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By T. Reed Scollon

Major interrelated factors to be considered in assessing the impact of air pollution control regulations on coal are: (I) the fuel and fuel-related limitations of such regulations; (2) the rate of adoption and areal scope of the regulations; and (3) the availability of fuels and fuel-burning equipment to meet the requirements. A growing number of regulations contain provisions limiting the emissions of sulfur oxides or the sulfur content of fuels or both. With few exceptions, these limitations have not yet become fully effective in those areas which have already adopted regulations, and pertinent details of future regulations or legislation for most other areas are unknown at this time. Sufficient information is not avail- able to determine the availability of low-sulfur fuels at various demand and price levels, and large-scale commercial feasibility of sulfur-oxides removal processes and equipment is believed to be some years away. Accordingly, with the many uncertainties and unknowns, it is possible at best to make only a rough assessment of the impact of such regulations or legislation on coal.

Jan 1, 1969

PROF RICHARD ÅKERMAN Stockholm, Sweden DR FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada PROF HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France SIR ROBERT A. HADFEILD London, England HERBERT C. HOOVER Leoben, Austria ROBERT W. HUNT Chicago, ILL JAMES FURMAN KEMP New York, N.Y. PROF HENRI LOUIS LE CHATELIER Paris France EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico ALEXANDRE, POURCEL Paris, France PROF RICHARD H, RICHARDS Boston Mass. JOHN E. STEAD Middlesborugh, England PROF DIMITRY CONSTANTIN TSCHERNOFF St Petersburg, Russia PROF TSUNASHIRO WADA Tokyo, Japan CHARLES D WALCOT Washington D.C.

