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By S. O. ANDROS

RECORDS in mining operations naturally fall when improved equipment and methods are developed. And tunneling through the Continental Divide is a mining operation, even though the tunnel was not driven to strike a vein at depth. Although many engineering feats have been successfully accomplished in the development of water supplies in the Western States, the Twin Lakes Tunnel in Colorado presents some unusual features that make it noteworthy. To begin with, it is the first trans-mountain water diversion project in the West. The fact that the Continental Divide intervenes between where the water is and where it is needed was brushed, aside as of minor importance. It was enough to know that on the western side of Independence Pass, the highest in Colorado, with an elevation of 12,095 ft., there was water which was needed on the eastern side, where the Twin Lakes are situated, forming the

Jan 1, 1934

By GEORGE O. SUMAN

IN THE operation of oil properties there are various difficulties with pumping wells which can often be overcome or greatly lessened if sufficient attention is, directed towards pump and tubing problems. The difficulties referred to are the wearing out of pumps, sanding up of pumps, and the sanding up of the hole. As the perforations in the oil strings are large and the oil and sand loose and unconsolidated considerable trouble is often encountered in pumping wells due to the ease with which' the sand can come into the holes. DETERMINING FLUID LEVEL In determining the proper depth at which to tube a well it is essential to first find out something about the behavior of the fluid in 'the hole: Facts in regard to this natter can be obtained by finding the fluid level on pulling the tubing, by making a pumping test on the well tubed to various depths, and by bailing tests during cleaning out work. In ordinary oil field operations it is customary to take the fluid level at the time of pulling the tubing. This 'can only be done when the pump is not sanded up. There are two methods used in obtaining the fluid level. One method is to note where the outside of the tubing starts, to be covered with fluid when pulling the

Jan 1, 1925

By C. C. Whittier

CIVILIZATION'S PROGRESS, which has multiplied man's comforts, conveniences, a n d happiness, is based upon the extensive employment of natural minerals and sources of energy. Mineral resources are basic factors in modern economic development, machine industry, international trade and world power. A survey of mineral consumption shows that the United States leads the world in the production and consumption of energy materials, of metals, and of the large and diverse array of earth materials that fall in the nonmetallic mineral group. The use of nonrnetallic minerals exceeded both the metals and the fuels in the long period before the industrial age, but it is only in the last two decades that consumption of non- metals has kept pace with and approximated in value the output of metals. Although the data of production in the first half of the last century are meager and fragmentary, the record of the past fifty years-the period of most rapid growth-is available, and reveals an astounding growth.

Jan 1, 1933

By William B. Plank

IN this paper are presented the results of a complete statistical survey of the enrolment, courses and degrees, and the employment situation of recent graduates in all of the 46 institutions in the United States, including Alaska, and four of the six schools in Canada that grant degrees in mineral technology. The data were collected by the writer by means of a questionnaire in December, 1933, to which all the institutions, except one, replied. Included also are data of a similar study made by the writer in May, 1933, for the S. P. E. E. summer session of mining and metallurgical teachers at the University of Wisconsin and published in the Journal of Engineering Education for December. 1933. Some of the data of a paper of the writer's entitled, "The Trend of Mineral Engineering Student Enrolment in the United States," read at the A. I. M. E. meeting on Feb. 16. 1931, are given for comparison. Acknowledgment is made to all the administrative officers of the institutions who took the time from their busy lives to supply the in- formation asked for. Their fine cooperation has alone made possible these two surveys with a completeness of detail never before attempted

Jan 1, 1934

By AIME AIME

0 N March 5, at Carnegie Hall, Cleveland, the Ohio Section held a joint meeting with the Cleveland Engineering Society, and the local sections of the American Chemical Society, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Society for Steel Treating. Prior to the meeting there was an informal dinner attended by 50 men. Then followed an address, "The Principles of Corrosion Protection," by Ulick R. Evans, the well-known British specialist in this problem. There were 266 present, presided over by Zay Jeffries, president of the American Society for Steel Treating and a member of the Cleveland Engineering Society. The address was well received and some discussion followed

