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By Glen A. Knox

The writer has been asked to set forth for this Institute, the experience of the past eleven months in the mining operation conducted at Sweetwater Mine in which coal has been produced by the use of Link-Belt Conveyors on long faces. The coal in this mine has an average of six feet three inches in thickness, and lies on an average pitch of five degrees. The roof is a sandy shale of medium hardness and has been generally considered as good top in the room and pillar method of mining. When our company became interested in conveyors, the writer visited most all of the mines in the East where conveyors and other mechanical methods of mining were in use and decided that the modified method of w-hat is in use at the Norton-West Virginia mine would be the most feasible for our conditions. We in- stalled three hundred feet of conveyor as an experiment to see whether or not our roof could be handled and taken care of on long faces. This three hundred feet was installed as two separate conveyors, one as a face conveyor-100 feet in length, the other as a heading conveyor that delivered the coal into the mine car on the main entry. This face was worked directly on .the strike and down the pitch. This did not prove to be a success as the caving of the roof carried over to the working face and necessitated propping between the conveyor and the face and it was also necessary to shovel coal on the conveyor up the pitch. After working out this block, 200 feet in length, we installed these two conveyors at a place adjoining this worked out block, but on a half V shape shown on the sketch. This block of coal was sixty feet wide. This method proved to be very successful. We cut a place, moved the conveyor against the face before shooting and carried two rows of cribs between the conveyor and the cave, and caved the roof every second cut. After working out this block we were satisfied that this system was feasible with our mine. We then ordered twelve hundred feet more of the same type as the trial conveyor with the exception of a very few modifications. We then installed this fifteen hundred foot unit on the four faces shown on the sketch, with one hundred feet to each face, two hundred feet on each heading and three hundred feet on the main conveyor that delivered the coal into the pit cars. We also had a head and rear section for each of the four advancing places shown on the sketch. As the sections were taken out of the heading conveyors they were installed on the advancing conveyors, and when the faces approached the main conveyor, the main conveyor was taken out and installed in the next uphill or main conveyor place. The roof caved very well in line of the points and was broken about every twenty feet. It broke in a straight line and did not curve at each V. We encountered no trouble unless we permitted one of the points to get behind. The maximum tonnage possible to be produced on this method was estimated to be seven hundred and twenty-five tons a day, assuming that all places were cut and cleaned up in one shift, and this we did for several consecutive days. While this was a success from a cost standpoint, we felt that we could

Jan 1, 1925

Note this date. This will be the biggest meeting we have ever held. It is arranged so as to permit you to go immediately afterwards to Salt Lake. City to attend the meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers there on August 31, September 1, 2 and 3. Notify the Secretary of any change in your address.

Jan 1, 1925

By Henry Otto

THE anthracite industry can be divided into two parts-the underground, or mining, and the outside, or preparation or manufacture. To understand recoveries in the two branches, some of the history of the industry and the changes that have taken place in the past century should be considered. It is a long step from 1807, when 55 tons were produced in the Wyoming field, to 1917, the peak year, when 80,841,223 tons were shipped to market from all the fields. In 1820, the Lehigh Coal Co., the predecessor of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., shipped 365 tons in arks down the canal of the Lehigh Navigation Co. The Schuylkill field was not opened until 1822, when 1480 tons were shipped. The Wyoming field really became a producer in 1829, when 7000 tons were mined and shipped. It is well to note, at this time, the passing of the Coleraine colliery after a life of 88 years; in collieries of this age will be found the. romance of the region, as well as the history of the changes to date.

Jan 1, 1925

By Ulick R. Evans, Maurice Cook

The structural changes in metals brought about by annealing follow-ing a deformation at a low temperature has been the subject of many investigations. No less than eleven metals and alloys have been studied in some detail; namely, aluminum, tungsten,2 iron,3 copperI4 gold, zinc,6 cadmium, tin: lead: brass,1° and cupronickel. As a result, it is possible to frame a qualitative statement of the effect of the degree of deformation and the temperature of annealing on the structure finally attained.

