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By W. H. Bassett, J. C. Bradley

In their paper on the directional properties in cold-rolled and annealed commercial bronze,' Phillips and Samans suggest that cupronickel, under distinctly different treatments, shows both "45" ears" and "90" ears. Fig. I shows the ears on some cupronickel cups made some 17 years ago for bullet jackets for small arms ammunition. In this case the material heated to 425° C. had "45" ears, while that annealed at 950°C. showed long "90" ears" when drawn with the same tools. The method of cupping, the shape of cupping tools, etc., were found to have very little influence on the earing tendency, but the deeper the cup was drawn, the higher the ears would be. Method of Manufacture Cupronickel cast bars were 1 in. thick. Ordinarily, they were rolled with numerous passes to a thickness of 0.4 to 0.2 in., according to conditions. They were then given a single intermediate anneal, and rolled to finish thickness, frequently 0.032 in. After a last anneal the material was cupped with a "cut and draw" operation. Progress of this is indicated in Fig. 2, illustrating five different stages at which the drawing

Jan 1, 1933

Jan 1, 1933

By W. Kauenhowen

The production of petroleum in Germany during 1932 totaled about 1,608,558 bbl., a slight increase over the 1, 602,517 bbl. produced in 1931. A decline, as shown in Table 1, occurred chiefly in the Volkenroda (Thuringia) field. The total production of the other fields (salt domes), however. reached a new record, about 21 per cent above 1931. Table 1.—Oil Production of Germany by Fields and Oil Provinces, 1928-1932 (Barrels of 42 Gallons)" Salt Dome Province __________________________________________________|_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1928 274,323 322,742 679 46,319 644,021 644,315 1929 310,891 337,582 10,535 67,578 719,901 720,069 1930 586,404 427,539 100,716 72,485 1,186,969 29,806 1,220,296 1931 506,548 403,634 213,549 116,088 1,242,598 360,885 1,602,517 1932 769,405 366,982 230 979 130,711 1,498,077 110,481 1,608,558 " Official figures published in Germany are given in metric tons. For the above conversion into barrels a factor of 1 metric ton equaling 7 barrels has been used. Includes a very small production from Hcide, Holstein. c Includes a very small production from Tegernsee, Bavaria, and Bruchsal, Baden. Nienhagen-Hanigsen Field In 1932 the Nienhagen-Hanigsen yielded about 51 per cent of the production from the four German salt dome fields. During 1932 the productive area was again extended, chiefly towards the northwest in the so-called north district, to which the present drilling activity is confined almost entirely. Since the discovery of the north district in 1928, about 45 wells have been drilled in it, of which only two were

Jan 1, 1933

Engineering Experiment Station, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas. For publications or a list of publications, address the above Of the 29 Bulletins issued by the Engineering Experiment Station, a few on cement and road-building materials may well be listed here: Bulletin 12, Road materials of Kansas; 15, Tests of Kansas road materials, 17, Some strength characteristics of portland cement; 25, Volume change of concrete, 26, A study of fourteen brands of standard portland cement and four early-strength concretes, 28, The durability of concrete, 29, The effect of aggregate and other variables on the elastic properties of concrete

Jan 1, 1933

The Mineral Industry, Published by McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, N Y. The Mineral Industry is an annual review of the mineral industry It is a standard and complete reference on the mineral industry for the year covered Through the cooperation of the A I M E its publication in 1933 was made possible Mineral Industry for 1930 contains sections devoted to the production, consumption, trade, market, uses and technology of the following headings: Abrasives, aluminum and bauxite, antimony, arsenic, asbestos (b), asphalt, barium and strontium, chromium (b), coal and coke, cobalt (b), copper, diatomite, fluorspar, gold and silver, graphite, gypsum, iron and steel (b), lead, magnesite, manganese, mica, molybdenum, nickel, petroleum and petroleum products, phosphate rock (b), platinum group metals (b), potash, precious and semiprecious stones (b), quicksilver, radium (b), uranium and vanadium, slate (b), sodium salts, sulfur, pyrite, sulfuric acid, talc and soapstone, tin, titanium and zirconium, tungsten (b), zinc, minor metals, minor nonmetals, ore dressing and coal washing (b). Sections marked (b) have appended a bibliography of recent literature on the subject. Each section is written by an acknowledged expert. Other volumes contain similar material Prices -The Mineral Industry, 1892-1930, vols. 1 to 39. Complete sets of this work, uniformly bound, except vols 25 and 26,

