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By G. W. Josephson

WHILE methods of utilizing blast-furnace slag have been developing, a great deal of literature on the subject has accumulated, but no comprehensive summary of information that would be helpful to engineers, contractors, architects, chemists, and others in under-standing and more successfully using this byproduct of the iron and steel industry has been published in the English language. The National Slag Association recognized the need for such a publication, and the Problems Committee of the Association under-took in 1943 to accumulate the necessary material. Over a period of several years this committee compiled pertinent information in manuscript form, and in 1948 the Bureau of Mines and the National Slag Association made an agreement whereby the Bureau was to prepare the data for publication as a cooperative bulletin of the Bureau of Mines and the National Slag Association.

Jan 1, 1949

By Hyung Jeek Kim, Jongmin Joo, Jonguk Kim, Jai-Woon Moon, Kyeong-Yong Lee

"Co-rich ferromanganese crusts (Fe-Mn crusts) distributed on seamounts in the western Pacific are potential economic resources for cobalt, nickel, platinum, and other rare metals in the future. Evaluation and selection of a mining site can be established based on abundance and grade of Fe-Mn crusts in the site as well as topography that should be smooth enough for mining operations. Therefore, acquisition of shipboard echo-sounding and acoustic backscatter data are prerequisite to the selection of potential mine sites in addition to visual and sampling operations. Acoustic backscatter data can be used to locate crust-covered areas on a regional scale with the understanding of acoustic properties of crust through its correlation with visual and sampling data.During an expedition that took place from January to March 2014, KIOST collected geophysical and geologic data to assess the resource potential for Fe-Mn crusts on three seamounts (guyots) in the Western Pacific. In OSM11, one of the three surveyed seamounts, three camera tows were performed to observe the distribution of Fe-Mn crusts on the summit and slopes of the seamount. Although sediments of various thicknesses generally cover most of summit region of OSM11, several regions with high backscatter signals occur on the periphery of the summit. The occurrence of Fe-Mn crusts, observed during the camera tows, on those high backscattered regions suggests that the backscatter signals of shipboard multi-beam sonar can reflect changes in the geology of the seafloor from sediment layer to Fe-Mn crust deposits. The Fe-Mn crust deposited around the summit region is worthy of notice because of its topographic characteristics, including shallow depth, flat or gentle inclined surface, and smooth relief, which are more suitable for mining operation compared to the flanks of seamount."

Sep 1, 2014

By Dennis Nottingham

Spin-fin pipe piles can develop large loads in tension, thus have evolved as a foundation product of great potential. Currently, over 500 spin-fin piles have been used successfully in dolphins, docks, buildings and bulkheads. Spin-fin piles are pipe piles with plates welded near the tip at a batter-in-screw fashion. Thus, as the pile is driven, the pile screws into position. Tests show this pile type to have highly unusual stress/strain relationships, wherein plunging failure is usually never reached either at normal or large deformations. Tension capacity can approach pile capacity in bearing; thus, large reserves are usually available for tension. Tests have been performed on 8-5/8-inch to 24-inch-diameter piles in silt, sand, and gravelly soil, to provide a broad spectrum of data.

Jan 1, 1990

By Theodore Marvin

FOLLOWING the receipt of questionnaires from many parts of the world, the Aviation Committee is completing a review of the use of aviation in mining and petroleum operations. The summary of this study should be available at the 1937 Annual Meeting in New York City, at which time several papers will be presented on specific application of aerial geologizing. From the reports received, there is little question that this air branch of mining is here to stay. Of course, the transportation of personnel arid material continues to merit attention but it is in the division of aerial geologizing that flying is finding its widest, most technical application.

Jan 1, 1937

By Donald A. Bruce

Pregrouting is an extremely important part of many rock tunneling projects. However, poor and unsatisfactory performances have been frequently recorded often with very severe consequences, technically and financially. This paper, based on personal knowledge of several relevant case histories, provides recommendations with respect to specification drafting, drilling, water pressure testing, and grouting methodologies, and cementitious grout mix design principles. Even given that the logistical challenges facing tunnel pregrouting from underground will prevent all the sophistication and innovations of contemporary dam foundation grouting being practically implemented, there is still opportunity and need to change “traditional” approaches.