Jan 1, 1925

By C. P. Crawford

Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 172, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter, entitled "Effects of Moisture on the Spontaneous Heating of Stored Coal", says at the outset, "Spontaneous fires in storage piles of bituminous coal' have been the source of trouble and loss since the industrial utilization of coal began. In Europe the idea arose that spontaneous combustion is more liable to happen during wet weather than during dry. Statements favoring or opposing this idea have crept into the literature. Conflicting conclusions, based on experiment as well as opinions based on observations of various degrees of reliability, are given in most of the recorded discussions of the subject. "Because of the uncertainty of the effect of moisture and its seeming importance among the conditions that affect spontaneous combustion in stored coal, the work described in this paper was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines. The experiments showed that a coal from Illinois oxidized faster when dry, whereas a sample of Pittsburgh coal oxidized faster when moist. These discordant results and similarly inconsistent results from the observations of different investigators may be coupled with the fact that under actual conditions of, storing, both coal and air always contain a considerable amount of moisture." The foregoing report of the investigations of the Bureau demonstrates that the mystery of spontaneous combustion has not yet been solved. This fact adds to the fascination of the subject. I became interested in the matter about ten years ago in observing what was probably one of the best exhibitions of this phenomenon. The old dump at Castle Gate No. 1 Mine contained boney coal and track cleanings generally. In winter when snow fell upon this old dump, the snow was soon melted by the heat of the dump which was comparatively warm at all times. Within 48 hours afterward little blue flames were in evidence on the surface of the pile. Few of the gas feeders were sufficiently constant to maintain a steady flame at any given point, but shifting emissions of gas were ignited one by another, resulting in a continuous popping and apparent running about of the flames. Another interesting exhibition of spontaneous heating was to be seen a few years ago in the storage coal piles of the local sugar factories. This coal was piled in concrete lined pits and the latter were filled with water. However, or this occasion the coal extended above the surface of the water. At every plant where this condition existed the coal was affected heating, and in each case the affected area was in a plane horizontal to and from 8 to 1.4 inches above the water level. The height of the hot area above the surface of the water appeared to be affected by the fineness of the coal. It is well known that oily rags have a tendency to heat when allowed to accumulate in some location protected from free air circulation. For some reason, as yet unknown, this does not apply to petroleum or its derivatives. Now, the most common explanation of spontaneous combustion is that the combustible material oxidizes by being brought into contact with air in the presence of moisture, the theory being that the moisture acts as a catalytic agent. My theory is that spontaneous combustion is due to oxidation of combustible matter by free oxygen carried in solution by a liquid, the oxidation taking place only as, when, and at the place where this oxygen is released from solution by the evaporation of the liquid. Also, this oxidation takes place to some degree regardless of the condition of the combustible-whether it be lump coal, coal dust, straw, wheat flour, coke, or any other combustible but, as the speed of oxidation is directly influenced by temperature, it follows that spontaneous combustion only becomes noticeable or serious in cases where the resulting heat' cannot escape as fast as it is generated.

Jan 1, 1925

By J. H. Hensley

The mine of the Miami Copper Co. is in the Miami district, Gila County, Ariz., approximately 7 miles west of Globe. In 1906, the General Development Co. secured the ground now owned by the Miami Copper Co., and about a year later discovered ore in a prospect shaft at a depth of 220 ft. The Miami Copper Co. was organized in 1907, the claims held by the General Development Co. were transferred to it, and an active development campaign was inaugurated. The railroad was extended from Globe to Miami in 1909, a concentrating plant was constructed, and the company began producing early in 1911. The unit size of mineral tract in the district is the standard lode claim 600 ft. in width by 1500 ft. in length. Ownerships of land are held in fee. The geology of the district has been described by F. L. Ransome.' The formations of local importance are: The pre-Cambrian Pinal schist, which consists mainly of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and is commonly of a thinly laminated sericitic variety; the diabase, which is thought to have been intruded in late Paleozoic or early Mesozoic times; the Schultze granite and granite porphyry, considered early Tertiary; the dacite of late Tertiary time; and the Gila conglomerate of early Quaternary. General Items Influencing Mining Methods The bodies of disseminated ore in the district are flat lying masses of irregular outline and variable thickness. As a rule, these masses lack definite boundaries; the orebody follows a curve along one of the main ridges, approximately 5500 ft. in length with a maximum width of 1600 ft. The minerals occur as finely divided and uniformly disseminated chal-cocite in the Pinal schist and Schultze granite. The typical overburden or capping is a barren rusty brown, very friable, highly siliceous, leached schist, or granite-porphyry. The topography of the district is fairly rugged and irregular; the altitude ranges from 3400 ft. above sea level, at the town of Miami, to 3900 ft. on the hills above the Miami orebody. The climate is mild; the mean annual temperature is 63.°F.