Jan 1, 1933

MINING, to be precise, ends when the ore is delivered to a bin outside the mine. Usually the next step is concentrating; or, as it is more often called, milling. A few elementary definitions will help make clear the discussion that is to follow. A rock is an aggregate of minerals; copper ore is rock that contains copper-bearing minerals in quantity sufficient to make it profitable to mine and recover the copper in the form of marketable metal. Manifestly, under a literal interpretation, a mass of material might be copper ore one day and merely copper-bearing waste rock a week later, if the price of copper happened to drop in the interim. Emphasis already has been placed on the expansion that took place in the ore reserves of the Porphyry companies as a consequence of the great strides made in the technique of mining and ore treatment. So, even if one inserted a qualifying phrase, "at an average price for the metal," after the word "profitable," the definition would still be open to criticism. Place is another factor. It is evident that a body of excellent ore in Arizona might cease to be ore in the economic sense if it were moved intact to the interior of China. However, it is with ore in its technical and scientific aspect that this chapter is concerned. Speaking in general terms, the ton of Porphyry ore as it arrives at the surface contains 25 to 70 lb. of copper minerals in the form of disseminated particles or thin coats along fracture planes. When subjected to appropriate treatment this ton yields 12 to 40 lb. of metallic copper. These ranges take into account conditions of today and of 25 years ago. Two procedures are available: (1) concentration, followed by smelting of the concentrate, or (2) leaching and precipitation, usually by electrolytic deposition. Smelting and leaching are metallurgic processes in that they involve chemical change; concentration

Jan 1, 1933

By W. H. Emmons

INTRODUCTION THE deposition of metalliferous lode systems takes place at considerable depths and no one may observe the process. We see only the end results of the process and from these we seek to construct a theory that will account for them. Because there is an obvious relation between many lode systems and intrusive igneous masses, it is a natural inference that they have formed by fluids that were expelled from such masses. The metalliferous lode systems have been deposited by ascending thermal fluids that have risen mainly from great irregular bodies of intruding magmas which are called batholiths. Probably 95 per cent of such lode systems have formed in connection with acidic or "granitic" batholiths and probably less than 5 per cent have formed in connection with basic intrusives. The study of lode ores, therefore, should include the study of the intrusion and differentiation of the batholith. It was noted long ago1 that certain tin-bearing deposits are commonly associated with small stocks. That small stocks are cupolas of larger intrusive masses has generally been recognized. Butler,2 in his studies of the ore deposits of Utah, showed that the chief deposits in Utah are in and near the stocks; that is near the "apically truncated

Jan 1, 1933

By O. C. Wheeler

The slackening of activity in oil development in Colombia, which was noted in 1931, continued throughout 1932. In the producing fields output was further curtailed and active operations were substantially reduced. Exploratory work was at the lowest level reached in a good many years. Applications and Contracts for New Concessions The areas covered by the four applications accepted by the government in 1931 for concessions on national lands were not finally awarded the applicants, although the indications are that these will be granted during the coming year. iln application of Sr. Luciano Restrepo for a concession of 49,232 hectares located on the north side of the Sogamoso River in the Municipality of Bolivar, Department of Santander, was accepted by the Government toward the end of the year. The Government is expected to take action toward granting or denying this concession during 1933. The Richmond Petroleum Co. (Standard Oil Co. of California subsidiary) leased from Manuel Davila P. and Eduardo Villar a private tract known as the Fierro Arriba and Fierro Abajo lands located in the municipality of Victoria, Department of Caldas, near Honda. The terms of the lease provide for a cash rental and royalty. The company is allowed 10 years in which to start exploratory work. The lease covers a period of 15 years and is subject to renewal by periods of similar duration. Richmond Petroleum Co. The Richmond Petroleum Co. finally abandoned its Repelon No. 3 at 4312 ft., owing to drilling difficulties. No new hole was made on this well during the year. This was the only active drilling project in the country outside the Tropical Oil Company's concession, and with its abandonment all wildcat activities in the country ceased. South American Gulf Oil Co. This company did no drilling on its Colombian properties during the year. As in the preceding years, small amounts of oil, of no commercial

