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By A. J. Lyon, J. B. Johnson, Samuel Daniels

The wrought alloys of aluminum with small amounts of copper and of magnesium have, with the development of the automotive and aircraft industries, sprung into prominence through the medium of duralumin; but the cast alloys remained in the background because their possibilities in the heat-treated condition were either not recognized or not fully investigated. In 1919, the Bureau of Standards published a preliminary survey1 of this field, which pointed out that, in general, the ultimate strength and the percentage of elongation of the alloys of aluminum with and without magnesium could be improved by so simple a treatment as heating at 932' F. (500" C.) for 2 hr., cooling in air, and aging at room temperature for several days. British investigators, too, working with chill-cast material, found that" considerable improvement in the mechanical properties of copper-aluminum alloys may be obtained from suitable heat treatment applied to castings."' Jeffries and Gibson8 made the first contribution to the literature dealing exclusively with the heat treatment of sand-cast aluminum-base alloys, describing the effect of small additions or of combinations of copper, magnesium, and iron on the response to a short heat treatment comprising heating at 932" F. in a nitrate bath for 1 hr., quenching in fish oil, and reheating at 300' F. for for 1 hr. Their results disclosed the facts that the ultimate strength and the percentage of elongation of sound alloys were usually, and quite uniformly, improved by heat treatment; that with the iron content ranging between 0.36 and 0.88 per cent. and the silicon content between 0.24 and 0.60 per cent. the effect of increasing the copper content (Tables 10

Jan 1, 1925

By Jean-Paul Drolet

"This paper charts, briefly, the :salient facts of international trade in minerals and their products and Canada's place in it. It also reviews inter-national agreements, economic groupings and national measures to channel and regulate production and trade in minerals. Canada's mineral industry now produces raw materials worth $3.7 billion per year, making this country a giant among mineral producers. Two-thirds of this production is exported, chiefly to the United States, accounting for about 30 per cent of Canada's merchandise exports and topping all other classes.However, several other nations are also pressing the development of their mineral resources and markets. The Soviet Bloc, China and principally Australia and Africa are becoming important suppliers of basic raw materials to some traditional markets of Canada in Europe and Japan.The outlook for Canadian mineral exports to the countries of the Common Market, Great Britain and Japan is good, although some tariff barriers remain troublesome.Concerning the United States, our most important market, Canada is seeking to have that country lift import quotas on lead and zinc, and re-cent statements by U.S. authorities give hope that this may be achieved soon. Moreover, Canada wishes to obtain easier access to the American market for several of its metals and minerals.Canada is now participating in the Kennedy Round of tariff talks under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and is seeking to open wider doors for its exports of products.In summary, Canada has done reasonably well in some mineral commodities on world markets, but has lost ground in others. Any slackening of Canada's efforts in the development and marketing of mineral resources would soon lead to the decline of its role in the world miueral economy."