Jan 1, 1929

By RALPH HAYES SWEETSER

IRON ore and bituminous coal are the two basic raw materials for the whole iron and steel industry. The ore furnishes the iron and is absolutely necessary-all iron and steel products come directly or in- directly from the iron ores. The bituminous coal furnishes the carbon needed for the smelting of the ores and for the fuel used in all the processes of iron and steel manufacture. The necessary carbon could be furnished in some other form besides bituminous coal. In fact, it is only since the Civil War that bituminous coal has been the chief source of the carbon for metallurgical fuel. For many years only charcoal made from the forests furnished the carbon for smelting iron ores. About 90 years ago, anthracite coal was first used as blast-furnace fuel and for many years continued to be the chief blast furnace and steel making source for carbon. Even in my own blast-furnace experience, I have used charcoal in Canada and anthracite in Pennsylvania for smelting ores in an iron blast furnace. Bituminous coal, now almost exclusively the source for the carbon used in smelting iron ores, also furnishes most of the heat used in the steel-making processes. It is seldom used in blast furnaces in its natural condition, hut is first coked in beehive, or in by-product coke ovens; such bituminous coal is called "coking coal." Bituminous coal that is suitable for making the producer gas used in the open-hearth steel process is called gas coal. Any bituminous coals suitable for making blast-furnace coke or foundry coke, or that can be satisfactorily used for making producer gas, are classed as metallurgical coals and as such are to be considered in my proposed plan for the evaluation of metallurgical coals. According to Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. 449 these coals comprised 22 per cent of the bituminous coals mined in this country in 1923.

Jan 1, 1926

By Eugene A. Stephenson

NUMBER of noteworthy events in the petroleum industry may be reported for 1941, of which the most spectacular was doubtless the rise in the daily rate of crude-oil production to a peak of approximately 4,300,000 barrels. This enormous daily rate did not ensue from the furor of flush pools but represented for the most part merely a slight additional daily delivery from many wells that had previously been operated on a more restricted basis, in line with good conservation practice and also from the adroit increase in the number of days per week by the Texas Railroad Commission. Another important fact was the increase in price throughout the Mid-Continent area from the static level of $1.02 for 36°, A.P.I., crude, to $1.17 per barrel. Efforts to elevate the price above this point have met with severe opposition from the O.P.A.. as has also a similar effort by the PennsyIvania Crude Oil Producers' Association, but the vastly increased costs for materials and labor may shortly give the industry the enhanced price which it has long deserved.

Jan 1, 1942

By BION J. ARNOLD

WE can, I think, rightfully claim, irrespective of our faults, that engineers must, in order to last as engineers, possess the qualifications of integrity, stead- fastness of purpose, ability to think straight, and to apply these qualities consistently and continually in their everyday work. All engineers know this, most of them conform, and in order to drive it home I might, if 'clothed with proper authority, preach to you at length, but I shall not take the chance. So I only want to make a suggestion or two to the young engineers. Have an ideal and work toward it. You will have your disappointments and your temptations but keep your record clean, and if anyone says you are foolish or ugly, or homely, or that you need a guardian, take the criticism with a smile, for he may be able to prove his contention; but if he attacks your integrity, strike at once and fight hard, for he has assailed not only your character but your principal asset as an engineer.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. E. HORE, J. B. Tyrrell

IN the vicinity of Kirkland Lake, northern Ontario, several gold mines are producing, and three are at present being operated very profitably. At these three mines and on the adjoining properties east and west of them there have been important developments during the past year, and additional equipment has been installed to permit a large increase in output. At the end of 1924 the total production amounted to $13,688,600. For the year 1926 the production is estimated at about $19,000,000, and during 1926 the output should be much greater than that of 1925. The mines which are being operated most profitably and are producing a large part of the ore now being milled are the Wright-Hargreaves, Lake Shore and Teck-Hughes. Others which have contributed smaller amounts are the Tough-Oakes-Burnside and the Kirk- land Lake Gold mines.