Jan 1, 1933

By E. A. Koester

Kansas produced approximately 35,434,000 bbl. of oil in 1932 compared to 37,018,000 bbl. in 1931, a decrease of 1,584,000 bbl. or 4.2 per cent. These figures do not indicate the amount of oil that could have been made available from the state for the year. Many of the fields discovered during the year and some discovered in previous years were entirely shut in. Practically all flush production discovered within the last two years has been prorated in some manner or other. Probation Kansas production is under regulation as specified in House Bill 387, passed by the legislature in 1931, which became effective when published May 28, 1931. The principal features of the law are the prohibition of waste, including gas energy, the regulation and prevention of discrimination of purchasers, the marketing of oil ratably from wells in each field when the daily production is above 15 bbl. per well. This act gives the enforcing powers to the Public Service Commission. The Commission, having many other regulatory duties, appointed an Oil Advisory Committee, which, with the aid of the State Umpire, keeps records and makes recommendation for orders as to specific regulation of fields and conditions in each field. At the time the Commission was given authority to regulate production and marketing in flush fields, several of these had already been under voluntary proration and marketing restrictions by agreement of the operators. These gradually came under the control of the Commission by mutual consent. It is the policy of the Public Service Commission to follow the will of the operators so long as they do not have ideas or plans in conflict with the law. The cost of administration of this law is assessed against the operators according to the amount of oil taken from the fields in which ratable taking is necessary. There is a feeling that the whole state should share this expense, which is small, since it is beneficial to the older fields by assuring them 100 per cent market for their output by restricting the flush fields.

Jan 1, 1933

By B. S. Butler

PART I SUMMARY CERTAIN relations between the formation of ore deposits and other geological processes are pretty generally accepted, namely: that many ore deposits are closely associated with igneous activity; that ore deposits accompany certain types of intrusive bodies, notably batholiths and stocks, and that they are concentrated near the tops of such bodies; that igneous activity occurs in belts of strong folding and faulting; that folding and faulting are greatest in basins of extensive sedimentation and least in areas of erosion or slight sedimentation; that areas of erosion or slight sedimentation and of heavy sedimentation persist over long periods and exert a major control over structure, igneous activity, and ore deposition; that cycles of erosion, deposition, folding and faulting, igneous activity, and ore deposition, have been repeated through geologic time resulting in rather definite periods in which metal deposits have formed. In short, ore deposition is but one phase of a series of closely related geological events. It is attempted in this chapter to point out the relations of these interreacting geologic processes to the distribution of ore deposits in the western United States. Three great periods of mineralization are recognized; pre-Cambrian, post-Jurassic, and late Cretaceous-Tertiary. In distribution the deposits of the three periods, with certain exceptions, show a concentration about two large positive areas, the Colorado plateau and the Columbia plateau, which suggests a causal relation. The most general age divisions of the rocks of the Cordilleran region of the United States are (1) pre-Cambrian, and (2) Cambrian and later rocks. The pre-Cambrian rocks are exposed mainly through the Rocky Mountain belt from the Canadian boundary southward to Arizona and westward through Arizona to southern California. They have commonly

Jan 1, 1933

Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research has carried on for years research and investigations for all type and manner of indus¬try. One of the provisions of the foundation of the Institute is the