Jan 1, 1966

By C. S. Smith, Chih-Chung Wang

D. Turnbull—In the opinion of the writer the most interesting result described in this paper is that the distribution of tin with respect to solidification temperature has several fairly well-defined maxima. It appears that each peak may be associated with a catalytic impurity of some rather specific composition. Recently we have obtained some additional evidence in favor of this viewpoint in experiments on the supercooling of lead droplets coated with different surface films. The distribution of lead droplets, ostensibly coated with lead sulphate, with respect to solidification temperature exhibited two distinct and reproducible maxima, one at 20" supercooling and the other at 47". On the other hand, when the droplets were ostensibly coated with halide films, no solidification was perceptible until the aggregate was supercooled more than 55". Upon further cooling a single well-defined peak centering at 60" supercooling was observed. Since the particle size distribution was the same in these two sets of experiments it appears that the most reasonable interpretation of the results is that the sulphate surface film or its reaction products with lead are much more effective in catalyzing the nucleation of lead crystals than are lead halide films. C. S. Smith (authors' reply)—Dr. Turnbull's experiments with lead drops coated with various surface films are most interesting. However, before drawing conclusions from the cooling curves described in the paper as to the existence of a few nucleus types effective at a few different temperatures, one must consider the state of subdivision of the liquid metal. In the A1-Sn alloy used, the tin was not in uniform droplets but tended to collect in three distinct shapes—in long interconnecting prisms along grain edges, in somewhat elongated interdendritic branching pools. and in isolated droplets. A single nucleus will solidify only the metal in contact with it, and the heat evolved will be proportional to the connected volume. A uniform distribution of nuclei of random effectiveness in such an alloy will cause peaks on the specific heat curve on cooling, which correspond to the volume distribution of tin and tell nothing about the nucleus type. In any real alloy both effects will be combined, and it seems impossible at present to distinguish between them. M. B. Bever—The thesis of this interesting paper is supported by a combination of positive and negative evidence. The authors have shown that under certain conditions a liquid phase may undercool, if it is dispersed in a thoroughly discontinuous manner throughout a solid matrix. They also found that undercooling

Jan 1, 1951

By Wm Petruk

"The tungsten-bismuth-molybdenum deposit in southwestern New Brunswick occurs in greisenized and silicified tuffite * and feldspar porphyry in and adjacent to volcanic necks. The ore minerals occur as veins and veinlets and as disseminated grains in gangue. These minerals can be grouped into three assemblages. Assemblage 1 consists of oxides and phosphates of W, Ti, Fe, Nb, Sn, Ta and rare-earth elements, with the main minerals being deposited in the sequence wolframite, rutile, cassiterite. Assemblage 2 consists of arsenopyrite, molybdenite and bismuth, and assemblage 3 of sulphides with minor cassiterite and arsenopyrite. Sphalerite is the main sulphide mineral, but it contains minute inclusions of copper-tin- and indium-bearing minerals. Textural relations suggest that most of the elements can be recovered from this ore by conventional mineral beneficiation and extraction methods, but a variety of techniques must be employed. It is expected that the wolframite and molybdenite can be recovered satisfactorily, but poor recoveries are expected for bismuth and cassiterite. A sphalerite concentrate can be readily obtained by flotation, but it would contain a wide variety of elements. It is suggested that leaching be used to recover the bismuth and the elements in the sphalerite concentrate."

Jan 1, 1973

By E. W. Steele

IN THE copper-casting department of a modern electrolytic copper refinery there are two kinds of casting furnaces: the first, or anode furnace for casting crude copper into anodes for electrolysis; the second, or refined-copper furnace for casting the cathodes resulting from electrolysis into market shapes, such as ingots, wire bars, and cakes. Both furnaces are reverberatories of practically the same general design and are operated intermittently, putting through a charge normally in 24 hours. The treatment of the copper in both furnaces is similar, in so far that oxidation followed by skimming and reduction (poling) is carried on in both; but in the refined-copper furnace, the work must be done with greater care and it is of extreme importance that not the slightest trace of impurity be introduced into the copper. The furnaces usually hold from 150 to 300 tons of molten copper, which constitutes the daily charge. Except in the case of furnaces in the Lake district, where the concentrates from native-copper ores are charged through the roof, the furnaces are charged through the side doors by charging machines similar to those used in open-hearth steel practice. In 1916, at the Perth Amboy plant, of the American Smelting & Refining Co., located at Maurer, N. J., a study was made of the possibility of firing the copper refinery furnaces with pulverized coal instead of by hand. The proposed method possessed obvious advantages over hand firing and coal was a much cheaper fuel than oil at that time. It was realized, however, that there were several objections to its use, the principal ones being the liability of increasing the sulfur content of the refined copper, and the additional slag that might be produced from the ash. The increase of the sulfur content of the refined copper was the more serious, as more than 0.002 per cent. sulfur is objectionable. In the case of the slag, any increase would be expensive as the copper in this slag would have to pass again through the entire smelting and refining process.

