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Geophysical Abstracts 1 - 86 were issued in mimeographed form by the Bureau of Mines; Abstracts 87 - 111 were published in bulletins of the Geological Survey; Abstracts 112 - 116 were issued in mimeographed form by the Bureau of Mines as Information Circulars 7256, 7257, 7267, 7273 and 7285. 1. GRAVITATIONAL METHODS 7380. Dryden, H. L. A reexamination of the Potsdam Absolute Determination of Gravity. Jour. Research Nat. Bureau of Standards, vol. 29, No. 5, 1942, pp. 303-314.

Jan 1, 1944

By Leslie S. Rubin

A ventilated helical boost pump was developed that can handle varying flow rates and/or solids concentrations while operating at a single rotational speed and without computer assisted feedback controls. The boost pump developed and briefly tested during this program was designed to accomodate flows suitable for a 3-in. diameter pipeline. The boost pump's ventilated design provides the automatic pressure regulation needed to meet the system's requirements for supporting transient pipeline flow.

Jan 1, 1984

This Bureau of Mines publication contains the texts of the four papers presented at the May 6-7, 1980, seminar on the role of overburden analysis in surface mining. Coverage includes the geologic distribution of pyrite and calcareous material and its relationship to overburden sampling, overburden sampling and analysis, use of soil-overburden data in mine planning and development, and minesoil classification.

Jan 1, 1981

By Leonard Obert

This report describes a gage which, when used with my procedure for producing strain relief, will measure the resulting borehole deformation, From the borehole deformation the magnitude and direction of the principal stresses in a plane normal to the axis of the borehole can be calculated. The design considerations, mechanical construction, sensitivity, and stability of the gage are discussed. INTRODUCTION During the past two decades an increasing mount of consideration has been given to the problem of measuring and evaluating stress in rock around underground openings. Several investigators have made theoretical and model studies of the stress and (or) strain concentrations around simulated mine openings or in structural members, such as mine pillars or immediate roof. Other investigators have developed gages for directly or indirectly measuring stress or strain, and a number of reports present the results of measurements made with these gages. Because various methods and instruments have been developed, factors involved in this type of measurement will be briefly considered.

Jan 1, 1962

By E. P. Youngman

This paper presents one of a series of digests of foreign mining legislation and court decisions that is being prepared in advance of a general report relative, to the rights of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own and operate mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of the mining laws of British Guiana has been prepared from the best available sources in Washington and is, released subject to amplification and correction, if necessary, by United States foreign-service officials. INTRODUCTION The sources of information available in the preparation of this paper are the following: 1. The Crown lands ordinance, No. 32 of 1903, September 26, 1903.

Jan 1, 1934

This study of underground mine water inflow was initiated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in March 1980. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrologic variables associated with surface water and ground water systems that affect the inflow of ground water into an underground mine. Data collection techniques are reviewed for their applicability for quantifying these hydrologic variables. Innovative techniques are also investigated. Existing analytical and numerical procedures for predicting underground mine water inflow are reviewed and evaluated. Over 300 computer models were reviewed for their applicability to modeling underground mine water inflow. The model UNSAT2 is utilized for modeling inflow to a shaft and tunnel or drift. This model and the techniques developed in this study are applied to two existing mines.

