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By Ralph W. Bailey, William B. Price

During the past three or four years, the fabricators of silicon-bronze alloys have endeavored to induce users of phosphor bronze to use instead the silicon-bronze alloys, claiming that the silicon bronzes are superior to the phosphor bronzes for switches and springs, or where high fatigue resistance is desired. This paper gives the results of tests comparing several phosphor bronzes with a 3 per cent silicon bronze and a copper-nickel-tin alloy (Adnic), all processed by the Scovill Manufacturing Co. So far as the authors are aware, sheet-metal fatigue tests have not been made on any of the alloys included in this report, except on one phosphor bronze, material C, Table 1, which was tested by Townsend and Greenall1. Endurance Limit The majority of fatigue tests are designed to determine the endurance limit of a material. The number of repetitions of stress that will serve to establish an endurance limit varies with different materials. For ferrous materials, H. F. Moore2 has shown that stresses that do not cause failure up to 10,000,000 stress cycles will not cause failure up to 100,000,000 (and sometimes to 1,000,000,000) cycles. Thus an endurance limit for ferrous materials can be determined with a minimum of 10,000,000 stress cycles. For nonferrous materials, no such generalization holds. R. R. Moore3 has shown that for manganese bronze and elektron metal, 13,000,000 and 28,000,000 cycles, respectively, will serve to determine an endurance limit, while certain duralumin specimens gave no indications of having reached an endurance limit up to 400,000,000 stress cycles. J. B. Johnson6 showed that an endurance limit for duralumin was not found by tests running up to 500,000,000 cycles. H. F. Moore2

Jan 1, 1937

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893 JOHN FRITZ 1894 J D WEEKS 1895 E G SPILSBURY 1896 THOMAS M. DROWN 1897 CHARLES KIRCHHOFF 1898

Jan 1, 1937

This is the second of a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels made pursuant to a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The first report gave data oil motor gasolines sold during the minter of 1935-36.3/ These gasoline surveys report results of inspections, in oil-company laboratories, of samples of gasoline obtained by representatives of oil companies from service-station pumps in marketing areas throughout the country. In the present survey are presented inspection data on 239 samples of regular- price gasoline, 166 samples of premium-price gasoline, and 157 samples of third-grade gasoline, a total of 562 samples collected during the summer of 1936.

Jan 1, 1937

By E. H. Bunce, E. C. Handwerk

The inherent difficulties of zinc smelting arise from the fact that metallic zinc is volatilized at the reducing temperature of zinc oxide and thus is liberated in the form of a vapor. This vapor must be subsequently condensed to obtain metallic zinc, first in molten and eventually in solid form. Zinc vapor is sensitive to oxidation not only by air but by combustion gases containing carbon dioxide. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out both the reduction and the condensation operations in a closed system consisting of an externally heated muffle with attached condenser from which extcrnal oxidizing agencies are excluded. However, the reoxidation of zinc vapor cannot be entirely prevented by excluding external sources of oxidation. Internal sources of oxidation are necessarily present when oxidic zinc ores are reduced by a carbonaceous reducing agent. The reduction reactions themselves involve, first, the production of carbon monoxide in an amount at least equal in volume to the zinc vapor produced in the reaction, and, second, the formation of carbon dioxide. Not all of the carbon dioxide is reduced again to carbon monoxide by the excess carbon in the time available, and the slightly oxidizing condition, which results, seriously affects the efficiency of the condensation of the zinc vapor to the metallic state. In the past the difficulties arising from these causes have limited practical zinc smelting on an industrial scale to the use of small retorts equipped with small condensers. The retorts had to be small, because a closed refractory container capable of excluding oxidizing gases from the heating chamber surrounding the retort could not be built in large dimensions. The size was also limited because ordinary refractories when thin enough to conduct heat readily are not capable of sustaining a heavy load of charge at high temperature. Moreover, a loose charge of zinc ore and carbonaceous reducing material such as fine anthracite coal or coke breeze is a poor conductor of heat, thus limiting the cross section of the retort. The operation of these small retorts requires arduous