Jan 3, 1925

By J. E. Shelton

This presentation covers the results of laboratory studies conducted by the Bureau of Mines Mineral Dressing Section, Northwest Electrodevelopment Laboratory, Albany, Oreg., on alluvial sands from Dismal Swamp, Bear Valley, and Cascade, Idaho. The search for radioactive minerals has led to the reexamination of alluvial deposits; in the process of this reappraisal the frequent presence of minerals bearing columbium and/or tantalum was toted. Because of increased demand for these metals by the defense industries and because these industries depend upon foreign sources for their supply the domestic alluvial black sands are being considered, as a possible domestic source. However, utilization of these alluvial deposits depends upon development of methods of concentrating these valuable minerals. The primary objective of the test work was the study of the effect of attrition scrubbing, sizing, magnetic, electrostatic, and gravity separa¬tion as methods for concentrating and recovering the columbium and tantalum-bearing minerals, samarskite, euxenite, ilmenorutile, and columbite.

Jan 1, 1955

By O. R. Wagner, R. O. Leach

Immiscible displacement tests were performed in a consolidated sandstone core over the interfacial tension range from less thdn 0.01 to 5 dynes/cm to better define how interfacial tension (IFTJ reduction can lead to increased oil recovery. Data obtained were displacement efficiency at breakthbrough vs IFT for both drainage and imbibition conditions. These tests simulate water flooding under oil-wet and water-wet conditions, respectively. Results of the study have shown that displacement efficiency under both oil-wet and water-wet conditions can be markedly improved by a sufficient reduction in IFT. In the particular porous media used and for the low pressure gradients employed, the IFT must be reduced to a value less than about 0.07 dynes/cm to achieve increased recovery at the time of breakthrough of the injected phase. Below 0.07 dynes /cm, further small reductions in IFT result in large increases in displacement efficiency. Observed increases in recovery were obtained at pressure gradients which are well below those which can exist in the interwell area of a reservoir under water flood. The effect of pressure gradient on recovery is discussed. INTRODUCTION A residual oil saturation remains in rock which has been water flooded because, under usual reservoir conditions, the driving force which can be generated is inadequate to expel oil trapped by capillary forces. Since these capillary forces can be reduced by reducing the IFT a frequently studied method of increasing oil recovery has been the use of surfactants to reduce the water-oil interfacial tension. Mungan l observed improved recovery in both water-wet and oil-wet systems at 1.1 dyne /cm IFT, finding that the amount of improvement was greater in oil-wet systems. Moore and Blum,2 working with visual flow cell micro-models, con- cluded that recovery cannot be improved in water-wet systems by injecting surfactant solutions. They calculated that, for a pressure gadient of 1 psi/ft in their model, the IFT must be reduced to 0.03 dynes/cm to release oil trapped under water-wet conditions. Berkeley et al.3 indicated that, at representative field flooding rates, the IFT must be reduced to 0.001 dyne/cm to improve recovery, Thus, there is a wide variation of opinion about the IFT levels needed to improve recovery under field conditions. These previous investigators all have used as their experimental method the addition of surfactants to the injected water. The use of surfactant solutions to reduce IFT creates two experimental problems: (1) the loss of surfactant through adsorption on reservoir rock can obscure the true IFT value which exists at the displacement front, and (2) at very low values of IFT emulsifica-tion of oil and water commonly occurs. It is difficult, therefore, to determine whether the increased recovery is caused by IFT reduction as such, or is instead caused by emulsification. Also the properties of the available surfactants limit the IFT range which can be studied. In the present study the purpose is to better define how interfacial tension reduction can lead to increased oil recovery. A matter of great interest is the amount of recovery improvement potentially achievable in this way. The study was made using very low pressure gradients which was well within the range achievable by water flooding in the interwell region of petroleum reservoirs. A unique experimental approach was chosen to avoid adsorption and emulsification problems, and to allow convenient control of IFT. The fluid phases used were the equilibrium vapor and liquid phases of the methane-n-pentane system. The interfacial tension level was varied by changing the equilibrium pressure of the methane-pentane system over the range from 1,200 psia to near the critical pressure (2,420 psia). All tests were performed at a controlled temperature of 100F. The IFT-vs-pressure relationship for the methane-pentane system was based on the data of Stegemeier and Hough,6 and on new data obtained in this study. With this experimental approach it has been possible to study displacement at lower values of IFT than have been previously investigated.