Jan 1, 1923

By Ashok K. Sinha

During the course of an in~*estigation into the occurrence of ordered AB3 structures, the following new phases have been found —CrRh3 (AuCu3 type), CrCo3 (MgCd3 type), HfCo4 (Ths Mn23 type), and WPt, MoPh type). The composition of the TiPt3-x phase (TiNi, type) is close to Ti23Pl77. The alloy chenzistry of transition rnetal AB3 structures is rezliewed in the light of electron concentration correlations of hex-agonality recently obtained for quasi-binary alloys. The relatizte colurne contraction in the AB3 structures increases with increasing difference in volume of the conzponents. A family of ordered close-packed layered structures is formed by stacking identical layers of composition AB, in various sequences, such that the coordination is twelvefold throughout and there are no A-A contacts. Previous work' on quasi-binary AB3 alloys has led to the conclusion that the stacking sequence of the AB, structures changes with increasing radius ratio RA/RB from a purely cubic, through different mixtures of hexagonal and cubic stacking to a purely hexagonal stacking. However. for binary AB3 alloys, a correlation between the type of the crystal structure and the position of the components in the various volumns of the periodic table has been noted.2-5 It has been noted6 that this correlation appears to hold even though the radius ratio RA/RB may vary over a considerable range with the location of the components in the three long periods. Another study7" of several quasi-binary systems led to the conclusion that an increase in hexagonality of the stacking is associated with increase in the electron concentration e/a. as defined by the average per atom of the total number of electrons outside the inert gas shells. In apparent conflict with this conclusion, it is known that seven binary alloy structures isotypic with TiNi3 which is 50 pct hexagonal occur at a higher electron concentration (e/n = 8.5) than that (e/a = 8.25) for the 100 pct hexagonal MgCd3 type structure present in seven binary AB3 alloys. Table 111. In the present work, an investigation into the occurrence of binary AB3 structures in transition metal alloys was made, and a survey of binary AB3 structures is presented. EXPERIMENTAL The starting materials were pure metals of 99.9 wt pct purity. The alloys were arc-melted under partial pressure of argon and annealed in sealed silica capsules lined with molybdenum foil under argon at- mosphere. The total weight loss upon melting and subsequent annealing was always less than 1 pct and hence the alloys will be referred to by their intended (unanalyzed) compositions. Wherever the constitution permitted. the alloys were given a homogenizing treatment at 1200°C (3 days) prior to annealing. Unless otherwise stated all alloys were annealed at 900°C for 1 week and water-quenched. Sometimes the final annealing treatment was carried out on powders to accelerate the attainment of equilibrium. X-ray powder patterns were taken using a Guinier-de Wolff focusing camera (CuK, radiation) or an asymmetrical focusing camera (Co or CrK, radiation). For lattice parameter determination. internal silicon standards were employed. The intensity calculations were made using a Fortran IV program written by Jeitschko and parthe.9 RESULTS Twenty AB3 and three AB4 alloys were investigated. Table I lists the crystallographic data on some of the intermediate phases encountered in the present work. Table II contains the X-ray data for HfCo, (Th,,Mn,, type). The positional parameter, x. was assumed to be 0.378. the value for Th6Mnn2310 The X-ray pattern of ZrCo, was very similar to that of HfCo, and the previous structure determination of ZrCo, by Kuzma el al." was confirmed. Ordering in the alloy CrCo could be ascertained by the presence of only one weak super lattice line (101). the others being too weak presumably owing to the small difference in the scattering powers of chromium and cobalt. This line was observed in the X-ray pattern of powder from the massive sample annealed at 830°C (7 days) after the powder had been reannealed at 600°C (24 hr). The diffraction pattern of the powder similarly reannealed at 830°C (24 hr) contained only the lines due to a mixture of hcp and fcc Co(Crj solid solutions. Therefore, it appears reasonable to assume that O2 and/or N2 contamination which would be less likely to occur during the 600°C anneal was not responsible for the observed weak reflection. Also. this reflection cannot be identified with any of the strong lines of the neighboring s phase which is present in the Co-Cr system at higher chromium contents. The composition corresponding to the TiNi3 structure observed by Raman et al.12 in the two-phase alloy Ti,zt,, has been established in the present work as being between There was satisfactory agreement for the low-angle lines (up to d = 1.997A) between the observed diffraction pattern of TiCua and that calculated assuming the ZrAu, structure. as recently proposed by Pfeifer-et a1.I3 However. some of the superlattice lines. e.g., at d = 1.937 and 1.919A. predicted by the ZrAu, structure were not actually observed eve? though neighboring lines. at d = 1.947 and 1.986A. of comparable calculated intensity were present. The ZrAu

Jan 1, 1970

By H. Langlois

"Included in the Mines Gaspe mining complex located at Murdochville, Quebec, is a copper smelter which comprises a reverberator furnace, two Peirce-Smith converters, an anode furance, and a sulphuric acid plant.The 50% smelter capacity available is supple mentedby custom concentrates for treatment. As these concentrates can be varied and extremely complex many modifications and improvements have been brought about to optimize and make the process more flexible since its inauguration in 1955.IntroductionThe copper smelter of the Mines Gaspe mining complex is located in Murdochville, a small municipality in the heart of the Gaspe peninsula, 90 km northwest of the town of Gaspe .This metallurgical installation has a daily smelting capacity of 650 tonnes of concentrate and an output of 250 tonnes of copper and 900 tonnes of sulphuric acid. Its main components are: a reverberatory furnace, two Peirce-Smith converters, one rotary anode furnace and one acid plant. The gases, which are produced by the converters, are treated at the acid plant then combined with gases from the reverberatory furnace before being vented through a 152 metre high stack .From the beginning of its operation until the present day (1991), the smelter has treated 7 million tonnes of concentrate and 100 thousand tonnes of scrap for a production of 1.8 million tonnes of copper and 2.2 million tonnes of sulphuric acid."

Jan 1, 1993

Water conservation and compliance strategy can be cause for success or failure of a new or existing mining operation. Water accounting at outset, and pit and waste dump planning, may not fully consider total inflows, or sediment loads encountered during mine life. Environmental impact assessments, and permitting often dictates the rules, and these may change, to be more stringent, during course of mine development. This paper will identify techniques to control unprojected fresh water, or increased surface water flows in surface mine operations.

