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By Anton Gronningsater

AT the present time we hear a great deal about organization of labour, collective bargaining, workmen's councils, and company unions; about C.1.0. with its principle of vertical unions and A.F.L., largely based on craft unions; and about provincial and federal laws for protection of labour's right to collective bargaining. What we perhaps hear too little about is corresponding organization of the employers, although it recently is mentioned more frequently. I will only mention W. H. Davis, Chairman of the United States War Labour Board, who has had and is having plenty of experience in this field and has also studied labour conditions in Europe-in Sweden for instance. He has repeatedly expressed the opinion that where employer-employee problems are involved, a thing badly needed in America is organization of employers as well as employees to get some order in the present chaos. With this I agree. I believe a strong organization on one side necessitates a correspondingly strong organization on the other side; that has at least been the experience in the industrialized countries in Europe. I happen to be fairly familiar with conditions in Norway, where they have struggled with these problems for fifty years, and a talk on the history, development, and present state of employer-employee relations in that country might perhaps be of interest as giving a general picture of the development of such relations in the northwestern European countries as a whole. The talk was originally given to the Fourth Year students in Mining and Metallurgy at the University of Toronto. I have changed it somewhat to fit a different audience, but I hope you will make allowances if you now and then are reminded of the school auditorium. I will try to be as objective and factual as possible, but it is probably unavoidable that some of what is said is coloured by personal opinion.

Jan 1, 1943

By Forrest T. Moyer

INJURY experience and related employment information are presented in the chapter for the coal-mining, coking, oil and gas, peat, and native asphalt industries in the United States for 1964. No attempt has been made to combine these data and present injury-frequency rates reflecting the mineral-fuel industries because the hazards of the separate industries are not comparable. All rates in the text are calculated separately on data before rounding, hence component rates may not add to the total rates shown in the tables. Tabulations showing the trend of injuries and employment for all mineral industries are presented in Volume III. COAL Injury experience of the coal mining industry was improved in 1964, as measured by the declines of 1 and 14 percent, respectively, in the frequency and severity rates. Although the total number of injuries increased in 1964, a slightly greater proportional increase in man-hours worked caused the frequency rate to drop to 44.65 per million man-hours. The injury-severity rate in 1964 was 7,832 days lost per million man-hours of exposure. Employment and injury data for 1964 are based on final data for anthracite mines and preliminary data for bituminous coal and lignite mines. Fatality experience improved significantly with a record low number of 240 deaths in 1964. This total was 44 less than in 1963. The Nation's coal mines during 1964 were free of major disasters (a single accident resulting in the death of five men or more) for the first time since 1956. The

Jan 1, 1965

By Forrest T. Moyer

INJURY experience and employment data are presented in this chapter for metal and nonmetal mines, stone quarries, sand and gravel pits, iron blast-furnace slag plants, and metallurgical plants (including ore-dressing and nonferrous reduction plants and refineries) in the United States. Employment and injury experience data for all mineral industries are given in volume II. The 1962 figures are preliminary summations which are subject to revision. They were compiled from all reports from producers received by the Bureau of Mines through April 15, 1963. The data for metal, nonmetal (except well and brine operations), stone, and sand and gravel operations were collected by a mandatory reporting system under the provisions of the act of September 26, 1961, Public Law 87-300 (75 Stat. 649). The act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to study the various aspects of safety in metal and nonmetal mines (excluding coal mines) and report the findings 2 years sub-sequent to the enactment of the law. Data on nonmetal well and brine plants and nonferrous reduction plants and refineries were reported voluntarily by the operators. METAL MINES Preliminary data for the metal mining industry comprise reports on 1,871 mines and pits. The combined fatal and nonfatal injury-frequency rate was 31.95 per million manhours in 1962, a decrease of 8 percent from the similar rate of 34.54 in 1961. Metal operations reported a total of 61 fatal and 3,201 nonfatal injuries.

Jan 1, 1963

By Forrest T. Moyer

INJURY experience and employment data are presented in this (chapter for metal and nonmetal mines, stone quarries, sand and gravel pits, iron-blast-furnace slag plants, and metallurgical plants (including ore-dressing and nonferrous reduction plants and refineries) in the United States. Employment and injury experience data for all mineral industries are given in volume III. The 1963 figures are preliminary and are subject to revision. METAL MINES Preliminary estimates for the metal-mining industry of a combined fatal and nonfatal injury-frequency rate of 32.34 per million man-hours in 1963 indicate only a slight change from the rate of 32.00 in 1962. Metal operations had 41 fatal and 3,110 nonfatal injuries during 1963.