Jan 1, 1967

By Osamu Fukuta

The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Japanese iodine-rich brines are outlined. The iodine-rich brine in Japan is primary in its origin and its occurrence is limited in the younger marine sediments. The iodine-rich subsurface water is saturated or over- saturated by natural gas, but the water saturated by natural gas is not always rich in iodine. The iodide and bromide contents decrease with time. The bromide content decreases much more rapidly than that of iodide. It should be emphasized that the genetic environment of the Japanese type of dissolved gas and iodine deposit is not peculiar to the Japanese islands.

Jan 1, 1985

By Aladar B. Dory

INTRODUCTION Anyone familiar with the problems of hardrock mining will agree that the majority of the serious dangers present in mining are quite visible and obvious to any person reasonably familiar with the profession. Having unsecured, unscaled back over ones head, gives one a very good chance of ending up under a caved in mass of rock. Staying too close to a blast gives one almost a certainty of being hit by a flying rock. Too little oxygen in the air will very quickly lead to loss of consciousness and death. One walks only so much over deep, unsecured openings before he falls into them. It is because of this clear visibility of the conventional health and safety hazards that mining regulations in almost all jurisdictions world-wide are a more or less comprehensive collection of "shalls" and "must nots" of good common sense. When basic rules of common sense safe working practices are at stake, there is little room for dialogue and compromise. The mine inspector is then observing, during his inspection, how well the mine follows these common sense rules. RADIATION AS A HIDDEN DANGER Radiation in mines is a risk, the impact of which does not demonstrate itself immediately. It is first of all a potential risk. Two individuals exposed to identical radiation will almost certainly be effected differently, if at all. This is certainly true of exposures and doses one might encounter in the mines today. We hear very often the phrase: "there is very little known about the effects of radiation". It is one of the most misused and misunderstood half-true statements. I would doubt that there is any other carcinogen whose effects have been studied as extensively as the health effects of radiation. Where the statement is correct is regarding the knowledge of the quantitative assessment of the risk of low level radiation exposures. The reason for this uncertainty is that the magnitude of their health effect is very close to the health effects of natural radiation, cosmic radiation and the effects of other carcinogens such as industrial pollution, hydrocarbons from cars and other chemicals we have grown accustomed to using. As far as lung cancer is concerned, the effects of wide use of tobacco probably outperforms any other single substance. All this having been said, the bottom line is still unchanged. Radiation exposure, in most cases mainly radon daughter exposure, was and still is one of the health hazards of uranium mining and as such has to be controlled to the best of our ability. Various jurisdictions have adopted different approaches to the control of radiation exposures of uranium minemill workers. The following sections of this presentation will attempt to explain the regulatory approach taken in Canada. THE CANADIAN REGULATORY PHILOSOPHY As indicated earlier, the health effects of low level radiation are quantitatively not yet defined and no proven threshold of radiation exposure exists. The Atomic Energy Control Board's (the Board's) regulatory system is based on the basic assumption that there is no absolutely safe limit of radiation exposure below which there are no health effects. Theoretically we should therefore strive to reach zero exposure. It is obvious that this objective cannot be reached in real life. The objective of the regulatory process therefore has to be to achieve radiation exposures of the workers that are as low as reasonably achievable, social and economic factors taken into account. This, of course, is the internationally acclaimed ALARA principle put forward by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). To avoid any misunderstanding it is worth emphasizing that the ALARA principle is applied to achieve exposures below the regulatory limits which must not be exceeded in normal operation of any nuclear facility including uranium mines and mills. The present regulatory limits for radiation exposures of atomic radiation workers are based on the recommendations of the ICRP and they are almost universally accepted. They should ensure that the risk from radiation exposure is not greater than the risk associated with working in a comparatively safe industry. Basically, there could be two extreme approaches to the regulation of uranium mining and milling. One extreme approach is to develop very extensive and detailed regulations and requirements covering all aspects of radiation protection. This is a somewhat autocratic approach to the regulatory process. This approach has two very serious shortcomings. If detailed requirements are set in regulations, due to the great variations of actual conditions at various mine-mill facilities, they have to be set as a compromise between the desirable requirements and those which could be met by practically all facilities. This approach takes away from the management of the facilities the initiative to strive for improved conditions. Requirements are spelled out in clear, understandable targets and the only worry of the management is to comply with these targets. One of the basic duties of management is to manage the operations in the most effective way with the maximum health and safety of the workers in mind.