Jan 1, 1933

Maryland Geological Survey, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md Edward B Mathews, State Geologist A list of publications-and maps will be sent upon request. The Survey published 12 general reports between the years 1897 to 1928, inclusive Vols. 1 and 9 are out of print, others may be obtained at the uniform price of $1 each. Separates of many of the papers contained in the volumes may be had; in the following list a few of the available separate papers of most direct interest are cited. Vol. 1, pt 4, Bibliography and cartography of Maryland, by E B. Mathews (1897), 25 cents, vol 5, pt 4, Report on the coals of Maryland, by Clark and others (1905), 25 cents paper bound, vol 6, pt 1, The physical features of Maryland, by E B. Mathews, W. B. Clark and others (1906), 25 cents paper bound, including map, 75 cents, vol 8, pt 2, Maryland mineral industries (1896¬1907), by Clark and Mathews, free, vol 8, pt 3, Report on the limestones of Maryland, by E B Mathews and J. S Grasty (1909), 25 cents paper bound, vol 9, pt. 3, Report on the iron ores of Maryland, by J T. Singewald, Jr. (1911), 25 cents paper bound, vol 10, pt 1, The geography of Maryland, by W B. Clark (1918), 25 cents paper bound Vol 11, pt 1, The coal formations and mines of Maryland, by various authors (1922), 35 cents paper bound, vol 11, pt 2, The fire clays of Maryland, by various authors (1922), 35 cents paper bound Most of a series of Systematic Reports on the geologic formations found within the state are also available: Pliocene and Pleistocene, $1; Upper Cretaceous, $5; Lower Cretaceous, $5, Triassic (in preparation), Carboniferous and Permian (in preparation);

Jan 1, 1933

By T. I. Weston

This is one of a series of papers being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines, describing mining and milling methods and costs at crushed-stone plants throughout the United States. These papers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent operating expenditures only and not total production costs. It is recognized' tat publication of total production costs might in many instances cause embarrassment to individual producers, as well as to the industry as a whole. However, operating costs are essential to the technical discussion and study of the methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called to this differentiation in order that no mis-understanding of the scope of the cost tabulations shall ensue. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance-of F. W. Horton, mining engineer, United States Bureau of Mines, in the preparation of this paper.

Jan 1, 1933

By M. Van Siclen

THE outstanding fact in connection with dust disease in the United States at present is the growing recognition of its seriousness by state officials and by the more progressive operators of mining, metallurgical and allied industrial plants. The same may perhaps be said of labor in some of its better organized centers, but the average independent non-union workman continues, as of yore, to suffer the toll of disability and even of death from dust inhalation without realization of the source of his ill-being. Progress in the betterment of the handling of sufferers from dust disease and of the conditions creating dust hazards in mining and allied industries is pursuing a course similar to that of the now widespread campaign against accidents, in which the risk is more obvious, more severe, and was naturally recognized sooner. The coming on of dust disease is generally relatively slow and its immediate effects not infre¬quently masked by or attributed to other diseases. Marked exceptions to this general rule have occurred in districts where the dust is particularly pernicious, such as the Rand and Joplin; yet such exceptions, unhappy in themselves, opened the eyes of medical men, and of those in other localities charged with the responsibility for the welfare of industry, to the much more widespread if less spectacular hazard. existing from the inhalation of dust in all rock-excavating operations and all industrial operations creating inorganic dust, whether it be crushing and grinding, sand-blasting, granite-cutting, or what not. Advancement to date in the United States in prevention and treatment has been slow, yet the record shows that quantitative methods for determining the degree of hazard and means for decreasing it were being developed as far back as 25 years ago; and that more rapid progress may be looked for from now on. In 1908, in this country; F. L Hoffman?(1) discussed the mortality from consumption in dusty trades, especially brass foundries; and in 1913 E. R. Hayhurst(2) described the effects of inhalation

Jan 1, 1933

CONTENTS PAGE World-V. R. Garfias 3 Russia-R. C. Beckstrom 6 Rumania-I. I. Gardescu 11 Germany-W. Kauenhowen 14 France, Italy and Poland-W. P. Haynes 20 Persia-Sir John Cadman 23 Iraq-E. B. Swanson 27 Burma and India-L. D. Stamp 30 Venezuela-H. Sherman 37 Trinidad-H. W. Reid 44 Colombia-O. C. Wheeler 47 Peru-O. B. Hopkins 50 Mexico-V. R. Garfias and R. V. Whetsel 51 Canada-L. C. Snider 55

Jan 1, 1933

Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio For publications, send requests and remittances to The University Press, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. A few of the Bulletins of the Engineering Experiment Station will be of direct interest to mining engineers and geologists Bulletin 29, Coal losses in Ohio (1925), 25 cents, 33, A plan of a cooperative sliding scale of wages as applied to bituminous coal mining (1926), 10 cents, 46, The carbonization of Ohio coals (1928), $1; 63, Ohio coal investigation- pt 1, Hocking Valley coal (1931), 50 cents; 67, The Lawrence clay of Lawrence County (1932), 50 cents