Feb 23, 2014

By R. T. Hukki

IT is no great exaggeration to say that present grinding practice and economics are largely determined by lining design. A record of outstanding liner wear can be achieved with any liner surface pattern that will positively lock the outer layer or layers of grinding media. With no slippage, lining wear is bound to be slight. At the same time, popular practice calls for tumbling loads of about 50 pct of mill volume to obtain maximum grinding capacity. Innumerable parallel grinding investigations have verified that optimum speed for such a mill lies within 70 to 85 pct of theoretical critical speed. If the mill is speeded up to 100 pct of critical, little or no grinding can be accomplished. Earlier Work on Supercritical Grinding: First investigations concerning grinding at supercritical speeds seem to be very old. Remarkable work on the subject has been performed by White,1 and his experiments have been described and summarized by Richards1 White's contributions seem to have passed unnoticed by Fahrenwald, 2,3 whose extensive experiments have been well presented, yet apparently very little appreciated. Additional work on grinding at supercritical speed has been reported, e.g., by Lewenson and Tscherny,4 USSR; Anselm5 and Grunder,6 Germany; and Rose and Evans,[6] Great Britain.

Jan 5, 1958

By George P. Tateosian

Merchants perform a number of functions in the copper market. As a major distribution arm of the copper industry, they secure scrap and other copper bearing materials for processing into usable refined shapes. These are ultimately sold to fabricators. Merchants ' hedging and arbitrage activities help keep values in proper relationship from product to product or region to region. Through these switching and trading operations, they optimize the flow of copper from mine to consumer. And finally, merchants act as a repository for copper units during times of surplus and a stockpile from which to draw during tines of shortage.

Jan 1, 1979

By Samuel S. Adams

Economic concentrations of potassium are essentially limited to thick, stratigraphic sections of marine evaporites. These deposits were precipitated through the evaporation of sea water in restricted epicontinental seas or in grabens related to continental margin rift systems. Following deposition the deposits were subjected to diagenesis and varying degrees of metasomatism and structural deformation. The origin and characteristics of potash deposits are easier to study and interpret than those of most ore deposits because the phase chemistry of the salt systems is known and the approximate composition of the ore-forming fluid (sea water) can be inferred with confidence. It is particularly helpful that the temperature and pressure of deposition approximated that of present earth surface conditions and the pertinent mineral assemblages can readily be duplicated in the laboratory. The study of these comparatively simple salt deposits provides examples of the practical advantages of understanding the genesis of an ore deposit. These observations, in turn, illustrate the importance of pursuing research on the more complicated magmatic, hydrothermal, and ground-water systems as a means to the more successful exploration for and exploitation of the deposits they have produced. It is the purpose of this paper, therefore, to discuss certain aspects of salt deposit geology as they contribute to exploration and mining through some understanding of ore formation. References to field examples and chemical relations in the salt systems are brief. All examples are more fully discussed, however, in the references cited.

Jan 1, 1970

By K. A. Foxford, D. A. Polya, R. P. B. Hebblethwaite

"A variety of techniques for interpreting systems of mineralized echelon veins is discussed using examples from Panasqueira and SW England. As aids for exploration and mine planning, and as a tool for ore reserve evaluation, particular emphasis is placed upon establishing vein morphology in the third dimension, and upon understanding vein dilation and propagation histories. Special attention is also placed upon investigating vein thickness and spacing relationships, and upon understanding vein segmentation. The relevant data for these techniques are all readily obtainable from stope and core sources.The vein systems described were produced in host-rock sequences that underwent incremental dilation in response to fluid overpressures, and individual veins display evidence for mineral infilling synchronous with their propagation. Echelon vein geometries resemble those reported from igneous dikes and sills: vein walls are stepped and veins are divided into segments arranged in echelons. Changes in vein geometry, from arrays to composite structures, reflect both the evolution of the vein system with time, and the changes occurring between the margins (arrays) and core (composite structures) of the system. These characteristic morphologies can be used to infer vein propagation and fluid injection trends, proximity of neighboring veins, and the shape of the system as a whole. The techniques are applicable to systems of echelon veins produced under tensile conditions in rocks where faults were absent at the time of vein formation, and where subsequent deformation has been minimal. Further work is required to assess the application to echelon vein systems formed within more complex tectonic regimes."