Jan 1, 1981

By P. A. Plunkert, D. E. Morse, L. McCartan, S. F. Sibley

Following the recession of 2001, restrained consumer spending, declines in domestic manufacturing and industrial output, and increased unemployment led to a lack-luster year in the domestic economy. In 2002, the U.S. real gross domestic product (GPD) grew only 2.4%. Significant production declines in the U.S. metals industry were registered by copper, lead and zinc producers. Steel producers, despite a slight improvement in shipments, continued to face strong foreign competition, higher energy costs and lower prices for their products. Homebuilding and other domestic construction sectors— major consumers of nonmetallic mineral products such as cement, brick, glass and stone — remained strong enough to help raise the output of industrial mineral materials slightly above 2001 levels. A strong U.S. dollar relative to other national currencies continued to weaken the competitive stance of U.S. metal and non-metal mineral materials companies alike against foreign producers in markets at home and abroad.

Jan 1, 2003

By D. R. Tesarik, R. W. McKibbin

Material properties affecting slope stability were measured in a large 50-year-old, partially consolidated rockdump located in an active open-pit mine. Field tests included single-ring infiltration and density. In addition, a nuclear depth-moisture gauge was used to measure water content in six stainless-steel-cased drill holes on the crest and an upper bench of the rock dump. Precipitation, evaporation, wind speed and direction, and temperature data were collected at a weather station installed on the dump’s crest. Laboratory tests included particle-size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, and water content. By measuring material properties of a rock dump presumed to be stable, the safety of miners working on or at the toe of old rock dumps constructed of similar material and located in a similar climate can be assessed.