Jan 1, 1937

By Arthur Taggart

FLOTATION of sulphide minerals and native metals is no longer a practical difficulty. The underlying scientific principles of the method, although not explored in anything like complete detail, have been formulated with sufficient breadth so that the direction of attack on any specific case is clearly indicated. It has been known since the earliest clays of flotation that certain of the nonsulphide nonmetal minerals-e.g., sulphur and graphite-would respond to flotation by oils as sulphides do; therefore they have been grouped with sulphides in many patents. But since the development of the chemical theory of collection,1,2,3 this similarity in action has been one of the facts cited in disproof of the theory by opponents of the hypothesis.4,5,6 Air levitation? of certain oxidized minerals, both metalliferous? and nonmetalliferous, and separa-tion thereby from other oxidized minerals, is a recent development in practice, although the discovery of the method dates back 17 years.7 This paper presents evidence that the principles underlying the air levita-tion of the nonsulphide nonmetal minerals are the same as those utilized in the flotation of the sulphides and native metals. It will be apparent immediately to anyone with knowledge of mineral concentration that separation of air-levitated minerals in water from minerals not so levitated is a simple matter of water-gravity concentra-tion, the separating device employed depending solely upon the size of the particles treated and the buoyancy differences effected by the levita-tion, The usual separating means employed are: (1) a flotation machine for fine, slimy and for well aerated granular material; (2) shaking tables for granular less aerated material.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. Van Oirbeek

The ash-fusion gas producer, blown with air preheated to a high temperature, was perfected by the Société des Houilléres de Saint-Etienne during the years 1920 to 1925, for the treatment of a mixture of ashy fuel and limestone. The temperature, about 1800° C., obtained by using hot air in running the producer, ensures the fusion of all the slag and the transformation into carbon monoxide of every particle of carbon contained in the materials treated.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. D. Hunter, I. B. Browning, N. W. Shiarella

During the year 1936 improvement in the oil industry in Kentucky continued at about the same rate as shown by that of the year 1935 over the year 1934. The development of several new pools in western Kentucky and the increase in the application of repressuring methods to the old fields of eastern and to a lesser extent of western Kentucky increased the total production to 5,481,227 bbl., as compared to 5,175,054 produced in 1935. The principle sources of this increased production are the Livermore field and the new Bates Knob field in McLean County, in western Kentucky, and the result of repressuring operations in the " Corniferous" pools of Lee, Powell, Wolfe, Morgan and Estill Counties and the "Weir" sand (of Mississippian age) fields of Magoffin, Lawrence and Johnson Counties in northeastern Kentucky. The last named fields have a producing sand especially adaptable to these methods. Drilling No new fields were opened in eastern Kentucky during the year. All new drilling was codned to pressure wells and new oil wells to complete patterns around the intake wells. Owing to the relatively low "initial" or flush production of the wells in this section—even though the ultimate recovery per acre is as large—higher prices for crude will have to prevail before extensive search for new fields is begun; as in northwestern Kentucky, where active exploratory work has been carried on as in the several preceding years, resulting in numerous new and prolific, although comparatively small fields. In this section approximately 500 new oil wells drilled in the Owensboro field, embracing several pools in Ohio, Hancock, Daviess, McLean, Henderson, Webster and Nuhlenberg Counties in the northwestern part of the state. The total oil production for this field during 1936 exceeded by many thousand barrels the 2,821,722 bbl. produced in 1935. In these fields the producing sands range from the middle Missis-

Jan 1, 1937

By Harry Roe

THE power drag scrapers and the slackline cableway excavator have been called "long-range excavators." Broadly, their field of usefulness is restricted to work in which their long range of action permits them to operate economically, and which other, possibly more conventional, excavating units cannot do. Both of these machines dig or lift material and transport it to a clumping point. They combine these two functions in a single machine, nearly always in a single straight-line motion. FIG. I.-SIMPLE FORM OF POWER DRAG SCRAPER. The purpose of this paper is to examine the important features that distinguish the machines in this group from each other, as well as from other groups.