Jan 1, 1964

By Forrest T. Moyer

INJURY experience in the metal and nonmetal mineral industries during 1964 was better in rates of occurrence but worse in severity rates than in 1963. The frequency rate of injuries per million man-hours was improved at metal mills, nonmetal mines, and sand and gravel operations, and was virtually unchanged at metal mines; however" the rate of occurrence of work injuries at nonmetal mills, stone operations, nonferrous reduction and refining plants, and slag plants was higher than in 1963. The severity rate of injuries during 1964, data for which are presented for the first time in this chapter, was better at metal mills, nonmetal mines, stone operations, and slag plants. However, the severity rate was worse at metal mines, nonmetal mills, sand and gravel plants, and nonferrous smelters.

Jan 1, 1965

By Forrest T. Moyer

Frequency rates of injuries per million man-hours of exposure were improved during 1965 slightly to moderately over those of 1964 at metal mines, nonferrous reduction and refining plants, nonmetal mills, stone quarries and mills, sand and gravel operations, and slag operations. However, at metal mills and nonmetal mines the rates of occurrence of work injuries were less favorable. The severity rates of injuries during 1965 were better than in 1964 at metal mines and mills, stone quarries and mills, and slag operations. Conversely, severity rates were worse at nonferrous reduction and refining plants, nonmetal mines and mills, and sand and gravel operations.

Jan 1, 1966

By John C. Machisak

THIS CHAPTER of the Minerals Yearbook (volume III) contains overall injury experience and employment data at bituminous-coal, lignite, and anthracite mines, coking plants, metal and nonmetal mines, metallurgical plants, and stone quarries in the United States for the calendar year 1956. Volume I of the Yearbook includes injury experiences and related employment data in the metal, nonmetal, and quarrying industries, and in the milling operations connected with the mining of those commodities. Volume II contains the injury and related employment experience of the coal mining, coking, and oil and gas industries. Reporting is voluntary on the surveys conducted by the Bureau of Mines to collect injury and employment data in the mineral industries, except in the coal-mining industry, where operators are required by Federal law to furnish the information requested.

Jan 1, 1958

By John C. Machisak

THIS CHAPTER of the Minerals Yearbook (Volume III) contains overall injury experience for coal mines, both anthracite and bituminous, coke plants, petroleum and natural gas, peat, and asphalt and related bitumens (native); metal mines, their metallurgical plants, including ore-dressing plants and primary nonferrous reduction plants and refineries; nonmetal mines; nonmetal mills; sand and gravel operations; slag (iron blast-furnace) plaints; and stone quarries and their related pants. Volume I of the yearbook contains a chapter showing injury experience and employment data treated separately by metal mines, nonmetal mines, quarries and their related plants, metallurgical plants (ore-dressing plants and primary nonferrous reduction plants and refineries are shown separately), nonmetal mills, sand and gravel plants, and iron blast-furnace slag plants. Volume II contains injury and employment experience in the fuel industries (coal, coke, petroleum and natural gas, asphalt and related bitumens (native), and peat. Injury and employment data are submitted voluntarily for the mineral operations through an industry canvass made by the Bureau of Mines, except for the coal industry, whose reports are mandatory. Information published in this chapter is the result of this canvass. Figures presented in this chapter for 1961 are preliminary except for anthracite, peat, coke, petroleum and natural gas, asphalt and related bitumens, and slag. These preliminary data, with the exception of bituminous coal, are a summation of reports received by May 31, 1962, from the operators showing their injury and employment experience. Estimations of injury and employment experience are not included in these preliminary data.

Jan 1, 1962

By Dean L. Millar

Measures taken by mining companies around the world to reduce their carbon footprints are becoming increasingly important in the sector securing its social licence to operate. The options for measures reduce to three categories of activity: i) demand reduction by avoiding unnecessary waste of supplied energy, ii) improving the utilization of energy that does have to be consumed and iii) adopting low carbon energy production options?including renewable energy. As well as the environmental imperative, as the prices of electricity, gas and liquid fuels increase, so the economic case for activities i) to iii) gains higher priority, especially in such an energy intensive industry. The specific energy consumption for certain upstream minerals industry operations in Canada is reported to be as follows: underground mining: 99.5 kWh/tonne mined; surface mining: 11.7 kWh/tonne mined; base metal processing: 81.4 kWh/tonne milled; gold processing: 99.6 kWh/tonne milled. Around 508 kWh/tonne (slag) of heat is reported to be available in cooling slag from 1500°C to 25°C; an amount that is simply indicative of the energy intensity of downstream smelting and refining operations. Low carbon, energy saving technology options that are available to mining industry companies lead to projects with return rates that must compete alongside other capital intensive projects considered by mining company boards. Energy projects frequently involve longer payback periods and lower rates of return than those of competing bids for capital, such as those for development of new mineral properties. For energy services companies (ESCOs) that specialize in the financing, construction, and the efficient operation and maintenance of energy projects, the same returns and payback periods may be considered acceptable or even attractive. For the ESCO, the key commercial risk mitigating factor is a securing a long term contract for the supply of energy.