Jan 1, 1933

Arizona Bureau of Mines and College of Mines and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Lists of the maps and bulletins available will be sent upon request to G M Butler, Director, Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson, Ariz Bulletin 119, A resume of the geology of Arizona, by N. H Darton, is sold for $1, postpaid Fourteen other bulletins, any five of which may be had free of charge (additional numbers may be purchased for 10 cents each) are available as follows - 106, A geological reconnaissance of the Tucson and Amole Mountains, by Olaf P Jenkins and Eldred D Wilson, 114, Fluorspar, by M A Allen and G M Butler, 120, Gold and copper deposits near Payson, Arizona, by Carl Lausen and Eldred D Wilson, 122, Quicksilver resources of Arizona, by Carl Lausen and E D. Gardner, 123, Geology and ore deposits of the Courtland?Gleeson region, Arizona, by Eldred D Wilson; 125, The mineral industries of Arizona, by J B Tenney, 126, Asbestos deposits of

Jan 1, 1933

By J. J. Egan

ADVANCES in the production of quality steel have emphasized the need for greater knowledge of the amount and distribution of oxygen in the steel. Control of inclusion content and quality is largely dependent on such knowledge. While many analytical methods have been de-vised for the accomplishment of this end, few are without serious limita-tions in accuracy, convenience, or skill required in application. Usually at least two methods are necessary to determine total oxygen and constituent oxides. Because of the great importance of this problem and the specific interest in the application of such methods of analysis, the various procedures were carefully reviewed at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, with the view of developing a method free from the limitations mentioned above. Intensive experimentation finally led to an improved iodine extraction analysis described by Cunningham and Price. I After this had been thoroughly checked from the standpoint of the analytical chemist, it was rechecked from that of the metallurgist. This involved preparation of a number of small heats of varying composition with determination of total oxygen in the molten metal by the alumina method2 and an analysis of the solidified material without the aluminum addition by means of iodine extraction; the oxides of iron, manganese, silicon and aluminum also being determined by the iodine analysis. The report of this work constitutes the subject of this paper.

Jan 1, 1933

American Refractories Institute Oliver bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. D. A. Dexter, Secretary. The Institute publishes a monthly Technical Bulletin carrying papers concerning. refractories. Nonmembers of the Institute may obtain them for 10 cents per copy. Five Technologic Papers have also been published; they are the results of research on refractories and may be obtained at a cost of 50 cents each.

Jan 1, 1933

By Earl S. Greiner, Eric R. Jette

The literalure on the binary alloys of iron and silicon has been reviewed by Stoughton and Greiner.1 Another even more extensive and detailed survey of the present knowledge has been prepared under the auspices of the Alloys of Iron Research Committee by Greiner, Marsh and Stoughton. Since the latter surrey has already been issued in its preliminary form, it will be unnecessary to review the literature in the present article. However, in this connection there should be noted the important work on the crystal structures of the iron-silicon alloys by Phragmén,2 who investigated the entire system, identified the various phases and determined the homogeneity ranges of these phases. It was evident in the surveys cited above that in the range from 0 to 15 per cent silicon, which includes the commercially most important, alloys, the results obtained by thermal analysis, microscopic examination and the determination of electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties were extremely confusing. From time to time various compounds between iron and silicon have been postulated to account for the results yielded by the classical methods, and much argument has ensued. It was presumed that if compounds occurred which are sufficiently diverse in their properties to account for the characteristics of the alloys, they should be recognizable as separate phases but satisfactory proof of this sort has not been found by thermal or microscopic methods. Contributing to the confusion is the fact that the electrical, the magnetic and some of the mechanical properties are "structure sensit'ive"; i. e., they are influenced to a marked degree by the presence of minute amounts of impurities, the specific characters of these impurities, the grain size, the character of the grain boundaries, small general or local strains, etc. Thus interpretations of the discontinuities in the various property versus composition curves that identified these discontinuities with phase changes or compound formation have always been open to question.

Jan 1, 1933