Jan 1, 1937

By W. A. Ver Wiebe

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the State of Kansas contains one of the largest reserve areas for oil exploration in the United States. During the year 1936 no less than 54 new oil pools were discovered by drilling. In addition, seven gas pools were found, which may develop into oil pools when deeper horizons are tested. Several old pools increased their reserves when production was found in lower strata. The data presented in Table 2 indicate that nearly 2000 wells were drilled in the state during 1936. Of these more than 1214 found commercial quantities of oil and at least 61 found marketable quantities of gas. The data are conservative because complete results on drilling are not available for the eastern part of the state. Ellis, Rice and Russell Counties share honors with a total of 10 new pools in each. Barton County is prominent with six pools; while those counties claiming fewer new pools are Clark, Ellsworth, Harvey, McPherson, Ness, Pawnee, Rooks, Stafford and Trego. Important additions to our gas reserves were found in Finney and Haskell Counties, which are north of the extensive Hugoton gas area and may some day be part of it. At the close of the year there were 17,317 wells in the state rating as producers. By far the larger share (14,000) were classed as strippers and allowed to flow 100 per cent of their potential capacity, thus accounting for 33,500 bbl. a day. The remaining wells, capable of producing from 15 up to over 6000 bbl. per day, were limited in output according to these amounts. The largest wells having a potential of from 3000 to 7000 were allowed to flow from 2 to 3½ per cent of their official potential capacity. The percentage rises until wells of 15 to 20-bbl. capacity have a rating of slightly over 83. On the basis of these calculations the total potential capacity of all wells was 1,667,814 bbl., and the daily amount allowed was 175,851. Nine of the pools most recently opened were still unable to market their oil and were classified as "shut-in" pools. Total production for the state for 1936 was somewhat over 58 million barrels. Striking Geological Data Some interesting geological data were uncovered by deep drilling during the year. The most remarkable bit of information is the discovery

Jan 1, 1937

By H. B. Fuqua, B. E. Thompson

For a very brief description of the North Texas area and the general geological features with which it is associated, the reader is referred to the summary for 1935. As in previous years, the authors have been unable to undertakc the almost impossible task of isolating statistics for the hundreds of productive "spots" which are included within the generally productive areas of the several counties. However, pools that appear to be definitely isolated—as, for example, the Foard County production and the new pool recently developed southeast of Gainesville in Cooke County—are covered separately. During the year 1936, both routine development in proven or scmi-proven areas and exploratory drilling showed a decrease over the year 1935, there having been a total of 1453 wells drilled in the district during 1936, as compared to 1619 in 1935. It is also of interest to note that abandonments exceeded completions in 1936. Developments during 1936 While a number of local productive spots were found in Wilbarger, Archer and Wichita Counties, and numerous minor local extensions to older producing areas were developed in practically all the producing countics in the district, only two discoveries of sufficient importance to justify special mention were made. Anderson and Kerr No. 1 Bruhlmeyer, about two miles southeast of Gainesville in Cooke County, was completed in April, at a total depth of 2014 ft., for an initial production of 315 bbl. daily from a sand of Pennsylvanian (Canyon) age. Development has been rapid and the field is about drilled up. During November the 100 wells in the field averaged about 40 bbl daily. The structure appears to be a small fold associated with the northeast flank of the main uplift, which extends in a northwest-southeast direction across Cooke and Montague Counties.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. R. Thoenen

Six or seven years ago the United States Bureau of Mines started development of instruments for the purpose of accurately measuring the vibrational movement of the earth in the vicinity of quarry blasts. For this work a new type of seismometer has been developed. A number of these have been constructed, the accessory field equipment has been assembled, and approximately 200 field tests of actual quarry, blasts have been made. The results of some of these tests have been published 2/ and others are the subject of two manuscripts now in preparation. So far the attention of the investigation has been centered on ascertaining the characteristics and behavior of the ground vibrations. Occasionally, when opportunity arose, measurements of the vibrations occurring in houses or other structures caused by-quarry blasts were made, but without any attempt at direct correlation or interpretation. During 1936 the National Bureau of Standards conducted some experiments to determine the normal vibrations to which the wells and floors of buildings are subject. Cooperation of the Bureau of Mines was requested in measuring the displace-ment. This afforded an opportunity to study the affect of mechanically induced vibrations end make limited comparison with previous records of vibrations from blasting. This paper deals with the experiments made in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards and includes some comparisons with effects from quarry shots. The results are in the nature of a progress report only, and are not intended to draw definite conclusions. These tests were concerned with the determination of the maximum amplitudes of vibration possible in the floors and walls of a typical dwelling when subjected to commonly experienced vibrations. The dwelling tested was obtained by the National Bureau of Standards. It was a large four-story stucco building, 41 ft. south of the southerly curb of Park Road, in Washington, D.C., which was constructed about 1900 and was supported on overburden. The basement floor elevation was approximately that of the pavement of Park Road, Park Road runs east and west; the front door of the house faced north.