May 1, 2011

By B Hiebl, J Martens, L Petzold

A research team at the Iron and Steelmaking department at Primetals Technologies has established new upgrading measures for improving the efficiency of the beneficiation process in ironmaking plants, relying largely on pre-existing equipment. After the upgrade, the iron content in the final iron ore concentrate was shown to be significantly higher. Remarkably, the costs for employing the respective measures are surprisingly low.This case study is based on a Kazakh iron and steel producer, whose beneficiation process is currently generating a magnetite concentrate with a final iron content of 65.65 per cent. The study shows that the implementation of Primetals Technologies’ intelligent modification measures to the current beneficiation process, the realisation of more effective dewatering, and the utilisation of an innovative binder lead to an increased iron content in the resulting pellets, reaching a concentration of 69.17 per cent (iron ore concentrate) and 66.5 per cent (pellets).The current operation consists of three closed circuit grinding stages, four stages of low intensity magnetic separation, vacuum disc filters and straight-grate pelletising. By dividing the slurry after the second stage of grinding and the third stage of low intensity magnetic separation, it is possible to divert the more iron-rich fines before they would enter the third grinding stage and the fourth stage of magnetic separation. This then reduces the load on the existing third stage ball mill. Afterwards, the ground material is treated in an additional low intensity magnetic separator and mixed with the previously diverted fraction of the fines. An improved filtration procedure, combined with the application of a highly sophisticated binder, further reduces the amount of additives needed, so that a genuine direct reduced (DR)-grade iron concentrate is produced as a result.All laboratory, pilot and pelletising test work was executed at Primetals Technologies’ laboratories in Austria.CITATION:Martens, J, Petzold, L and Hiebl, B, 2017. Enabling iron ore concentrate for the production of direct reduced iron with pre-existing beneficiation lines, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 227–232 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

Using a series-model of an automotive short range radar sensor (SRR) and a recently completed experimental radar system, field tests have been performed in a surface mine. It was examined, to what extent low-cost electronically scanning radar sensors can provide useful data for assistance systems on large scale mining machines. Simple sensors are useful for anti-collision safety zones or hopper car automation. The more complex and sophisticated experimental radar system using digital beam-forming can clearly detect and map the contours of trenches and slopes. The overall promising results refer to many more potential applications for electronically scanning radar in surface and underground mining as a reliable alternative to mechanical laser scanners.

Jan 1, 2007

By K. Bullock, M. Levesque, G. Lyle, D. L. Millar

ABSTRACT The options for reducing the carbon footprint of energy use in mining fall into three categories of activity: i) reducing demand, ii) improving energy utilization, and iii) adopting low carbon energy technologies. In addition to the environmental imperative, the economic case for these activities gains higher priority as the prices of electricity, gas, and liquid fuels increase. Low-carbon, energy-saving technology options that are available to mining industry companies lead to projects with return rates that must compete alongside other capital-intensive projects considered by mining company boards. Energy projects frequently involve longer payback periods and lower rates of return than those of competing bids for capital, such as new mineral property developments. For energy services companies that specialize in the financing, construction, efficient operation, and maintenance of energy projects, the same returns and payback periods can be considered acceptable or even attractive.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. D. Davis

Limestone-based technology for arsenic removal from water is an innovative and promising method. The technology offers the potential for low-cost disposal of a stable waste product after arsenic removal, either in an ordinary landfill or by encapsulation in concrete. Leaching research described in this paper shows that the limestone waste, after encapsulation in concrete, passes the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test. Leaching was less than 0.05 mg/L, which is 1/100 of the U.S. EPA?s standard for disposal of arsenic in a landfill. Disposal of arsenic-enriched waste is critical for commercial viability of arsenic-removal technologies. Low-cost disposal gives the limestone-based method an advantage that could help communities meet the new maximum contaminant level of 10 parts per billion for arsenic in drinking water. The ability to recycle the waste material in concrete could add a significant economic benefit, further reducing overall costs.