Jan 1, 1982

By G. Roger Miller, Kristine M. Krajnak, Stephen S. Leonard, Stacey Waugh

Repeated exposure to hand-arm vibration through the use of vibrating hand tools can result in the development of the disorder known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS; (1,3)). One of the hallmark symptoms of HAVS is cold-induced peripheral vasospasms that result in finger blanching (4). Although the vascular and neural pathology associated with vasospasms has been described, little is known about cellular mechanisms leading to this damage (4). To understand how vibration may alter vascular and neural physiology and anatomy, rats were exposed to a single bout of tail vibration and the molecular responses of neural and vascular tissues were measured to determine if there are immediate or sustained affects of vibration that may underlie longer term changes in physiology. Methods Experiment 1. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 32, 6 weeks of age) were housed in AAALAC accredited facilities. All procedures were approved by the NIOSH Animal Care and Use Committee and were in compliance with the CDC guidelines for care and use of laboratory animals. Vibration exposures were performed by restraining rats in Broome-style restrainers, and securing their tails to a vibration platform using 6 mm wide straps that were placed over the tail every 3 cm. Restraint control rats were treated in the same manner, except that the tail platform was mounted on isolation blocks and not on a shaker. The vibration exposure was 125 Hz, 49 m/s2, for 4 h. Rats were euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) 1 h or 24 hours after the exposure. RTqPCR was used to measure transcript levels for endothelin 1 (ET-1), the 3 forms of nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) NOS-1, NOS-2, NOS-3 and norepinephrine receptor subtypes 1D, 2A, 2C, in artery tissue, and to measure calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS-1) in ventral nerves. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVAs. Experiment 2. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n =24, 6 weeks of age) were maintained as described above. Animals were exposed to a single bout of restraint or vibration. Another group of animals served as cage controls. All animals were euthanized 24 h after the exposure, and tail arteries were isolated and frozen. Reactive oxygen species ROS) were measured using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Arteries were homogenized over ice in 1 ml of PBS with protease inhibitor cocktail, using a tissue tearer (Biospecs Products Inc. Racine, WI USA). The sample was split into two 0.5 ml samples. One set had PBS and the spin label hydroxyl-TEMPO [0.1 mM] added while the other set had hydroxyl-TEMPO [1.0 mM] plus the specific hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethylthiourea (DMTU), added to confirm the presence of the hydroxyl radical. Samples were vortexed and then placed in a flat cell for ESR analysis. The ESR spectrometer settings were: receiver gain, 6.32 x 102; time constant, 0.02 s; modulation amplitude, 1.0 G; scan time, 20 sec; magnetic field, 3490 ± 100 G (2). Data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVAs.

Jan 6, 2006

By W. W. Stephens

As part of the Bureau of Mines program directed toward more effective utilization of the mineral resources of the United States, a number of processes for production of sponge iron have been investigated. The use of sponge iron as a raw material for production of steels and other ferrous alloys offers several possible advantages over the conventional pig-iron and scrap process, especially for utilization of the smeller, widely distributed iron-ore deposits of the western United States. Although considerable information has been made available on various processes for production of sponge iron, little information 118.6 been published heretofore on the problems and costs involved in melting the sponge iron for production of steel. The present Paper reports the results of tests conducted at the Bureau of Nines pilot plant at Redding, Calif. in which several different types of sponge iron Were used as charge material for production of steel in a 4-ton-capacity basic arc furnace.

Jan 1, 1949

By Elaine T. Bowers

The Sunnyside single-entry project pioneered the use of single entries for longwall development in this country. During the 10-year course of the project, an immense amount of information was gathered. Over three miles of entries were observed primarily through instrument groupings placed in strategically located areas or "rooms." Nearly 1,200 instruments were monitored to gain information on the behavior of coal entries during development stages and through the mining of two longwall panels. This was one of the most extensively documented projects undertaken by the Bureau, The data gathered has a great potential for scientific research especially in the area of longwall mining. This Bureau of Mines report presents the ground control data gathered, in the form of computerized plots. Roof-to-floor deformation and load on cribs and roof bolts make up the bulk of the data, which is presented as load or deformation versus time. The plots are organized, generally, by the three main entries involved and, specifically, by the individual areas or rooms in those entries. No major attempt will be made, in this paper, to analyze the data other than to identify its source arid its history.

Jan 1, 1983

By H. E. Powell

A laboratory investigation was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to study the magnetic characteristics and to measure the magnetic susceptibility of the mineral siderite. All susceptibility measurements were made by the method of Gouy on powdered samples and at room temperature. Specific susceptibilities of samples from 15 different locations, domestic and foreign, were determined. Values ranged from 66 to 103 (10-6) cgs electromagnetic units. The relation of susceptibility to mineral composition is discussed in this report. The specific susceptibilities of 76 minerals are tabulated in an appendix.

Jan 1, 1963

By E. Morrice

As part of its efforts to maximize process efficiency and decrease energy requirements in mineral processes, the Federal Bureau of Mines has investigated methods for beneficiating bastnäsite ores from Mountain Pass, Calif. The results of a bench-scale study on the flotation of bastnäsite ore are presented. Flotation at a pulp temperature of 40° to 45°C yielded a cleaner concentrate containing 58.7 pct RE203 at a rare-earth recovery of 67 pct. These results are comparable to those reported for the commercial beneficiation method in which the pulp is heated to boiling before flotation. An attempt was also made to recover a barite flotation concentrate from the bastnäsite rougher tailing. Concentrates containing only 70 pct barite were obtained.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. M. Dressel

This Bureau of Mines report describes a shaft closure demonstration project in which 11 inverted pyramid-shaped plugs were used to plug abandoned open mine shafts in Galena, KS, The inverted pyramid-shaped forms, fabricated from steelplate, were designed so that the inverted base would be larger, by 4 ft on a side, than the approximate size of the shaft opening at the surface residuum-solid rock interface. After the surface openings of the shafts were trimmed with a backhoe, the steel forms, complete with reinforcing, were lowered into the openings and filled with concrete; the remaining portions of the openings above the plugs were backfilled to slightly above the surrounding surface level with waste rock and soil. Location and elevation monuments were installed for long-tern evaluation of the success of the project.