Jan 1, 1999

By Herbert H. Uhlig

ALTHOUGH the mechanical properties of high-carbon manganese-iron alloys, particularly the Hadfield manganese steels, have been established, the literature discloses discrepancies in the reported properties for the low-carbon alloys. Hadfieldlo summarized the existing data up to 1927, including the investigations of Guillet, Arnold, Strauss, Burgess and Aston, and reported his own values for alloys containing for the most part from 0.06 to 0.15 per cent carbon. He noted: From these comparisons it will be seen that while there is a broad and general agreement as to the character of the alloys at the different manganese percentages, there are disparities in individual cases, especially as regards the degree of toughness or brittleness displayed by an alloy with certain percentages and with particular types of treatment. These differences are not always readily explainable. Ib His data showed that alloys containing 4 to 10 per cent manganese water-quenched from 1000°C. were brittle and hard with maximum brittleness at about 7 per cent. Slight improvement in ductility was obtained with compositions from 10 to 17 per cent manganese. Alloys containing up to 17 per cent manganese slowly cooled rather than quenched from 870°C., he found, were slightly improved in ductility with significant improvement in alloys analyzing 4.1 and 4.8 per cent manganese. Recently Walters, Kramer and Loringa reported mechanical properties for alloys made up from electrolytic manganese and ingot iron and containing from 0.02 to 0.04 per cent carbon. They showed that a tempering treatment at 540°C. (1000°F.) for one hour significantly improved the ductility of compositions ranging from 6.7 to 20.7 per cent manganese. The differences of these compared with Hadfield&apos;s results they considered to originate in this tempering treatment plus the fact that Hadfield&apos;s alloys contained higher carbon and phosphorus (0.06 to 0.15 per cent C; 0.06 to 0.07 per cent P compared with 0.02 to 0.04 per cent C, <0.001 per cent P). In this paper it is shown that of the low- carbon alloys (0.02 to 0.03 per cent) containing from 3.3 to 21.5 per cent manganese moderately or rapidly quenched from 1000°C. some are brittle or ductile, depending on presence or absence of hydrogen. Hydrogen is readily absorbed at high temperatures, and much of it is retained when the alloys are cooled to room temperature. The presence of hydrogen in the range of composition from 10 to 18 per cent manganese is a major factor in determining relative ductility. At 22 per cent manganese, and also at compositions below 10 per cent manganese, factors other than or in addition to hydrogen play a role. These are discussed. Also data are presented to show that hydrogen absorbed by the high-carbon alloys of Hadfield composition is without effect on their mechanical properties.

Jan 1, 1944

By R J. Holmes

An accurate knowledge of the chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics of ores and mineral products that are mined, processed and traded is crucial to effective resource utilisation, plant design, process optimisation and finally quality control to ensure that contract specifications are met. However, all too often the responsibility for sampling is entrusted to managers and personnel who do not fully appreciate the significance and importance of collecting representative samples for analysis, and everyone seems satisfied as long as some material is collected and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Furthermore, sample stations incorporated into the design of new plants are often the first casualties when cost cutting exercises commence. This needs to change, because there is little point in accurately analysing samples if they are not representative in the first place. The resultant analyses can be next to meaningless and the effort taken to analyse such samples is to a large extent a waste of time and resources.Ultimately, a poor knowledge of the characteristics of ores and mineral products limits the ability of mining companies to optimise the life of ore resources and plant performance, and failure to meet final product specifications can have disastrous consequences, including price penalties and more seriously loss of sales contracts. It is high time that sampling is given the attention it deserves as the first critical step in the quality measurement chain.CITATION:Holmes, R J, 2013. The importance of sampling in the mineral industry, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013 , pp 34-49 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 15, 2013

Jan 1, 1891

By R. Allington, G. Walton

The approach has been applied with success to the restoration of chalk workings in southern England, and research and trials relating to restoration blasting and the replication of limestone dale landforms have been undertaken. An essential prerequisite for application of the technique is rigorous geomorphological analysis of the locality to ensure that final quarry landforms are consistent with the local geomorphological and landscape setting. It is always important to ensure compatibility of the final landform with the intended after-use, and to achieve this it is also essential that such restoration schemes have a sound geotechnical basis. A disadvantage of the approach is that final slopes tend to be flatter, especially in weaker strata where natural slopes are not steep; the implications for reserves may be unacceptable, particularly in quarry extensions

Aug 1, 1994

By Galen G. Waddell

Several years of rock-burst research conducted by the Federal Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the mining companies of the Coeur d?Alene Mining District, Idaho, in addition to progress made by others throughout the world, have led to a good understanding of the rock-burst problem. This paper describes conditions which have caused specific bursts, present capabilities of detecting stress buildup and bursts, control methods, and a suggested approach to analyzing any individual mine-burst problem.

