, contrary to assumptions used to date, dominated by fingering and channeling.

Jan 1, 2005

By O. A. Bascur

Current competitive demands on the process industries stimulate the need for improved operating efficiencies and compliance to stricter governmental regulations. Emerging information technologies allow narrowing the gap between management business objectives and the process control level. Benefits come from enhanced energy management, operating costs reduction, enhanced scheduling of activities, reduced quality giveaway, enhanced market driven production and enhanced decision making. Plant management systems integrate economic performance monitoring by controlling the business rather than just throughput and product quality. Sound business based decisions about how to operate the plant can be achieved by adequate dynamic performance monitoring at the plant level and the enforcement of the desired targets at the process control level. This paper describes some of the key requirements to implement a process management system to meet stricter process performance standards. Extensions are made to facilitate conforming with regulations established by various governmental and industry monitoring agencies.

Jan 1, 1993

PERSPECTIVE ?Natural resources exploration, extraction and beneficiation is complex and challenging: ?Input costs rising, complexity increasing, rising stakeholder management needs, regulatory compliance issue, etc. ?With increasing costs and complexity of managing operations are we simply getting less bang for our buck?

May 1, 2013

By Kapila Pathirage, Michael S. Schultz, Gregory Sanders, Ulf G. Gwildis

Adequate understanding of the subsurface conditions along the alignment of a planned tunnel is key for managing project risk. For achieving this understanding, geotechnical borings are conducted during design. Where their spacing cannot reduce the risk of encountering differing site conditions (DSC) in-between borings to an acceptable level, supplemental exploration methodologies or data evaluation approaches may be required to bridge the data gap. This paper compares the exploration design approaches of recent tunnel boring machine (TBM) and microtunnel boring machine (MTBM) projects in the quaternary deposits along the Eastern Seaboard, the glacial geology of the Pacific Northwest, the sedimentary rocks of the South, and metamorphic rocks in western Germany, describing their respective effectiveness of managing DSC risk.

Dec 1, 2022

By M. E. Bell

The term "operational research" was probably first used to describe work started under E. C. Williams, now Director, SHAPE Air Defense Technical Center, late in 1937 or 1938, at the Bawdsey Research Station of the British Air Ministry, a laboratory center concerned with the development of radar equipment. After the practicability of the early techniques had been demonstrated, a large (for those days) program of development and installation was authorized. It was very soon realized, both by the Royal Air Force and by the scientists that almost as important as the gear itself was the way in which it should be used. Accordingly, it was decided that some scientists should cooperate to study the way in which the equipment should be deployed and operated in conjunction with the Royal Air Force. To distinguish this work from the normal work of a research and development establishment, the term "operational research" was coined. It merely meant at this time that this particular section of scientists was to be concerned with the use of the gear rather than with its technical development and it seemed natural to those concerned to adopt the word "operations" which has a specific connotation in the armed forces.' This method was later extended to peacetime business enterprise, government operations and other human activities. Operations research appears to have penetrated the extractive industries more slowly and less completely than other industries, the military, or the government. This may be due (1) to a difference in the attitude of management towards operations research, or towards research of any kind, for that matter; (2) to unsuitability of the extractive industries for application of the operations research method; (3) to inaccessibility of the data; (4) or to a lack of trained personnel who are interested in applying operations research to the mineral industries.

Jan 8, 1963

By Karl K. Bagger, Felipe Bertelli

The competitive scenario of steel industry requires studies and developments to improve manufacturing processes focusing on increasing productivity and reducing costs. The practice of coating rolls for cold rolling with the chrome aims to increase the rolling campaign, reducing their wear by increasing the surface hardness, which guarantees a greater homogeneity in the surface of the rolled products. The present paper presents a study on the effect of the chromium coat on a forged steel rolls on the wettability of a SkinPass solution. The hardness of the coated layer and the contact angle were measured for two concentrations of solution on two types of surfaces, comparing the coated and uncoated surfaces. The results show that there is an influence of the coating on the wettability of the fluid when comparison are made with chrome coated and uncoated materials, being verified through tests in Goniometer. The productivity of the coated rolls showed higher productivity than the uncoated ones.