Jan 1, 1995

A new two-metre column self-heating test procedure has been developed at the University of Queensland, which clearly shows the hot spot development phases that take place in bulk coal self-heating. The column results provide a more reliable indication of the self-heating propensity of coal than small-scale index tests. At the same time, off-gas evolution patterns associated with hot spot development are obtained, including the recognition of hydrogen evolution from oxidation at temperatures less than 80¦C. Subtle differences in off-gas evolution from self-heating between gassy and gas-drained coal are also apparent. This new approach to coal self-heating assessment offers an opportunity to further the understanding of the complexities of spontaneous combustion and will enable more accurate risk assessment for the coal industry.

Jan 1, 2005

By John P. Smith

As the US looks within its borders in its drive toward energy independence, economical coal transportation, particularly from vast western reserves, becomes an increasingly difficult but compelling challenge for both the country and the coal industry. Coal producers continue to develop improved technology for more efficient and cost-effective coal mining and processing. But for controlling transportation costs, coal producers must rely on a delicate balance between product demand, competition among carriers, federal regulation, and a symbiotic relationship with coal transporters. In 1981, 739 Mt (815 million st) of coal were mined in the US. Nearly 90% of this coal was moved via

Jan 10, 1982

By G. R. Lehman

The Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. had an orebody at Miami, Ariz., of close to 100,000,000 tons of low-grade copper ore, and the method of mining this ore most profitably was of great importance. The selection of a method was practically limited to a "top-slicing," a "shrinkage-stope" or a "caving" method. The "top-slicing" method would give a high extraction of the developed ore, at a high mining cost, and the "shrinkage-stope" or "caving" methods a lower extraction of the developed ore, at a lower mining cost. Ore-Drawing Tests To decide on the method to be used it was necessary to know about what extraction of the ore could be obtained by the "shrinkage-stope" or " caving " methods. As no definite information regarding the,question was available at the time, C. E. Mills, the general manager, thought that some information could be obtained by experimenting in drawing ore, covered with capping, from an experimental box. Some work had already been done along these lines by W. C. Browning for the Inspiration Copper Co. and by myself for the Live Oak Development Co. The idea was to represent as nearly as possible, in the experimental box, the conditions within an area of caved stopes of caved ore all ready for drawing. That is, the area was supposed to represent a semibroken mass with the capping above it in the same condition and ready to follow the ore downward as it was drawn out of the chutes under the ore. To represent the above condition, in the experimental box, crushed ore from the mine was placed in it to a given height, and red barren capping from the mine was placed on top of the ore. The Experimental Box The experimental box shown in Fig. 1 was made of wood and glass. The glass was used for the sides so that the drawing action of the outside row of chutes could be seen and noted, the latter being cut in the center by the glass sides. The length of the box was 30 in., width 20 in. and the

Jan 1, 1917

By Gus Van Weert

The cost of oxygen is a major and common factor in the hydrometallurgical processes developed or proposed tor the oxidation of refractory pyrites. This cost involves charges for the generation and the transfer of the 02 to the mineral slurry. Bio-oxidation faces considerable design demands which require large scale equipment to be resolved. Nitric acid assisted oxidation offers low cost oxygen units; this method of pyrite oxidation deserves a closer look for large scale plants treating pyritic gold ores and concentrates.