Jan 1, 1925

By James A. H. Church

This paper is in the nature of a protest against the dangerous propaganda afoot for the prevention of new mining undertakings and which is based on the imaginary 'blue ruin' conditions supposed to exist in the industry. An article by Mr. G. R. Pratt, A.M.E.I.C. in the first issue of the Western Canada News, February 2nd, 1925, and entitled "Review of Coal Mining in Alberta", is an excellent example of this type of propaganda. The article is a tissue of misstatements, faulty deductions and erroneous conclusions. For instance it contains the statement that some coal measures in Alberta are mined at great depth - whereas we all know that there is no coal mined at great depth anywhere in the province; another error is the classification of all mines under one head irrespective of whether they are mining prospects, 'country banks', or pukka mines equipped with railway facilities; and I believe that suppressio veri is tantamount to suggestio falsi. The bulk of his article hinges on a Table 1, which shows the details of coal produced in Alberta during 1923. Studying this table Mr. Pratt, in the manner of a conjurer producing rabbits from a hat, offers the following for the confusion of the public:- (1) "Waste effort, want of capital, waste of coal resources which result from unrestricted development"; the fact being that the waste is due to the failure of the Department of the Interior to exercise the powers which are inherent in the form of lease.

Jan 1, 1925

By G. C. Bateman

Canada is a very large country with a small population which is growing very slowly. We have great natural resources, but with our limited population we are continually looking afield for new capital to develop these resources. Our mining areas are among the most important fields offering opportunities for new capital and because of the wide-spread appeal which mining makes this industry commands a great deal of attention. While we are glad to see new capital from any source, we welcome it particularly from Great Britain, for, although we offer equal opportunities to the nationals of any country we would be glad to see the development of our natural resources financed as far as possible within the Empire. However, when we invite ne capital we must accept certain responsibilities, and while we have opportunities to offer, we should ask ourselves how these opportunities are taken advantage of and what sort of treatment the foreign investor receives.

Jan 1, 1925

[Page Officers of the Institute 5 Minutes of. Twentieth Meeting 9 "Cutter Bits"-J. H. Emrick 12 Discussion 16 Experiments in Roof Control-D. A. Stout 18 Discussion 28 Use of Permissible Powder in Coal Mining-H. Petersen 35 Discussion 38 Safety Measures-F. C. Miller 40 Automatic Mine Fan Signal-O. C.. Irwin 45 Discussion 46 The Operation of Gaseous Mines-Samuel Tescber 51 Discussion 55 "The Alamo Mine"-E. H. McCleary 60 Discussion 69 Mudite Discussion 71 The Mudite Machine-Ogden Iron Works Co 73 Reducing the Labor Turn-Over-Eugene McAuliffe 79 Coal vs. Oil Competition-Franklin P. Wood and Eugene Weber 81 Miscellaneous Discussion 86 New General Coal Mine Safety Orders of the State of Utah-B. W. Dyer 90 Discussion 93 Wednesday Afternoon Session 103 Comment on Utah Mining Law-Wm.Monay 104]