Jan 1, 1937

By W. H. Meyer

During the seventeen years Fairchild has been making aerial surveys and aerial photographic equipment many changes and improvements have been made in the equipment and in the technique of using it. Aerial photographic operations have been developed from the crude methods and apparatus of wartime to a science upon which exact engineering calculations can be based. In the early days there was no airplane specially designed to meet aerial photographic requirements. One type of camera was used in all types of operations. Projects were made to conform to the products we could make and deliver. Obviously this entailed definite limitations. We now have airplanes designed specially for aerial photographic operations in accordance with the conditions encountered in actual service experience. We have cameras for every photographic purpose and our laboratory technique and equipment have been developed to the point where it is possible to make contour maps from vertical aerial photographs with contour intervals as close as five feet. Therefore, the selection of equipment now can be made in accordance with the time at our disposal, the justifiable cost, the scale desired, and the general requirements of the client. This does not mean, however, that arbitrary deliveries can be set for aerial photographic products. The factors in each project vary and each job must be considered in accordance with the factors involved. This accounts for the fact that products of aerial surveys may readily vary from $1.25 to $200 a square mile. Sherman M. Fairchild became interested in the design of a radically different aerial camera during the war. At its close he was about ready to demonstrate his design to the War Department. By 1920, he was able to bring out his first completed model. It had a number of radical features, one of which was the first dependable high-speed between-the-lens shutter, which makes for accuracy in aerial photographic work. Another feature was the use of metal throughout, eliminating the wooden parts that had been employed in wartime cameras. Another feature was the interchangeability of parts.

Jan 1, 1937

By G. L. Oldright, Virgil Miller

It is well known, in metallurgical circles, though less recognized in the technical press, that there have been remarkable increases in the capacity of the blast furnace in the last five .years. In places this capacity has been almost doubled. This paper will brief the experimental work carried on during more than five years with the direct assistance of the technical staffs of three lead smelters treating three distinctive types of feed. The first is the custom smelter of the International Smelting and Refining Co. at Tooele, Utah1, with a multiplicity of ores; the second, the Kellogg, Idaho, smelter of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating CO.2, treating an exceedingly rich lead charge, such as is now being made more and more as the practice of concentration is improved; and the third, the smelter at Trail, B. C., owned by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited3, which treats highly zinciferous charges and later recovers zinc from the slag. In comparing operations at these three smelters it must be clearly recognized that the objectives in smelting differ through differences in economics. Many operations are not, then, strictly comparable. There have also been decided improvements in operation since all of the smelters were examined, though this was but a relatively short time ago. The general factors that govern speed in smelting and the loss of metals in the smelters examined will be stressed. (For details of operation the reader is referred to the original papers.) This paper will then be an examination of the fundamentals of operating units in a search for improvements, and not a description of three great lead smelters. Capacity of Blast Furnace Assuming a well prepared and self-fluxing charge to start with, enough coke must be added: (1) to melt the charge, particularly the slag-forming