Jan 1, 2009

By L. Adler

To mine safely and efficiently the working conditions must be systematically de¬fined. Their uniqueness distinguishes mining from other engineering professions. The worst case in underground mining is delineated and termed "encumbered space'", since it "seriously impedes motion or action." Working space is inherently hazardous, transitory, and expensive, inducing it to be of low quality, tight and congested, vulnerable and deteriorating, and isolated and inaccessible. These adverse conditions, are damaging to cumbersome, mobile equipment, and affect all activities, including surface work. The conditions are reorganized using the fundamental engineering dimensions: space, matter time, people, and money. Comprehensive tables are presented with attention paid to "disaster potentials". Examples are cited.

Jan 1, 1982

By N M. Vegter, C B. Kohler, E H. O Meyer

Zincor operates four Lurgi fluidised-bed roasters at its roast-leach-electrowin refinery in Springs, South Africa. In 2006, Zincor?s four roasters had reached ages ranging between 26 and 38 years, while the expected life of this type of roaster is generally 20 to 25 years. Based on its condition, Roaster 3 was the first to be rebuilt in 2006. Roaster 4 is being rebuilt in 2007 and the last two roasters will be rebuilt over the next few years as necessary. The main damage to Roaster 3 was caused by buckling of the roaster steel shell. This caused the freeboard and dome areas to shift, resulting in cracks in the dome brick lining and crumbling of the bricks lining the freeboard. The steel shell buckled due to the combined effects of too-high operating temperatures and corrosion caused by the following two main factors: ? Thicker external insulation was installed during a previous maintenance shut which resulted in and increased steel shell temperature and exacerbated the normal metal fatigue; ? SO2/SO3 containing gas that had permeated through the brick lining, passed through its dew point during frequent planned and unplanned shuts over the life of the roaster. This caused acid formation between the refractory brick lining and steel shell, resulting in corrosion of the shell. The initial plan was to replace only the damaged areas of Roaster 3, but upon dismantling more damage was found and the roaster was rebuilt from the tuyeres upwards. During the rebuild, the opportunity was taken to modify the design of some of the brickwork to extend its life and make future repairs easier. This paper discusses the mode of failure of Roaster 3 and the lessons learnt during its dismantling and rebuilding.

Jan 1, 2007

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. L. Miller

"Miners worldwide use a tremendous amount of energy in producing finished minerals for the end user market. In accomplishing this goal, they incur energy costs that can range from 20% to 30% of the total cost of production, so there is fertile ground for cost savings. To unlock this huge value in cost reduction, energy analysis is the key and is broken into several segments: 1. Fuel analysis for power generation 2. Energy supply & demand 3. Opportunity cost for lack of power 4. Backup power 5. Power contracts 6. Energy efficiency 7. Renewable energy 8. Continuous energy management FUEL ANALYSIS FOR POWER GENERATION What is the first thing we evaluate when looking at power supply alternatives for the mining industry’s large power requirements? Is it 1) site, 2) engineering, procurement, and construction companies, 3) independent power producers, 4) turbine vendors, 5) grid connections, or 6) fuel supply, logistics, and infrastructure? In evaluations of power supply alternatives for mining companies with special emphasis in developing countries, there is one over-riding conclusion: reliable fuel supply drives the energy generation economic engine. Evaluating several different fuels including liquefied natural gas (LNG), natural gas, diesel, heavy fuel oil, and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) among others, the best project outcomes are those where fuel supply, pricing, logistics, and infrastructure are given an extensive amount of time during the analysis stage. In an assessment of the twenty-year costs of generating power from multiple fuels, each fuel’s costs were placed into three separate net present value (NPV) buckets of: 1) capital, 2) operating and maintenance, and 3) fuel. Within a range of 65% to 85% for all fuels, fuel cost was the largest component of the NPV of the life cycle power generation costs. So if 65% to 85% of your life cycle power generation cost is one item, shouldn’t miners spend a corresponding amount of time in the analysis stage fully understanding this key determinant for a successful power project? In developing countries where power generation infrastructure may not exist or does not exist at the same level as is found in North America and Europe, fuel analysis becomes even more important. One of the key questions for fuel importation in developing countries is the draft at existing ports to allow larger vessels to dock at the jetty. Can larger ocean-going tankers dock at the port for off-loading, or is the port’s draft too shallow, thus forcing a Single Point Mooring (SPM) system or Conventional Buoy Mooring (CBM) system to be constructed at substantial capital expense? Once fuel can be imported, sufficient onshore storage capacity should exist, or must be built to off-load the entire fuel cargo from the larger ships. Additionally, the throughput capacity of the pipeline from SPM/CBM must allow a rapid unloading of the fuel from ship to shore to eliminate steep demurrage costs for the project."