Jan 1, 2005

By N. E. Lehman

Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes in the southwestern United States are areas where middle to late Tertiary low-angle normal faulting has uncovered rocks that were at temperatures sufficient for mylonitization during the early part of Tertiary extensional faulting. Large-displacement low-angle normal faults that separate upper-and lower-plate rocks in metamorphic core complexes are termed detachment faults. The significance of Tertiary detachment faulting in the Basin and Range Province has only become apparent in the past 6-8 years, and the association of mineral deposits with detachment faults has only been recognized in the past few years as well. Crystalline rocks below detachment faults have typically undergone chloritic alteration and brecciation over a distance of a few to a few hundred meters below the fault surface (Fig. 1). Chloritic alteration and brecciation overprinted mylonitic fabrics formed during earlier ductile shearing along the down-dip projection of detachment faults. Rocks that underwent pre-Tertiary ductile deformation and prograde metamorphism were subjected, in rapid succession, to middle to late Tertiary mylonitization, brecciation and chloritic alteration, microbrecciation immediately adjacent to the fault, and subaerial exposure. Lower-plate rocks thus experienced rapid decompression and cooling as a result of tectonic denudation and isostatic uplift (Wernicke, 1981; Davis, 1983; Davis et al., 1986).

Jan 1, 1987

By D. Christofferson

This final report documents the cooperative efforts of the Engineered Systems Division and the Mining Equipment Division of FMC Corporation during performance of Bureau of Mines Contract H0252091. Improved operator compartments incorporating overhead canopies, logical arrangements of controls, and design features offering greater operator comfort were developed and retrofitted to the FMC 320A roof bolter and 6L shuttle care The vehicles were evaluated in underground operations at separate mine sites. The successful evaluation has resulted in incorporation of the designs as standard features of the 320A roof bolter, and the 5L, 6L, and 10L shuttle cars.

Jan 1, 1978

By C. R. Austin

Tan investigation described in this paper deals with the development of high-temperature alloys of the Konel series over a considerable period of time at the Research Laboratories of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. The word "Konel" has been coined to designate a class of alloys which are essentially nickel-cobalt-iron with other elements added, usually in small quantities. Most of these alloys contain titanium, usually about 2.5 per cent. The main consideration related to strength at high temperatures but the thermionic characteristics of the alloys was also of considerable importance. It is, however, with the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures that we are herein concerned. Much attention has also been devoted to their age-hardening characteristics. There is little need to stress the utilitarian aspect of this subject, as it has been discussed frequently. Alloys exhibiting superior properties at normal or elevated temperatures rapidly find many suitable applications. There may be some question, however, as to what constitutes a "superior alloy, " or an alloy that may have good service possibilities at high temperatures. The problem is complex and various means have been employed to predict the useful life that may be expected of a material. In recent years the "creep limit" has been used as the best means of evaluation. Such tests necessarily are prolonged and hence collection of data is very slow. In a general survey of many alloys therefore the creep test is not desirable and recourse must be had to much shorter time tests in order more rapidly to select alloys which appear to show promise. For this reason the present survey has been made using the high-temperature tensile test and a bend test developed by Howard Scott.1 In the tensile test the conditions have been standardized for all tests, so that values obtained are at least comparable, one alloy with another, although the absolute values recorded merely indicate the mechanical properties at the given temperature under a definite rate of loading.

Jan 1, 1931

By L. A. Conley

This report, covering the period January through December 1976, contains abstracts of articles related to cost engineering and economics for chemical and petroleum plants, mining, and other mineral industries from the following periodicals: 1. Air Pollution Control Association Journal 2. Chemical Engineering 3. Chemical Engineering Journal 4. Chemtech 5. Coal Age 6. Coal Mining and Processing 7. Combustion 8. Drilling-DCW 9. Electrical World 10. Engineering and Mining Journal

Jan 1, 1977

1. BOYD, JAMES. Statement on the Investigation of Natural Resources. Hearings before National Re-sources Economic Subcommittee, Committee on Public Lands, U.S. Senate, 80th Cong., 1st sess., on Investigation of the Factors Affecting Minerals, Fuels, Forestry, and Reclamation Projects, May 15, 16, and 20, 1947, pp. 125-131. 2. BUCH, J. W., HENDRICKS, T. A., AND TOENGES, A. L. Statement on the Investigation of Natural Resources. Hearings before National Resources Economic Sub-committee, Committee on Public Lands, U.S. Senate, 80th Cong., 1st sess., on Investigation of the Factors Affecting Minerals, Fuels, Forestry, and Reclamation Projects, May 15, 16, and 20, 1947, pp. 231-235. 3. CONGRESS, U.S. An Act to Provide for the Establishment and Operation of a Research Laboratory in the Pennsylvania Anthracite Region for Investigation of the Mining, Preparation, and Utilization of Anthracite, for the Development of New Uses and Markets, for Improvement of Health and Safety in Mining, and for a Comprehensive Study of the Region to Aid in the Solution of Its Economic Problems and to Make Its Natural and Human Resources of Maxi-mum Usefulness in the War Effort. Public, No. 812, 77th Cong., 2d sess. (S-357), ch. 764, approved Dec. IS, 1942, 2 pp.