Jan 1, 1990

An efficient filtration plant can be designed only from an adequate knowledge of the filtration characteristics of the material to be handled; if these characteristics can be expressed in the form of an equation the work of design is simplified immensely. The literature of the subject contains numerous equations which have been developed by various workers to express their results, usually obtained from a 'Very limited class of material, and from moderately thick pulps. Such expressions have been found quite unsuited for use in the case of thin, very free filtering pulps.In 1926, Underwood put forward an equation having a general for m, and which, he was able to show, provided a satisfactory expression of the data obtained and published by a large number of earlier workers. This equation has been found a very satisfactory and useful tool for the study of a variety of filtration problems. As thel basis of the equation is of assistance to the understanding of subsequent discussion, a brief account of Underwood's derivation is given here.UNDERWOOD's FILTRATION FORMULAEThe following symbols are used:

Jan 1, 1932

By A G. L Pratt, C Rossetti

The implementation of mass mining methods for large metalliferous deposits has led to the development and application of increasingly sophisticated automation and condition monitoring technologies in these mines. This technology aims to increase safety, equipment utilisation and monitoring of critical aspects of the underground ambient and geological environments. The communications networks required to support these aims and their associated technologies have evolved accordingly, and have done so in a demanding underground environment. The evolution of communication infrastructure for large underground mines has developed from basic analogue telephony to high-bandwidth optic fibre based systems. The latter is now the media of choice. More recently the developments in wireless broadband equipment designed specifically for underground environments have emerged to satisfy the needs of automation for mobile equipment and shaft conveyance communications. The use of internet protocols for industrial control and monitoring has led to the application of ethernet-based backbone networks as a standardised approach. There may also be a need for the integration of range of communications platforms in a mining operation to realise the full advantages offered by automation and condition monitoring technologies. As a result the design of the communications backbone networks for underground mines has started to become the domain of information technology professionals. Without these networks, the analysis of equipment utilisation is often not possible. The improvements that can be brought about by æsweating the assetsÆ and the transmission of business critical information are the most significant benefits of an integrated communications system. These benefits far outweigh the costs of strategic planning, subsequent specification and implementation of communication networks themselves. Future developments in mining systems and communications technology will continue to drive the demands placed upon communications networks as an essential mass mining infrastructure item. This paper outlines the benefits of secure high bandwidth backbone communications networks for mass mining operations and the need for a high degree of strategic thought and demand forecasting in the planning stages for these operations.

Jan 1, 2008

By K Gilliland

The past decade has seen the widespread implementation of computerised real-time operational management systems in open pit mines. While these systems have made a significant impact on operational efficiency at a process level, surprisingly little work has gone into integrating these systems with other IT systems, including those used for tactical planning and enterprise resource planning. As a result of this gap in the information hierarchy, the goal of optimising an entire operation, or multiple operations, remains elusive. Implementation of computerised operational management systems in underground mines has been much slower. This is a significant, though often overlooked, reason why the productivity for underground mining is generally so much lower than for open pits. The historical reluctance to implement computerised operational management systems underground can in part be attributed to the underground environment, particularly the difficulty in establishing effective communications. Another factor retarding the implementation of systems underground has been the perception that the nature and scale of underground mining does not lend itself to computerised operational management. This perception can be challenged, not only by a process level examination of the underground mining, but also by a holistic examination of the entire industry. In recent years, the mining industry as a whole has destroyed rather than created wealth and underground mines are major culprits. The degree of value destruct has been more pronounced with underground mines, as the usual problem û low commodity prices û has been exacerbated by the harsh environment, low productivity and a æfog of warÆ no longer generally found in open pits. Faced with these realities, underground mines will have to adopt modern management tools or suffer extinction at the hands of an unsympathetic investment community. All is not gloom and doom, however. Technological advances have largely overcome the difficulties associated with the underground environment. As a result, there is a small, but growing, number of underground mines using computerised operational management systems to directly improve the bottom line. Much greater improvements can be realised if the industry takes advantage of the recent convergence in technology, to integrate process information with tactical and enterprise resource planning systems in order to provide a solid platform for all decision-making. This would result in the æeÆ mine. Given that the underground fraternity is essentially starting with a blank sheet, they have the opportunity to æsteal a marchÆ on open pit mines, who may be constrained by legacy systems. The benefits of the æeÆ mine are presented through a hypothetical case study that examines the shortfalls of the non-æeÆ mine. The paper ends by presenting a future vision for the æeÆ mine.