Jan 1, 1926

By AIME AIME

WTHIN the next month all members of the Institute will be given an opportunity to vote for a new President, two Vice-Presidents, and five Directors. All of the candidates nominated by the official committee are well known to certain groups of the Institute membership but a brief record of their professional lives will be given here for the information of those that will vote. Not since 1927, when Everette DeGolyer guided the destinies of the Institute, has a member of the Petroleum Division been a candidate for President. John Meston Lovejoy has been a Director since 1930, and a Vice-President as well for the last year: In the three years 1932-4 lie was also chairman of the Admissions Committee. Dir. Lovejoy graduated from the Columbia School of Mines in 1911, just before lie was 22 years old, and began his professional career as a copper miner at Chuquicamata. Chile. Silver and gold mining later claimed his % attention, and it was not until 1914 that lie gut into the oil business, as geologist for the Standard Oil Co. of N. Y. This took hint to China and he later worked for the company in Wyoming. In 1917 lie joined the Army where lie rose to be captain of Field Artillery. Upon his return to the United States he went to work for the Amerada Petroleum Co., of which he later became vice-president and general manager, with headquarters in Tulsa. Since coining to New York he has been president of the Petroleum Bond & Share Cu.. and is currently president of the Seaboard Oil Co.

Jan 1, 1935

By Antony: Guizado Aguedo Julio, Máximo Simon

La industria minera genera al día millones de toneladas de relaves al día producto de sus operaciones, las cuales son depositadas en presas de relave de grandes dimensiones. En consecuencia, la gestión eficiente de estos residuos para la mitigación de impactos en el ambiente, así como también la sostenibilidad de las operaciones se ha convertido en un gran reto de la minería actualmente. En ese sentido, mediante un enfoque de economía circular, el presente documento detalla la evaluación técnica realizada a los relaves auríferos de poderosa para su aprovechamiento como materiales de construcción prefabricados (ladrillos) mediante la generación de redes geopolimeras.

Sep 30, 2022

By AIME AIME

THE complete list of papers for the meeting of the Petroleum Division that is to be held" at Tulsa,' Thursday and Friday, Oct. 3 and 4,, with assignment to individual sessions is given below. THURSDAY MORNING First Session Well Spacing Theory of Well Spacing-By W. P. Haseman. Discussion by S. C. Herold, J. R. Suman and Lester C. Uren. Well Spacing in the Long Beach Field, California-By - Stender Sweeney. Discussion by C. H. McNeese; R. R Brandenthaler and W. V. Vietti. Well Spacing in the Bradford Field, Pennsylvania-By Paul D. Torrey. Discussion by A. F. Melcher, R. M.. Haskell, J. B. Umpleby and J. B. Newby. Results of Different Well Spacing in the Salt Creek Field, Wyoming-By Fred E. Wood. Discussion by Sam Grinsfelder and Kenneth B. Knowles.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. R. Dale

IT IS the purpose of this paper to point out a number of the most common causes of crooked holes; to outline methods of drilling and straightening which to my personal knowledge have proved successful in numerous cases; to describe some of the characteristics of holes which, though not crooked in an exaggerated sense, may still cause serious mechanical trouble if not recognized and properly remedied; and to define clearly the part of oil-well surveying in the concerted effort operators generally are making to keep their wells straight from spudding to completion

Jan 1, 1931

By John Hays Hammond

IT was but a few years ago that the mining engineer, and his confreres, the civil, mechanical and electrical engineer, were stigmatized by politicians of the parish? pump variety as advance agents of unprincipled exploiters of backward countries. Today he is recognized as a most important missionary of civilization in opening up new territory to contribute its mineral wealth and incidentally its other resources for the needs of mankind. An engineer, it is now conceded, is not only a benefactor of the world at large, but is a primary factor in the betterment of conditions of the inhabitants of those countries developed by his skill and indomitable courage-for courage is requisite in pioneering and his indefatigable industry. The engineer will, I believe, become a real "Ambassador of Good Will," when the slow-consenting academic mind realizes as it must that beneficent deeds are more enduring and more convincing than mere gestures of professed amity.