Jan 1, 1937

By Donald F. MacDonald

METAL PRICES RISE WITHIN the past nine months, the mining industry of the world has been revivified by a spectacular price advance for the metals. ln fact, practically all geological raw materials have been marked up during this period. Reviving industry started the price rise, but the armaments race among the nations has intensified it. These factors, coupled with our decided building shortage, which must be made up, will probably maintain metal prices at decidedly favourable levels over the next two or three years, or longer. OUR MINERAL CIVILIZATION It is interesting to recall that in the past hundred years, while the white population of the world increased some three ta three and a half fold, the consumption of minerals increased seventy-five fold. In other words, ours is a mineral civilization. If we disregard short slumps, which we will occasionally experience, it seems certain that the bread upward trend in mineral consumption will be maintained for many decades into the future. Nations without reasonably abundant and diverse mineral deposits will eventually become nations without much power. Canada is blessed with a splendid store of minerals. Its mineral industry is now facing an exceptionally rosy future. What of the mineral industry of Nova Scotia? GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ALLOWED TO LAG RN NOVA SCONA Many years ago, when geological science was in? its infancy, much geological study was carried on in Nova Scotia. In 1827, Francis Alger began work on the iron ores in the Bay of Fundy region. In 1886, E. R. Faribault began his series of remarkable papers on Nova Scotia geology. Between these dates, many others published papers on the geology of the Province. The most outstanding of this early group of geologists was Sir William Dawson, whose published works on Nova Scotian geology extended over the period from 1845 to 1891.

Jan 1, 1937

Jan 1, 1937

By W. J. Reagan

In a study of the life of ingot molds, it is essential to eliminate all of the variables. In the commercial manufacture of steel this is almost an impossibility. In this study many of the variables have been eliminated, and because of the unusually consistent furnace practice, with small variations in the type of steel manufactured, and a similar type of mold design for all ingot sizes, it is possible to determine with some degree of accuracy the cause of variations in ingot-mold life. All of the ingot molds in this study were used in the production of basic open-hearth killed steel with chemical analyses within the following range: C, 0.50-0.85 per cent; Mn, 0.60-0.80; Si, 0.20-0.30; S, 0.04 max.; P, 0.04 max. All ingot molds were of the closed-bottom type and used for bottom casting only. None of the molds in the study failed from cutting of the sides due to top casting; in fact, on only rare occasions are any molds used for top casting. The general type of this mold is shown in Fig. 1. All sizes have rather a heavy band of metal, about 6 in. wide, at the top to give mechanical strength at this point, and all have cast lugs. Cross sections of the various sizes from top and bottom sections are shown in Fig. 2. Ratios of wall thickness to ingot weight, ratio of ingot diameter to ingot length, and other figures of interest are shown in Table 1. In the majority of cases, the cause of failure in this type of mold is due to heavy fire cracking on the "flats" at a point from 3 to 6 in. from the bottom radius of the mold. Fig. 3 pictures this type of failure. The start of failure at these points usually begins with a very small section of the interior surface becoming involved. As a rule, a section of 1 or 2 sq. in. is the first noticeable indication that mold failure is taking place. Gradually the small section increases until a sizable cavity develops, causing a protuberance on the bottom of the ingot, which eventually becomes too large to be stripped. The mold is then removed from service. At the time of failure, this cavity often reaches a size of about 5 sq. in. and about 1/2in. deep. Sometimes cavities are found on only two or three sides and at other times all twelve sides appear to be invoIved.

Jan 1, 1937

Executive R. C. ALLEN, Chairman ERLE V. DAVELER, Vice-chairman WILDER JUDSON R. M. ROOSEVELT G. B. WATERHOUSE Finance H. G. MOULTON, Chairman HENRY KRUMB PAUL D. MERICA H. T. HAMILTON, Consultant Admissions W. B. HEROY, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON, Vice-chairman H. T. HAMILTON PHILIP KRAFT W. A. SINSHEIMER