Jan 1, 2000

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers extends an invitation to members of the Institute to participate in an exceedingly interesting excursion on Saturday, November 11. Permission has been secured for a visit to the plant of the Electric Boat Co. at New London, Conn. There will be run a special-test on a high-power 8-cylinder, 4-cycle Diesel engine. A large number of submarine and other engines in various stages of construction will be seen, also the boring of torpedo tubes, cylinders and other equipment for submarines. The drafting rooms and foundry mill also be open for inspection. The party will have an opportunity to see at close range the submerging of several submarines, and an attack on a vessel on the surface, an exhibit which is being arranged by courtesy of Rear Admiral A. W. Grant, who is in command of the submarine forces of the United States. The Boston members will leave South Station on train No. 7 at 8.30 A. M. Those from Providence will board this train at 9.36 A. M. The Worcester members will leave on train No. 745 at 8.36 A. M. The New York contingent will leave the Grand Central Terminal at 8.31 A. M. on train No. 8. This train will leave New Haven at 10.30 A. M. Upon arrival at New London, each group will go directly to the Mohican Hotel, where a "get-acquainted" luncheon will be served

Jan 10, 1916

By J. C. Fisher

Martensite transformations in steels and other alloys are characterized in part by the absence of composition changes during the growth of a new phase. Transformation occurs rapidly, and there is insufficient time for long range diffusion or partition of alloying elements to take place; martensite reactions in alloys thus are similar to phase transformations in single component systems. A fundamental understanding of martensite transformations in steels is impossible without knowledge of the free energy change upon transforming austenite (face centered cubic iron containing alloying elements) to ferrite (body centered cubic iron containing alloying elements) of the same chemical composition. The present paper assembles the best information available concerning the influence of temperature and composition on this free energy change. Most of the material has been taken from the work of Johansson,' Mehl and Wells,2 Zener3,4 and Smith;5 and indirectly, through these authors, from the work of Austin.6 In agreement with the generally accepted viewpoint, martensite is assumed to be an ordered solution of carbon in ferrite of the same composition as the parent austenite; only at high temperatures and low carbon concentrations is the carbon in ferrite distributed at random. The properties of the disordered solution are estimated by extrapolating the known properties of iron-carbon solid solutions into the range of supersaturation, and the free energy change associated with ordering is estimated from the theory developed by Zener. By incorporating Smith's recent thermodynamic measurements and Zener's theory of ordering, the present analysis modifies previous estimates of the free energy change associ- ated with martensite transformations. Consider a two component system consisting of a solvent A and a solute B. Let Na and Nb represent mol fractions of A and B respectively, let aa = raNa and ab = YbNb represent activities, and let superscripts 1 and 2 refer to phases 1 and 2. The partial molal free energies of A and B in phases 1 and 2 can be summarized as follows: free energy standard state Fa' - Fao1 = RT In an1 pure A' Fa2 - Fa2 = RT In aa2 pure A2 Fb1 - Fbo = RT In ab1 pure B Fs2 - FB2 = RT In aB2 pure B. The free energy of a gram atom of phase 1 is* AF1 = Na'Fa1 + Nb'Fb1 and that of phase 2 is AF2 = NA2FA2 + NB2Fb2. A martensite transformation from phase 1 to phase 2 requires Na1 = Na2 = Na and NB1 = NB2 = Nb, and the free energy change per gram atom accompanying transformation is AFi-2 = NA(Fa2 - Fa1) + Nb(Fb2 - Fb1) = NA[RT In (aA2/aA1) + AFa1?2] + Nb RT In (aB2/aB1) = Na[RT In (ra2/ra1) + AFa1?2] + Nb RT In (TaVTB1). [1] where yn2, yn1, yB2, yB1 are activity coefficients, and where Ma'+* is the free energy change upon transforming a gram atom of pure A from phase 1 to phase 2 at the temperature in question. For martensite transformations in plain carbon steels, A = iron (Fe), B = carbon (C), 1 = austenite (7). 2 = ferrite (a), and Eq 1 is AFr ?a= NFe[RT In (rf.a/rfer) + AFF.r?a] + TVc RT In (eca/rc1)- L2] Nothing is known concerning the values of yFea and yca for carbon concen- , trations in excess of 0.025 pct. However, the approximation rf.7 = 7f." = 1 cannot be appreciably in error for small carbon concentrations, and Eq 2 reduces to Afr-a = NfeFfer?a1 + NC RT In (rca/rcr)- [3] Johanssonl and Zenera have calculated MFfr?a from the specific heat measurements compiled by Austin.6* Their calculated values agree closely, and are summarized in Table 1. The activity coefficients relative to graphite for carbon dissolved in iron vary with temperature according to the relationships d In rcr/d(1/T) = AHcr-R dlnyca/d(l/T) = AHCa/R where AHc? and AHca are the heats of solution of graphite in y and a iron. Assuming the values of AH to be independent of carbon concentration and temperature, In rCr = AHcr/RT + I1 In rca = AHCa/RT + 12