Jan 1, 1925

By B. W. Dyer

At about 8:30 o'clock on the morning of March 8, 1924, an explosion occurred in the Castle Gate No. 2 Mine of the Utah Fuel Company, Castle Gate, Utah, and 171 men lost their lives. The explosion was caused by the ignition of a comparatively small body of gas and was propagated throughout the mine by fine coal dust which had accumulated on the roof and ribs of the mine and by coal dust made by the explosion itself. Castle Gate No. 2 Mine was one of the best kept mines in the state and it was believed not only by the officials of the Utah Fuel Company, but by all others connected with the coal industry of the state that this was one of the safest mines in the entire state. The state had not been visited by a catastrophe for over twenty years and it was a general belief that the mines were kept in such condition that a catastrophe was almost impossible. During the preceding twenty years new mining officials from other fields had entered the state and seeing that sprinkling as done in Utah was far more elaborate than in most other coal mining sections of the country, caused them to believe that they were keeping their mines in an absolutely safe condition. When coal -mines suffer no mishap during a period of twenty years the general attitude relative to safety may become somewhat lax, not only with the operating officials, but also with the State Inspection Department. However, there were some who were more keen to appreciate the hazards of Utah coal dust and who predicted that if Utah mines were kept only damp but not wet, some day the state would be shocked by the news of a dreadful disaster. In a paper prepared and read before the Salt Lake City Chapter of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers in 1924, Mr. D. Harrington stated: "The writer had his first mining work in Utah mines spending nearly ten years in Utah, starting just after the Scofield explosion in 1900. After having been absent from the state for about eight years upon returning and spending a few days in a few properties, there appeared then to be a definite relaxation as to precautionary methods especially against dust; some of the properties which in 1900 to 1910 would have stopped work if for any reason water was not available for sprinkling purposes, were in 1918 definitely dry in many places, and in some instances there was also definite relaxation as to shooting regulations, some properties with electric shooting systems were allowing firing of certain shots while the men were in the mine. The Utah coal. dusts are too inflammable and explosive to allow of taking any chances and unless up-to-date and carefully maintained, the Utah coal mining world will hear to its dismay, that the very excellent record of the past twenty-three years as to explosions has been shattered. Hence, possibly it was not altogether a complete surprise that such a disaster occurred in Utah, but it was a surprise to many that it occurred in one of the best kept mines in the state and it was that fact that led the coal mining men of Utah to believe that the state coal mining laws should be modified.

Jan 1, 1925

Only the coal of the Sunnyside district in Carbon county is coked. Two companies, the Utah Fuel Company and the Columbia Steel Corporation, operating adjoining mines at Sunnyside and Columbia, produce coke. The Utah Fuel Company has 81 9 beehive coke ovens at Sunnyside. Only 350 ovens are being operated at the present time, largely because the smelters which had been using Sunnyside coke changed their equipment from blast furnaces to reverberatory furnaces

Jan 1, 1925

By H. Petersen

If a coal mine producing two hundred thousand (200,000) tons of coal per year could effect a 2 per cent decrease in the percentage of slack there would be an additional 4,000 tons of prepared coal produced. Most operators will say that these prepared sizes of coal are worth about $3.00 more per ton to them than the slack or in other words an additional $12,000.00 pier year profit could be made by a decrease of 2 per cent in slack. A large tipple with all the finest modern equipment of shaker screens, conveyors, box car loaders, etc., can only produce a grade of coal dependent upon the coal delivered by the mine car at the top of the tipple. In the mine, coal-cutting machines have been doing their part for many years toward decreasing the percentage of slack. There is therefore, only one phase of production left where real effective work can be done, that is, intelligent and constant supervision of preparatory work and shooting. The quality of coal is really entirely dependent upon the kind of coal produced at the face in the mine. Our problem is therefore, at that place. The writer is thoroughly convinced that with the proper placing of holes the use of correct amount of a suitable explosive, thoroughly tamped, with the bug dust entirely removed from the mining, a decrease in slack can be effected. We will take up this problem under five headings. First-The proper placing of bore holes. Second-The proper amount of permissible powder. Third-The proper loading and stemming of the shot.-Cushing shooting. Fourth-The necessity of removing the bug dust from the mining. Fifth - The - standardization of rounds. First-The Proper Placing of Bore Holes. The most important thing and the real secret of successful blasting of coal is the proper placing of the bore hole. This results in the correct balancing of the shot and the securing of the maximum efficiency of the explo¬sive. If you are operating a mine with a 6-foot coal seam, you most likely are using a 6-foot cutter bar on the coal cutting machines. You should use three holes to properly bring down the coal. (1) A center shot in the middle of the room drilled flat, or rather parallel to the mining-the heights of this hole will depend upon the top parting. If the coal is frozen to the roof, it will be necessary to have the hole as close to the roof as possible. If there is a free parting, the hole may be placed lower but not over twelve inches from the roof. (2)

Jan 1, 1925

"WELFARE…Welfare endeavor in connection with both the metal and the coal mines of Utah has shown gratifying progress during recent years and both the operators and their employees are deserving of much credit for the efforts put forth to better living, working, educational and receational conditions in most of the mining camps of the state.In the older metal mining camps of Utah, where the towns are incorporated and independent of the mining properties operating in the vicinity, less opportunity is pre¬sented for the companies to exercise efforts looking towards improved welfare conditions than is the case of camps located on company ground and under the full control of operators.Even in such camps, however, as illustrated in Bingham, the companies can do much to better welfare conditions. In this camp the Utah Copper Company has spent $800,000 since 1 920 in the erection of modern brick cottages, apartment houses and the Gemmell Memorial Club. The cottages and apartments have every convenience to be found in up-to-date city homes. The Gemmell Memorial Club, erected and equipped at a cost of $1 75,000, was provided by the company for the benefit of the Utah Copper Company employees living in the canyon and has been made the recreational center for the camp."