Jan 1, 1937

By H. R. Reed

THE cost of hoisting with electricity in deep mines is a matter about which little information has been published. This paper makes a detailed study of such costs and presents the information in a series of curves. In particular the curves show the cost of hoisting ore from depths varying from 500 to 7000 ft. Vertical with the shaft at 70° incline for the double cylindroconical and double cylindrical drums, the hoists operating balanced, using Ward Leonard and Ilgner-Ward Leonard control, and designed for most economical operation from each depth. Operation with the double cylindrical drum is expanded to cover hoisting from 2000 to 5000 ft. using equipment designed for 5000 ft. and from 4000 to 7000 ft. using equipment designed for, 7000 ft. Additional curves are included to show the ratings of the necessary hoist motors, energy input per hoisting cycle and size of flywheel in tons for complete equalization when the Ilgner-Ward Leonard system is used, also hoisting efficiency. The duty imposed on a mine-hoist motor fluctuates between wide limits during a cycle of operation. The demand on the motor may vary from a large horsepower value' near the beginning of the cycle to a small or a negative demand near the end of the cycle. Such factors as tonnage to be raised per hour, depth of shaft, and balanced or unbalanced opera-tion have such a marked effect on the operating cycle and vary to such an extent for different mines that no set of rules can he formulated for quickly determining the size of the motor required. The duty cycle from which the motor rating is (derived must he determined for each case according to the conditions of the proposed hoisting operations. The motor torque required at the cardinal points of the duty cycle is determined from the moment or torque in pound-feet necessary to raise and lower the load and ropes, accelerate and retard the load, ropes, drum, etc. The torque diagram depends largely upon the type of drum. Two different types of drums, if used on exactly the same duty cycles, may have widely different peak demands and capacities of hoist motors. The essential feature in the design of hoisting drums and in determining

Jan 1, 1937

By Paul A. Beck

It is well known that the hardness of metallic single crystals, like that of polycrystalline metals, increases during deformation (hardening by cold-work). It is also known that, as a consequence of deformation. the metallic material acquires an evident thermodynamic instability, revealed, for example, by the fact that the increased hardness gradually decreases with time, especially at elevated temperatures (softening by annealing). The temperature at which the stabilizing process begins is different for various metals, and for any metal it depends on the amount of deformation. Such stabilization of deformed metals may proceed in two different ways: through recovery, and through recrystallization. The former process allows the unstable deformed metal body to approach stability gradually and without visible change in the grain structure; the latter process, like an allotropic transformation, yields directly the undeformed stable "phase" in the form of new undeformed crystals, which, starting out of a certain number of nuclei, grow into and " consume " the deformed hard material. The extent of stability attainable through recovery is limited, especially if the deformation of the metal crystal or crystals involves not only the gliding along slip planes, but also the bending of the slip lamellae, or at any rate the bending of comparatively large parts of the crystal lattice. In such cases, for instance in bent single crystals or polycrystalline metals subjected to any deformation, recovery will not as a rule be able to restore the "istraight" undeformed lattice, and stability can be attained only by recrystallization; that is, by the consumption of the bent crystal lattice parts by new, undeformed crystals—a much more drastic process. It is evident that the part of the surplus free energy stored in deformed crystals, which is present in the form of the elastic energy of the bent lamellae, is in these instances not considerably involved

Jan 1, 1937

By J. M. Hassler

Nowhere can there be found a more misleading statement than the old one that "Iron can be manufactured cheaper in the South." During the past decade ironmakers and users of iron have heard varied and sundry stories of the wonderful resources of the Birmingham district, including abundant ore and coal fields, cheap labor, a wonderful climate and similar industrial Utopian statements. Birmingham represents the major portion of the iron business in the South, and as Birmingham fares so goes the iron business of the South. The intent of this paper is to shed some light on the actual conditions surrounding ironmaking in the South, especially in the Birmingham, or North Alabama, district. By a presentation of facts it is desired to point out that the "cheap iron" of the industrial South is a thing of the past, primarily because of increased labor cost and because labor is radically different in performance to what it was years ago. Also, because most of the raw materials needed in ironmaking that would be classed better than inferior are gone. Important Factors The several important factors that have been responsible for this change are : 1. Shrinkage of the iron business in the South. 2. Increased labor cost. 3. The development of the South, with an industrial trend, without a substantial increase of its own iron-consuming market. 4. Increased freight rates, which has narrowed the market that might be reached from this district. 5. Depletion of the better grades of raw materials, both ore and coal. Shrinkage of Iron Business in South.—Table 1 was prepared in early 1936 and revised in 1937, of blast-furnace units in the North Alabama district, considering the year 1936 compared with a maximum number of furnace units of previous years, the peak point being very near the year

Jan 1, 1937