Jan 1, 1962

During the period 1979 thru 1982, Multi Mineral Corporation conducted a mining research program at the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Mining Environmental Research Facility in the Central Piceance Creek Basin, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. The program consisted of mining, environmental and geotechnical research data and the results are described in this report.

Jan 1, 1983

Although not immune from the problems affecting the U.S. economy generally, the mineral industry in 1991 contributed nearly $300 billion in the value of processed materials of mineral origin. Supporting this contribution, the Bureau of Mines continued the research and analytical programs highlighted in this annual review. Featured in 1991 were such relatively new programs as minewide monitoring applications in ground control and advances in processing of ceramics and composites, along with more traditional research into health, safety, and mining technology, minerals and materials science, and environmental technology. Under Bureau sponsorship, a National Minerals Policy Forum brought together some 200 executives from industry and Government concerned with minerals policy to begin a dialogue on developipng a policy statement on current minerals issues. A major feature of the forum was the keynote address by Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan, Jr.

Jan 1, 1992

By A. E. Ketler

This report describes a variety of coal mine lighting projects which were funded by the Bureau of Mines in order to obtain underground lighting experience in support of new lighting requirements for underground coal mines. Low coal and high coal, narrow and wide entries, conventional and continuous mining, ac and dc power, bituminous and anthracite, and machine mounting and area lighting were some of the variables covered in this program. Also evaluated was the OCENCO fluorescent caplamp.

Jan 1, 1979

By Donald W. Foss

The Shiloh Church deposit is a very significant molybdenum occurrence in an ususual, perhaps unique, geologic environment. Work done to date indicate that several million tons of "ore" may be present, occurring as a matrix in limestone and dolomite breccias. Mineralized rocks cored to date are at or near the surface and the deeper resource potential has not been tested. The prospect is located in Polk County, north- western Georgia (Fig. 1). The "ore zone" was outlined by North American Exploration, Inc. (NAE) using geochemical prospecting techniques. Extensive geological work, including core drilling, has been conducted on the properties, together with geochemical and geophysical surveys. The geology, geochemistry and geophysics of the prospect are discussed. It is hoped that these data can be used to formulate exploration programs in similar terranes located elsewhere in the eastern U.S.A.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. A. Hill

A survey of the literature on ELF and VLF atmospheric noise has been made. Most measurements have concentrated on the vertical electric field and the horizontal magnetic field rather than the vertical magnetic field which is of interest in transmission between horizontal loops. The limited vertical magnetic field data indicates that the vertical component is generally 10 to 20 dB below the horizontal component. Three laterally inhomogeneous earth models have been analyzed for conversion of horizontal to vertical magnetic field. The rough surface model examines surface effects, the inhomogeneous thin sheet model treats volume effects, and the buried cylinder model treats localized man-made effects. All three models predict the possibility of significant conversion from horizontal to vertical magnetic field. A thin sheet model has also been used to examine transmission from a buried magnetic dipole source. It is found that the predicted fields more nearly model the measured data than does the homogeneous half-space model.

Jan 1, 1982

By Ryan L. Veenstra

This paper presents a modelling study of a cemented paste backfill in an underground stope. The model was developed to help provide a better understanding of what is happening in the stope during the filling stage of the stope. In order to do this, the model incorporates the paste rise rate, stope geometry, and time-dependent input parameters. This paper looks at the effect of geometry in two parts. The first part compares a series of simple rectangular stope models. These models differ in size both in two and three dimensions. The second part compares the results of four 2D models together and then to the field instrumentation data. Part of this section introduces the geometry and instrumentation within the test stope.

Jun 1, 2012

De acuerdo a los últimos trabajos realizados sobre la exploración en la mina Cercapuquio, se realizó un muestreo de la veta 53 donde se observó que en la caliza, más allá del ala norte, como en el lugar llamado Chaupirange, existe grandes depósitos de carbonado estático con siderita y limonita, en bolsa de erosión de la caliza normal. Asimismo, se describe otros métodos utilizados para la exploración geofísicadel subsuelo como los electromagnéticos e inducción. En ese sentido, se trata de crear un campo (primario) a través de una corriente eléctrica alterna (primaría) en un circuito. A este campo, es concadenada una corriente (secundaria) que circula en el cuerpo conductor mismo ( en general desfasada respecto de la primaria), que genera a su vez, un campo secundario. Este último se compone con el campo primario para formar un campo total, que está relacionado con la posición y naturaleza del cuerpo conductor que funciona de circuito secundario.