Jan 1, 1925

By F. E. Lathe

The method of feeding blast-furnaces to be described below is simply the application of well-known principles, and an attempt to carry that application to its logical conclusion. It does not involve radical changes in equipment, nor does it require unusual skill on the part of the furnaceman. In fact, much of its value lies in its very simplicity. Before giving details of the method it will be well to consider briefly the conditions under which it was used at the Nickelton plant of the British America Nickel Corporation, in the Sudbury district, before that plant closed down. The Sudbury nickel ore consists chiefly of pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite in a gangue of norite or greenstone. The proportions of sulphide and gangue vary widely in different mines, the former constituting about 45 per cent of the total in the British America sorted ore. The gangue is fairly uniform in analysis, carrying about 55 per cent Si02, 18 per cent A120 3, 13 per cent FeO and smaller quantities of CaO, MgO, Na20 and K20. The ore has been frequently described as refractory, a word which seems suitable when one considers the many unsuccessful attempts to smelt it pyritically, as well as the high percentage of coke normally used at all the plants in the district.

Jan 1, 1925

By W. E. Armstrong

Gypsum was first exploited as ?a commercial proposition in this province by the Union Mining Company which, in 1900 opened quarries on the east shore of Lake Manitoba, near the present site of Gypsumville. This company established a mill at the head of Portage Bay on the lake, and the manufactured plaster was carried by the companies boats to McArthur's siding on the Whitemouth river near Westbourne, Man., from which point it was distributed. In 1904 a reorganization took place and the Manitoba Gypsum Company Limited bought out the original company, and operated the original mill for about one year when it was destroyed by fire. There were many factors which rendered the operation of a mill at the quarries very difficult; lack of rail transportation for bringing in supplies, and the impossibility of local power development made manufacturing costs very high. Satisfactory distribution could not be affected because of water transportation and poor terminal facilities at McArthur's siding. For these reasons the new mill was built at Winnipeg, where cheaper power and better distributing facilities permitted the industry being placed in a better position. The company continued to bring the gypsum rock by steamer to Totogan, from which point it was transported by rail to Winnipeg. This period was one of steady expansion as the product became better known and more universally accepted as a wall finishing material. Unfortunately, in 1909, this new mill was destroyed by fire, causing a serious set-back to the company, at a time when the steady growth of the western market gave every promise of the industry being placed on a profitable basis.

Jan 1, 1925

MR. DICKINSON: There is an increase of dust in machine loading, especially with the McKinlay loading and cutting machine which was extremely dusty. MR. FORRESTER: Declared more dust must be expected because when loading by machinery, the coal is shot harder in order to make it easier for the machine to pick it up. He believes however, that there was less hazard because of the closer supervision possible by reason of the concentration of operation. MR. McAULIFFE: Machine loading more dusty than hand loading. D. HARRINGTON: The hazard is greatly increased by modern methods of loading. Not only do the methods increase the quantity of dust, but they also increase the rapidity of mining and the increased quantity of coal broken down causes large quantities of gas to be released. The number of motors on loading machines and conveyors add to the hazard. No more dangerous places can be found for such motors than at the working face where there is excessive quantities of pure coal dust and where there is more gas than along any other point. Regarding Mr. Herres remarks that the machine loading was safer on account of the concentration and possibility of close supervision, Mr. Harrington said he believed concentration likely to prove a source of danger rather than its preventive. At Dolomite, Alabama, a number of men had assembled, and as a result what was a relatively small explosion killed a large number of men. Concentration is not without its dangers to mine operations. MR. McAULIFFE: These arguments do not appeal to me. Few places are better sprinkled than the working places in a machine loading mine. There is. more effective supervision, and there can be more ventilation. I believe machine loading will increase safety by that very concentration that Mr. Harrington deplores.