Jan 1, 1970

By P D. Fraser

This paper examines the new water-hydraulic (hydro powered) drill rigs that have been developed and proven in the last decade primarily in tabular, shallow-dipping, narrow-reef, hard-rock South African mines. These include - drill rigs for flat end tunnel development, narrow inclined raises and winzes, large inclines and declines and long hole based developments such as orepasses and vent raises. The hydropower technology rigs offer advantages both in safety and performance over traditional compressed air powered, hand-held development are generally more cost effective than imported oil electro-hydraulic drill rigs. Furthermore, hydro powered rigs are inherently energy efficient. The benefits of hydropower are discussed and a æcomprehensive development modelÆ is presented which demonstrates that orebodies can be accessed in significantly shorter times. æLocalisedÆ half level hydropower systems are introduced and a range of ancillary equipment available is listed.CITATION:Fraser, P D, 2012. The use of high-pressure, water-hydraulic (hydropower) technology in South African narrow-reef, hard-rock mines, in Proceedings Narrow Vein Mining 2012 , pp 229-236 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 26, 2012

By J. S. Miller

This report presents a complete coverage of results from Bureau of Mines preliminary research and the field application of explosive fracturing techniques to prepare oil shale for in situ recovery of shale oil. Small-scale surface tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of using a nitroglycerin-base explosive for creating rock fractures. Prior to underground testing, surface and near-surface tests with liquid explosives showed that explosions in sheetlike layers simulating underground fractures would propagate effectively. Successful surface experiments were conducted using layers of explosive placed between glass plates and explosive-saturated sand confined in small-diameter metal tubes. The tests in glass-plate reservoirs and metal tubes demonstrated that nitroglycerin would detonate and the explosion would propagate in cracks as thin as 1/32 inch and through distances up to 12 feet. In a shallow field test, nitroglycerin was detonated in a vertical crack in limestone and produced extensive fracturing. Explosive fracturing tests were performed in oil shale formations on seven sites near Rock Springs, Wyo. The procedures included (1) displacing and detonating nitroglycerin in natural or hydraulically induced fracture systems; (2) detonating nitroglycerin in wellbore shots; (3) displacing and detonating nitroglycerin in induced fractures followed by wellbore shots using pelletized TNT; and (4) detonating wellbore charges using pelletized TNT. The research on oil shale formations demonstrated that nitroglycerin displaced in a natural or hydraulically induced fracture would detonate, and the explosion would propagate through the explosive-filled fracture. Shooting a pattern of wells in oil shale at 100-foot depth with wellbore charges of pelletized TNT developed a satisfactory interwell fragmented zone. Tests performed on other sites at depths to 385 feet caused fragmentation of rock around the wellbore and provided interwell communication. Fourteen methods used to evaluate the extent and degree of fragmentation in the explosive fractured oil shale are discussed.

Jan 1, 1974

By K. P. Nishad

The origin of many casting defects can be traced at the mold filling stage. Entrapped air/gas pockets and oxide film formation are notable examples. In the present work, the mold-filling process is simulated using a mathematical model, built on a multi-physics based commercial package PHYSICA. The simulation code has the capability to solve multi-phase problems. The numerical model addresses a complicated dynamics of filling operation including free surface flow and subsequent flow behavior and is based on conservation of mass and momentum. The Free surface is modeled using the scalar equation method (SEM). The model is validated with benchmark experimental results from the literature. The role of turbulence and the pouring rate on variables affecting sites prone to oxide film formation are investigated using a simple but novel technique. Key findings of the work are presented.

Jan 1, 2006

An overland belt conveyor system installed at Simco-Peabody&apos;s mine near Coshocton, Ohio, is presently carrying coal three miles at an estimated cost of 4.499 per ton-mile. Installed by Link-Belt Co. in late 1961, this system transports coal from open pit and underground mining operations to the Conesville Power Plant. Simco-Peabody has mining operations over a considerable area just east of the Conesville Station. In 1960 the power plant completed plans to enlarge by adding a third boiler. As a result, Simco-Peabody was required to provide means to produce and handle more coal. The haulage equipment, which consisted of one 90-ton, five 60-ton and one 50-ton off- highway trucks, was too small to handle the increasing daily coal demands. Annual tonnage was approaching a million tons and in a few years would be well over that figure.

Jan 4, 1963