Jan 1, 1985

By Mark S. Sanders

This report presents a summary of the work reported by Sanders and Kelley (1981). A task analytic approach was used to define information requirements and visual features which served as sources of information. Information requirements were prioritized and the location of visual features determined. From this analysis, visual attention locations, containing one or more important visual features, were indentified. The visual attention locations are contained in this report. A procedure was developed for assessing whether operators in existing machines could be expected to see the visual attention locations. The procedure makes use of a Human Eye Reference Measurement Instrument (HERMI) designed for this project and an outside-in photographic procedure for documenting compliance with the recommendations. A sample of continuous miners, shuttle cars & scoops were used to test the procedure. Illustrative results are presented in the report.

Jan 1, 1981

By Philip K. Hopke

A systematic study of the mechanism of interaction of 218Po(RaA) armed by the decay of 222Rn with airborne particulate matter has been made. The rate of attachment of RaA to particles in the diameter range of 0.1 µm to 10.0 µm has been measured as a function of particle size, concentration, and composition, radon concentration, time of interaction, relative humidity and temperature. It was found that under the conditions in these experiments the attachment rate was proportional to the square of the particle diameter and varied with temperature and relative humidity. The composition of the particles apparently has no effect on the attachment. The variation in attachment rate was related to a sticking probability coefficient of approximately 0.02 that varies systematically with temperature and humidity. In addition, the rate of deposition of RaA on the wall of the attachment kinetics system was measured and also found to change with temperature and relative humidity.

Jan 1, 1980

By James Paone

This report shows the feasibility of predicting drillability, analytically, by using regression analysis techniques. The approach is new in diamond-drilling research. Further, the study shows that this technique may be of value to drill manufacturers and others in mathematically delineating performance characteristics of new drills in specific rock types. Another application might be the prediction of penetration speeds in extraterrestrial material based on the physical properties of the materials as samples become available. Prediction equations for penetration rates are presented for 9 rocks drilled in the laboratory and for 20 rocks drilled under field conditions. The prediction equations are based on drill operating parameters and on characteristics of the rock penetrated. No single physical property appeared consistently in the best predictor equations, and all the physical properties were found to be highly correlated with each other.

Jan 1, 1966

By Gregory R. Wagner

The Program of Mine Safety and Health Research described in this document reflects the continuing commitment of the Spokane and Pittsburgh Research Laboratories to focus on the most important areas where research can make a difference in reducing risk and improving safety and health for miners. It is the first program of work conducted since Congress mandated closure of the former U. S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) in the Department of the Interior and supported integration of the health and safety research function of the former USBM into the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Organizational changes made FY97 a challenging year of transition. Ongoing research was reviewed and revised to reflect the new, more limited, health and safety mandate of the research laboratories. The mining industry, mine worker representatives, and interested government agencies provided broad input to assure that the research performed would focus on the most critical safety and health problems confronting mining today and which are expected to be faced in the future. The two laboratories worked to evolve coordinated programs of safety and health research, each with a special focus. The work of the Spokane Research Laboratory is directed toward issues of special importance to the Western mining industry, particularly those safety hazards found in metal/nonmetal mining and surface mining. The work of the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory will continue to focus on Eastern mining, particularly underground coal mining. Traditional areas of expertise for understanding and preventing fires and explosions and for controlling the hazards of dust and noise will continue to reside in Pittsburgh. Each laboratory is developing new capabilities in the analysis of relevant safety and health information to assure that program priority-setting decisions are informed by the best available data. Recognizing the continuing importance of communicating the results of research to all who are capable of improving safety and health conditions in mining, each laboratory has developed an activity for information dissemination and coordination with stakeholders. In the midst of organizational self-examination and change, the research staff in Pittsburgh and Spokane have never wavered from their continuing commitment to conduct the highest quality scientific research-solution-oriented scientific work meant to reduce the risk of injury, disease, and death from occupational hazards in mining. The pages that follow give insight into some of the program activities and accomplishments from FY97. I hope you share my pride in the many accomplishments of the NIOSH mine safety and health research program during this year. This report comes at a time of increasing stability for the mine health and safety research program. The organizational changes in Spokane and Pittsburgh have been concluded, and NIOSH has succeeded in recruiting a new, permanent associate director for mining to lead this critically important national program. Congress has contributed to an optimistic future by providing expanded funding for NIOSH mining-related research for the next fiscal year. On a personal note, I greatly appreciate the opportunity I have had to serve as the NIOSH Acting Associate Director for Mining during this transitional year. The commitment and intelligence with which the mining research staff pursued their mission was matched by their patience and understanding in moving into a new organizational environment. All of us committed to improved safety and health for this Nation's miners owe them our respect and appreciation.