Jan 1, 1925

By A. J. Kraemer

For a number of years the Bureau of Mines has conducted semi-annual survey to determine the changes in the characteristics of the rotor gasoline being sold in the United States. Certain cities have been decided upon as points of origin of samples. Tare choice of these cities has been governed by their situation as the representative of a more or less definitely bounded marketing territory. Samples have been taken on or about the fifteenth day of January and July of each year. In the collection of the samples an attempt has been made to get a representation of the important types of motor fuel being sold, and also to tame into consideration the proportion of tie total consumption that is supplied by the different marketers. It is therefore felt that the survey affords a reliable indication of the quality of the gasoline being sold throughout the United States at the time of sampling. The figures in Table I, below, were obtained by averaging the end points of the least volatile and most volatile samples of gasoline. For example, of 850 samples analyzed in 1919, the 10 per cent (85 samples) having the highest end points, and the 1C per cent having the lowest end points were averaged. These averages are represented in the table as the "Maximum 10 per cent" and the "Minimum 10 per cent", respectively. The same scheme was used in the succeeding surveys.

Jan 1, 1925

By P. Z. Caverhill

In this section of the province only the most meagre of surveys have been made and because these are not sufficient to determine with any degree of accuracy even the total forest area, the information presented in this paper is not complete. Area: -The area south of the Canadian National, and served by the Pacific Great Eastern, is roughly 38,000. square miles, 30,000 of which is classed as productive. This is approximately equal to the productive area of Norway, or half of Finland-or of 30 per cent of Sweden. It is larger than that of either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. Eliminating from the productive area 3600 square miles of grass-land and areas capable of agricultural development, 26,000 square miles (16,600,000 acres) remains as absolute forest-land, as compared with the 55,000,000 acres of Sweden, the 37,500,000 acres of Finland, the 17,000,000 acres of Norway, and the 7,600,000 acres of Austria.

Jan 1, 1925

By C. S. Parsons

Introductory The steady advance in the price of lead and zinc in the metal markets of the world during the past few years has resulted in an active search for new deposits of these metals, and to the re-examination of known properties that are now idle. There are a number of deposits of these metals in eastern Canada, the best known of which are the Tetreault mine at Notre Dame des Anges, Que.; the Reader mine on Calumet island, Que.; the Stirling property in Cape Breton, and the Federal mine in Gaspe district, Que. . The author has run concentration tests on the ores from the first three mentioned properties. The ores from Notre Dame des Anges and Calumet island presented problems in concentration which were not successfully solved until the past year. Although considerable experimental work has been done by the Ore Testing Laboratories on the ore from the Stirling mine we have not been successful in developing a satisfactory method of treatment. Character and Types of Ores Metallurgically the lead-zinc ores of eastern Canada may be classified into three distinct types as follows: First: - Ore in which the sulphide minerals are fairly coarsely crystalline and can be freed by crushing to 40 or 60 mesh. The zinc blend has a high iron content (not marmatite) and gives a dark brown colour on grinding. The ores of Notre Dame des Anges and Calumet island, Que., may be cited as examples.

Jan 1, 1925

"The building stone industry of Utah has developed slowly on account of the limited market offered. The state has large and varied deposits of granite, limestones, marble and onyx.Three cement companies manufacture Portland cement in the Salt Lake valley. Brick clay, fire clay and clay for sewer pipe is found in the vicinity of Salt Lake City and Ogden.Large deposits of gypsum have been found in several localities in Utah. The gypsum deposit near Nephi has been developed to be one of the most important plaster producers in the western country. This gypsum occurs in large quantities and is exceptionally pure.Oil and Oil ShaleVast deposits of rich oil shale occur in the Green River formation of the Tertiary rocks in the Uintah Basin, northeastern Utah. It is estimated by the United States Geological Survey that the basin contains at least 92,159,000,000 tons of shale which will yield as much as 15 gallons of oil to the ton when distilled. These shale deposits indicate that ultimately Utah will be one of the leading shale oil producing states of the country. Some development work and considerable experimental work has been done, but overproduction of petroleum and general low prices afforded little incentive to the oil-shale operator, consequently no commercial production has yet been established in Utah."

Jan 1, 1925