Jan 1, 2017

By O. Mejia, J. Drozdiak

"This paper summarizes a comprehensive energy and cost study comparing an existing SAG mill based circuit at Huckleberry Mine with two proposed circuits involving comminution technologies which are associated with energy efficiency: high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) and high speed stirred mills. The specific energy requirements expressed as kWh/t for the proposed circuits were determined from pilotscale HPGR and stirred mill testing conducted at the University of British Columbia. Samples and operating data were collected from Huckleberry’s copper-molybdenum concentrator to evaluate current mill performance for comparison. To support the base case, the SABC circuit was modeled using JK SimMet® software. The main comparison focused on the complete energy requirements for each circuit, including materials handling equipment such as conveyors, screens, feeders and pumps. This paper also provides capital and operating cost estimates for each of the comminution circuits. The results showed that the HPGR - ball mill circuit achieved a 21% reduction in energy consumption over the existing SAG - ball mill circuit at the same P80 grind size of 160 µm. At a grind of 80% passing 75 µm, the HPGR - stirred mill circuit showed a 34% reduction in energy compared to the base case. It was concluded that the energy reduction for the new flowsheets significantly improved the economics of the Huckleberry comminution duty.INTRODUCTIONUp until now, tumbling mills such as AG/SAG mills and ball mills have had a dominant bearing on the design and economics of comminution circuits. However, it is commonly agreed that the majority of employed comminution processes are energy intensive and energy inefficient, accounting for up to 80% of overall process plant energy consumption and having an efficiency of as low as 1% (Abouzeid and Fuerstenau, 2009; Fuerstenau and Abouzeid, 2002). The U.S. department of energy reported that there is a potential to reduce energy consumption in the metals industry by up to 61% from current practice to bestestimated practical minimum energy consumption; suggestions included the implementation of best practices and the adoption of energy efficient mining and mineral processing technologies such as advanced blasting techniques, high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) and stirred mills (U.S. DOE, 2007)."

Jan 1, 2013

By W. G. Prast

Investments in fuel minerals and non-fuel minerals by petroleum companies are not a new phenomena. During the past 25 years, oil firms have entered mining via the acquisition route as well as by the direct development of grassroots mines. In the early 1980s, the "merger mania" in the natural resource industries came to a head. Oil company takeovers of mining firms, as well as other mergers between oil producers, captured headlines repeatedly, and speculation ran wild as to who would next acquire whom. Table 1 summarizes leading mining company mergers in the past two decades. There are some special features to the latest round of minerals investments undertaken by oil companies. First, direct takeovers of mining companies have become the preferred means of entry into minerals, with entry from scratch being relegated to the sidelines. This was not always the case. While there are instances of oil firms buying coal and copper companies dating back to the 1950s and 1960s, most of the early minerals work by petroleum firms was from internally generated projects. When the oil companies first became involved in uranium, for example, the uranium mining industry was in its infancy. There was not much market structure to buy, and it was relatively easy for everyone to get into uranium on the ground floor.

Jan 1, 1983

The last one decade in India had witnessed phenomenal growth in the coal, lignite, iron ore, limestone and many other minerals. To meet the production of minerals, the energy requirement is also very high both in terms of petroleum products and electrical energy. Because of spiralling prices of crude oil and also of the electrical energy, attempts have been made by various mining companies to select energy efficient mining machineries (in underground and surface) mines, together with energy efficient mining and mineral processing operations. Mineral sector of India is working seriously in tune with the Planning Commission stipulations to conserve energy.Apart from energy use (both electrical and fossil fuels) in mining, it is also significantly contributing to the cost of mineral processing depending on the quality of ore/rock being processed. Over the years a number of studies have been initiated and implemented to reduce cost of energy bill. An attempt has been made to present the various aspects of energy conservation, Impact of Energy Conservation Act 2001, Relevance of energy audit, areas of energy consumption and conservation efforts, etc in this paper. The paper also deals with some of the case studies to show how energy conservation programs has been implemented in the Indian mineral sector.

Dec 6, 2010