Jan 1, 1929

By Ken Rahal, Chris Braun

As head grades of mines around the world decline, generation of tailings is increasing. Along with the increased tailings generation, reduction in water availability, and recent tailings dame failures, are causing mining companies to look at different disposal methods. One of the methods that is gaining traction is filtered tailings. Filtered Tailings currently provides the greatest water recovery and the smallest footprint among all the tailings disposal methods. This paper will present two case studies that analyze the filter and air compressor costs associated with a change in the final cake moisture target (i.e. a change from 17-wt% to 15-wt% cake moisture), for a base metal mine and gold mine.

Sep 30, 2022

By John T. Ryan

DEFINITE improvement in its accident fatality rate in the coal-mining industry was recorded during 1941, based on preliminary figures for the period from January through October. Total production during this ten-month period was approximately 91 percent of the total production in all of 1940. The ten-month accident rate for both bituminous and anthracite mining in 1941 was 2.15 killed per million tons of coal mined, compared with a rate of 2.66 for the full year of 1940. The bituminous rate decreased from 2.55 in 1940 to 1.99 in ten months of 1941, and the anthracite rate from 3.62 to 3.53 in similar periods. The decrease is more apparent for the bituminous branch of the industry, as the high figure in 1940 was due to seven major disasters which brought death to 276 men. The same number of major explosions during ten months of 1941 caused only 64 lives to be lost. The severity of the explosions has been lower this year but a definite need still exists for reduction in this type of accident.

Jan 1, 1942

By B. DE MARE

THE No. 6 open-hearth furnace at the plant of the Worth Steel Co., Claymont, Del., is the first to be rebuilt according to the Kuehn system. This as well as the other five furnaces at Claymont, has a nominal capacity of 75 tons, but the actual charge is about 242,000 lb. No hot metal being available, the pig-iron is charged cold. Oil of low grade with an asphalt base is used as fuel. These two items have to be kept in mind when discussing the actual fuel consumption. Careful records have been kept covering a five weeks run and the following is a brief summary of them The time required to heat the furnace preparatory to charging from the time a wood fire was started until charging commenced was 36 hours. This, I understand, is much less than with furnaces of standard design. The draft of the furnace, as shown by a gage in the stack-flue, is 1.25 in. The maximum draft with new checkers on former runs was 1.50 in., this draft gradu¬ally decreasing as the checkers closed up. Both of the first helpers claim the present draft is all they need for the proper working of the furnace, and, as with the Kuehn regenerators the draft remains practically the same from beginning to end of a run, this is satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

SIR HENRY CORT HAROLD CARPENTER, F. R. S. professor of metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines, was presented with his Honorary Membership certificate in the A.I.M.E. on Oct. 18, at a luncheon in his honor in the Abraham Lincoln room of the Savoy Hotel in London. The presentation luncheon was attended by some thirty distinguished representatives of the academic and industrial British metallurgical world, all friends and acquaintances of Sir Harold. Frank W. Harbord and

Jan 1, 1938

By George M. Fowler, J. P. LYDEN

T HE relationship of geological structure to orebodies and to the great masses of chert in the Tri-State mining district is of such significance that it prompts a brief recital of the existing information regarding the various periods of structural deformation. We began to note a relationship between structure and orebodies early in our studies of the field, and further work revealed a like relationship of structure to the great masses of chert so commonly associated with the ore-

Jan 1, 1934

By Edward Steidle

NOTHING stands still. We go forward or backward. As a distinct group of educators, our immediate concern is with the preparation of young men and women for participation in the mineral industries on a professional basis. I am going to have the temerity to state emphatically that for a long time as a whole we have remained in a static position. We are now confronted with the choice of advancement or retrogression. We are still in a position to make a choice and our ultimate fate will depend upon the course of action we elect to follow. Wars always have been great catalysts and social and scientific advancements mature under military stimulus in a fraction of the time normally consumed. We are now in the midst of a conflict whose duration or final effects cannot be estimated. However, the record already demonstrates that this war as never before is a mineral war in which incentive, strategy, and outcome are directly related to the distribution and utilization of minerals. The inevitable result is a drain upon our resources now reflected in our record production and a growing public consciousness of the importance of minerals in the role of human affairs. It is evident that we must seek new mineral frontiers beyond the borders of the United States and take every other precaution to forestall a "have-not" position in the world.

Jan 1, 1943