Jan 1, 1956

By W. D. Mcmillan

Kaolin, or china clay, is the term applied to a group of hydrous aluminum silicates. Because of its purity, light color, and refractory properties, kaolin is used extensively in the manufacture of high-grade ceramic wares and as a filler by the rubber and paper industries. Although there are numerous pottery and enamelware plants in Texas, and large rubber and paper industries; all of the kaolin used in these plants is from other States, There are two known occurrences of kaolin in Texas, namely, the Leakey deposit in Real County and the several deposits of the Medley district in southern Jeff Davis County. An investigation of the Mueller kaolin deposit in the Medley district was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines. Following an examination of this deposit by W. D. McMillan, engineer in charge of the Texas field office of the Bureau of Mines, a proposal was made to investigate the deposit by diamond core drilling.

Jan 1, 1949

By R. R. Allen

[The utilization of Western coals and lignite is a continuing study of the Bureau of Mines, and storage of these fuels is of paramount importance. Since the seasonal demand for coal in the Western States triples between the summer and winter months, successful storage of these low-rank fuels would tend to level out this variation and should reduce fuel costs. The time is rapidly approaching when the West Coast States, particularly California, will annually import several million tons of coal from the Rocky Mountain States for additional power production. This will necessitate storage of large quantities of coal, and it is thefore important to develop experience in such storage. Dry surface storage, by virtue of its flexibility and low cost, is particularly adapted to the stockpiling of large quantities of coal. This report will, therefore be primarily concerned with such storage. Inasmuch as the problems of dry, open-pit storage are quite similar to those of surface stockpiling, experiences in pit storage will be discussed briefly. Although spontaneous combustion is a hazard in storing coal, experience has proved that heats can be avoided by proper stockpiling procedures. The purpose of this report is to show that the most reactive coals can be stored satisfactorily on the surface by avoiding segregation and by thorough compaction.]

Jan 1, 1954

By Leslie C. Richards

Sooner or later the potential miner of industrial minerals reaches the conclusion that of the various factors he must consider, the marketing of his product is. the most important. The sooner he realizes this the better, as successful industrial mineral producers .will confirm. Herein lies a difference between i.ndustria1 mineral mining and metal mining. Often in the latter, technical problems of mining or concentrating are equal to or even surpass those of marketing. This is not meant to imply that there are no problems in mining and beneficiation of industrial minerals, but these usually are outweighed by the problem of marketing. Recentlv. an official of a nationally known corporation :i the elecl.ro-metallurgical industry made an industrial mineral survey in the Pacific Northwest. In the course of his investigation he interviewed producers and potential producers of the various industrial minerals scheduled for use in the plant now being constructed in this area. He stated that he was interested in only three factors: namely, (1) Can your product meet our specifications? (2) Are you able to supply our tonnage requirements? and (3) What will be the delivered price? If there are several sources of supply of sufficient grade and tonnage, as is often the case in the Northwest, then the third factor becomes the important and deciding one. While industrial minerals are usually sold f.0.b. cars with the freight being paid by the buyer, it is the delivered and riot the f.0.b. price that determines the competitive position of the producer and his industrial mineral product. Unfortunately for both the consumers and producers of industrial minerals in the Northwest, the sources are generally a considerable distance from the markets. This necessitates long rail hauls, for which transportation charges make up the largest share of the delivered cost and the delivered price of the product. Is it any wonder then, that rail rates play such an important part in the marketing of industrial minerals? In order to sell his product, the producer must be able to deliver to the market at a competitive price. It must be remembered that his largest cost factor is rail transportation, and that he is limited to markets that he can reach competitively. Since the cost of rail transportation is so important, let us compare various freight rates in the Northwest and attempt to determine their influence on marketing. A study of all rates on all industrial minerals transported in this area, is beyond the scope of this paper. For the purposes of comparison, let us consider limestone (broken, crushed, or ground), and silica rock. These are widely used industrial minerals, and are carried by several different rail routes from.the sources of supply to the centers of consumption in the Pacific Northwest. Markets and Sources of Supply: Limestone has a number of uses in western Oregon and Washington. Among them are agricultural lime for the soils of the Willamette Valley and southwestern Washington; paper rock for the mills in such cities as West Linn, Oregon City, Newberg, St. Helens, and Salem, Oregon, and Camas and Everett, Wash.; chemical and metallurgical-grade limestone for the metallurgical plants centering around Portland, and the Tacoma-Seattle areas'; and sugar rock for the sugar refineries at Toppenish, Wash., and Nyssa, Oregon. Since limestone for cement manufacture is generally processed near the quarry, transportation

Jan 1, 1951