By L. Hoogenboom

Under contract (H0232044) to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mechanical Technology Incorporated made an experimental investigation of the feasibility of measuring the load in roof bolts using a magnetostrictive sensor. The program was aimed at developing an inexpensive, moderately accurate, load-sensing element suitable for permanent installation and use underground. A combination of a cylindrical load-carrying sleeve under the bolt head and 3 removable circular multipole inductive sensor around the sleeve was tested. Program tasks included: design and fabrication of several sensors; design and manufacture of a large number of experimental sleeves; definition of electronic instrumentation specifications; design and manufacture of electronic sensor readout; and evaluation and testing of many sensor-sleeve combinations. Sleeves of different materials, various lengths, diameters and areas - with and without various nickel coatings -were combined with several experimental inductive sensors that were operated over a wide range of carrier frequencies.

Jan 1, 1974

By Gustav Wirth

"ABSTRACTIn exothermic and endothermic catalytic reactions, control of the temperature is of utmost importance. Basic calculations are developed for determining catalyst volumes of various types of reactors that give particular temperature distributions, and the individual designs are compared.INTRODUCTIONA narrow range of permissible operating temperatures characterizes many, catalytic reactions, and yields of the desired product are reduced sharply if operating temperatures fall outside of this optimum range. In order to achieve close temperature control, reactors with internal heat exchange have been developed in which thin layers of catalyst are located between cooling surfaces.The temperature distribution for an exothermic reaction in such a thin catalyst layer is shown in figure 1. Reactive gases flow downward through the catalyst section, which is 2so wide. It is assumed that a constant amount of heat is generated per unit of bulk catalyst volume, and that this heat is entirely removed through the walls. Consequently, except for a short section at the entrance of the reactor, the heat of reaction is not available for raising the temperature of the gases. Thus, at all points equidistant from the axis, the temperature is the same throughout the entire reactor. At the middle of the gas stream, the temperature is designated as uo. Traveling radially from this point, the temperature decreases because of the removal of heat through the walls and reaches, in the vicinity of the cooling surface, the value u1. Over a relatively narrow zone of width, b, the temperature falls to the value u2 at the cooling surface. Because inadequate data are available on heat-transfer coefficients for a gas flowing through a porous bed, and also because the narrow zone, b, is probably without effect on the reaction by virtue of its low temperature, the temperature drop in this zone at the cooling wall was disregarded. The following calculations were made on the basis of the temperature drop (u0 - u1) resulting from heat conduction within the main body of the catalyst bed only."

Nov 1, 1950

By Adrian Brown

Pilot Hole ?X? was drilled to test the formations through which the ventilation shaft for the proposed U.S.B.M. demonstration oil shale mine will be drilled. Five permeability tests were performed at various stratigraphic levels within this hole. The test method used was that of pumping fluids out of the hole for three hours, using the air lift method, followed by a three-hour period where the recharge was observed. Transmissivity and permeability results were determined from these test data. The test procedure used is described and supporting data for the hydrologic tests are provided.

Jan 1, 1977

By Neldon L. Jensen

Although ASARCO Incorporated, the only domestic producer, had terminated copper smelting operations and associated recovery of byproduct arsenic trioxide at Tacoma, WA, in 1985, it shipped small quantities of both trioxide and metal from its remaining stocks in 1986. Imports for consumption of arsenic trioxide increased significantly, owing to increased demand for arsenical wood preservatives and the decrease in domestic shipments of trioxide. Prices remained unchanged throughout the year. Development of gallium arsenide integrated circuits, important in advanced military and commercial electronics circuitry, continued to gain momentum during 1986. Domestic Data Coverage.-Shipments of small amounts of arsenic trioxide and metal from remaining stocks by Asarco were reported voluntarily to the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1988