Jan 1, 1950

The following is a, partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Aug. 10, 1917, to Sept. 10, 1917. L. P. Barrett, Ann Arbor, Mich. Milo W. Krejci, Great Falls, Mont. H. J. Brown, Ridley Park, Pa. Chas. N. La Porte, Peoria, Ill. George M. Cheney, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Askin Nicholas, Bismuth, Australia. W. Lorrain Cook, Chicago, Ill. C. Edwin Nighman, Butte, Mont. John J. Croston, Atlanta, Ga. W. L. Remick, Norfolk, Va. A. F. Duggleby, Santiago de Cuba. T. C. Roberts, Jerome, Ariz. Geo. A. Easley, La Paz, Bolivia. Burr A. Robinson, New Haven, Conn. Burr J. French, Magdalena, Jal., Mex. J. L. Schueler, Peoria, Ill. A. D. R. Galloway, Komfrodua, W. Af. Walter L. Steele, Van Horn, Tex. P. R. Hines, Milwaukee, Wis. F. J. S. Sur, Denver, Colo. T. H. Jenks, Wickenburg, Ariz. C. A. Thomas, Dawson, Y. T., Canada. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. E. E. White, Ann Arbor, Mich. Harry Wolf, Golden, Colo. L. W. Bahney has left the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale, to become metallurgical engineer with the Scovill Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, Conn. H. B. Barling, formerly chief engineer of Breitung & Co., of New York, has been appointed manager of the mining department.

Jan 10, 1917

By David B. Spencer

This paper describes a process for separating non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper and zinc, from other residential and industrial waste by means of permanent magnets. Although the separator may be used in the recovery of non-ferrous metals from auto scrap, most of the testing to date has been aimed at recovery of non-ferrous metals from municipal solid waste, especially recovery of aluminum from the heavy fraction of a resource recovery plant. In most resource recovery plants the incoming solid waste material is first shredded and then air classified into a light and a heavy fraction. The light fraction which contains mostly paper, cardboard, etc., can be used either as a fuel for power generation or in the production of new paper products. The heavy fraction which remains consists mostly of glass, ceramics, wood, ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. The ferrous metals may be removed from the heavy fraction by conventional magnetic separators. After primary shredding, most of the glass and ceramic is fine in size and may be screened away leaving a residue of wood, cardboard, and non-ferrous metals. This residual heavy fraction is the input material for the separator described in the present paper.

Jan 1, 1975