Oct 1, 2019

By R. W. Nice

"The Similkameen Mining Company property is situated about 9 1/2 miles south and west of Princeton B.C. Owned and operated by Newmont Mining Corporation, mining is presently taking place in the Ingerbelle pit. At 15,000 tpd of 0.50% Cu ore the Ingerbelle pit is sufficient for about 8 years. Another 8 years ore supply is available from the old Granby workings of the Copper Mountain property which operated from 1927 to 1957.The pit operations commenced in late 1970 with the concentrator starting in March 1972. Designed and built by Bechtel Corporation under the supervision of Newmont the concentrator's design was based on single-stage crushing and single-stage modified autogenous grinding. The modification was installation of a crusher to crush the critical size build-up. The description of the operation follows.CRUSHERThe primary crusher is an open pocket Allis-Chalmers. 54"" x 74"" gyratory. The basic closed side setting is 8"". The crusher is fed from one side with 100 ton Electra-haul trucks. The crusher pocket discharges to a 96"" wide conveyor belt, then to a 48"" conveyor system including a stacker belt. The crushed product is piled on a stockpile with a capacity of about 30,000 live tons. This stockpile feeds the concentrator."

Jan 1, 1975

By AIME AIME

IT IS impossible in this short sketch to give a detailed description of each part of the plant at Bethlehem, therefore, only such facts will be touched on as are necessary to give a general idea of the works. The extent of the plant, and the fact that the units making up the various departments are located in different parts of the works, make it impracticable to mention the departments in any regular order with regard to their location. They are, therefore, mentioned approximately in the order of their relation to each other with reference to their functions in the making of the various products.

Jan 1, 1924

By Job Goostray

IN THIS paper, as in so many other discussions of historical nature, there is little chance for original material and much has had to be rewritten from older papers, documents, accounts, reports, and the like, some of which are of doubtful authorship or contain conflicting statistics. Fully aware of these little historical pitfalls, the authors have tried to quote the origin where possible, and also to seek further confirmation when the statement warranted it, but cannot assume responsibility for certain facts and dates. The Encyclopedia Britannica was frequently consulted. The authors wish to acknowledge assistance from MacKintosh-Hemphill Co.-formerly the Fort Pitt Works-and also from officials of the Watertown Arsenal who loaned valuable books and gave much necessary information. They are particularly indebted to Colonel Dixon of that institution. The data on modern guns were furnished by Mr. F. Brauer of the Watertown Arsenal; Mr. H. S. Chaffee assisted by obtaining records and data of work carried on by the Builders' Iron Foundry of Providence, R. I.

Jan 3, 1925

By Ben Blaschuk

The Bagdad solvent extraction plant was commissioned in 1969 and was the second solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW) operation to be built following the Ranchers Bluebird SX-EW plant near Miami, AZ. The current operation still resembles its original form, with four independent sections that run in parallel with each consisting of many long and narrow settlers. Through its 40-year history, the Bagdad SX circuit has experienced a range of pregnant leach solution flows and grades. The unique design of the Bagdad circuit has allowed for numerous configuration changes to accommodate the changing operational conditions, while maintaining an extraction recognized in the industry as excellent.

Jan 1, 2011

The equipment and general smelter layout for the Mount Isa Copper Smelter were designed by engineers associated with the American Smelting and Refining Company and by Mount Isa staff engineers. The final notice of site was dictated by the need for 'building the smelter near the existing Mount Isa power house to enable full use to be made of the steam from the waste heat boilers. Although much excavation work was necessary before concrete foundations could be poured, the location lends itself to further expansion should it become necessary. The plant is designed and constructed to involve straight line smelting operations which include the following major steps in the overall scheme.1. Charge make-up.2. Roasthig.3. Reverberatory smelting.4. Converting.5. Refining.6. Casting.CHARGE MAKE-UPA system of proportioning bins is provided for preparing the feed mixture for the roasters, Sulphide concentrate containing 24% copper wiil be delivered by belt conveyor from the filter plant to the smelter storage patio. This is a large roofed concrete floor that provides a maximum storage capacity of 8,000 tons of concentrate. Eight proportioning bins located below but adjacent to the south end of the patio will be used for actual charge make-up from which concentrate, ore and flux will be proportioned to the feed belt and conveyed to the roaster feed hoppers. Four of the proportioning bins, 80 tons capacity each, will receive...

Jan 1, 1953