Search Documents

By A. J. Oliver, C. E. O’Neil, I. J. Itzkovitch, V. A. Ettel

A new solvent extraction process for the separation of cobalt, copper and zinc from nickel sulphate process streams has been developed. It involves selective extraction of these elements with a quaternary ammonium thiocyanate dissolved in an aromatic diluent. The chemical principles of this process have been investigated and are described, together with background physico-chemical data relating to the use of this solvent. Long-term testing in a continuous "mini-plant" circuit gave high-purity nickel and cobalt products (Ni/Co —200011 and Co/Ni ~1000/1 respectively).

Jan 1, 1976

By William M. Agar

Now that both the national and state legislatures are seeking ways of reducing expenses, the appropriations for geological investigation and for the study of mineral resources have been greatly reduced and in some cases entirely stopped. Is this policy justified? The sums saved by these reductions are always small. If the work accomplished by these surveys has no intrinsic value to the community, but is only an interesting way of spending some of the people's money when that money is plentiful, there should be no surveys at any time. If, on the other hand, they perform a necessary function, it is indeed foolish and short-sighted to save these paltry sums to the detriment of the community. It is not my purpose to undertake a general justification of geological surveys. Rather, 1 wish to call attention to the work of one state survey that has been discontinued, and to indicate ways in which the work was valuable to the people, even though that state's mineral resources are not very important, and why it should be continued. Though at one time in Connecticut's history iron mining and smelting were important, and copper was mined in appreciable quantities in two localities, it is many years since it could be regarded as a mining state. At present Connecticut stands far down among the states in the value of its mineral products. Granite for architectural and structural purposes, trap rock, clay, agricultural lime, feldspar and quartz, together with a few other nonmetallic minerals, are produced in appreciable quantities, but the natural resources of the state consist at present much more largely in its attractive scenery, woods, lakes, shore line, and in the opportunities that these offer for rest and recreation. Is the prosecution of geological work in such a state a waste of the taxpayer's money? Or can it be that though it was formerly valuable, the work is now completed? The only way to answer these questions is to review the geological work done in the past and to consider the type of information the people want, as reflected in the requests that have been received by the director of the survey in the last few years. There have been two periods during which Connecticut has supported geological work within its borders. The first began in 1835 when Percival

Jan 1, 1935

By H. L. Barr

THE following report covers the history of the development of the mine, present equipment, methods and costs of mining and milling. In addition, a description of the ore deposit is given with emphasis on the origin of the fractures, mode and types of ore occurrence, and mechanics of granite emplacement. An endeavor has been made to present a complete and accurate statement of the San Mauricio mine, the highest grade gold mine in the Philippine Islands. Credit is gratefully acknowledged to the mine staff for descriptions and details regarding their particular field of work. All analyses were made by Mr. T. A. DeVore, head chemist, San Mauricio Mining Co. Messrs. Edward Wisser, J. E. Fyfe, A. F. Skerl and W. B. Meek, geol-ogists, have contributed geologic information and ideas, for which thanks are extended. The Executive Committee of Marsman and Co., Inc., Managers of the Company, has kindly given permission for publication. Mr. J. B. Stapler, Division Manager, Marsman and Co., has had the courtesy to read the manuscript and to give critical and helpful suggestions.

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1916

By J. R. Campbell

THE need for standardizing methods of arriving at definite conclusions regarding the cleanability of a given coal, and for measuring the performance of coal-cleaning equipment, is constantly increasing. Earlier notes by the author on this subject are amplified in this paper, because he believes that better preparation of bituminous coal is a partial solution of the coal operators' troubles. WASHABILITY STUDIES The term "washability" of coal was coined when washing was the universal method of separating coal from its impurities by utilizing their difference in specific gravity. This and analogous terms are still used in their broad sense although pneumatic or air separation is now used to clean coal. These terms are so used in this paper. Too much time or money, can hardly be spent on "feed surveys" to get a "picture" of the coal that is to be cleaned. There have been too many "rule of thumb" methods used. Screen analyses and "sink-and-float" tests on the raw coal enable the coal operator and washery man to predict within reasonable limits the results that may be expected from any efficient cleaning apparatus.

Jan 1, 1928

By Michael L. Sorokin

The metallic nickel production by converting of nickel matte is analysed from the thermodynamic point of view using earlier developed thermodynamic models for sulphide, metal and slag phase. Three-suffix Margules equations are used to calculate thermodynamic properties of melts. Potential diagrams of Ni-FeS-OSiO2 system are calculated for various temperatures and Fe to Ni ratios. The diagrams used for consideration about possibilities of the direct one-stage metallic nickel production.

Jan 1, 1995

Page Foreword—H. Foster Bain........................ 9 Letter of Transmittal—F. Julius Fohs...................11

Jan 1, 1927

By William P. Blake

The copper-beariug rock formations of Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, present conclusive evidences of extensive and sharp plication. Some of these evidences are here briefly stated. 1. There is a succession of approximately parallel outcrops of an altered limestone, alternating with dikes and masses of porphyry. The great copper-ore deposits are in close association with these ridges of limestone, which trend northerly and southerly and stand nearly vertical. This parallel succession is so well-defined that the management of the mines has, for convenience, recognized and named five zones, known from the chief mines, in their succession from east to west, as the " Cobre-Grande," " Veta-Grande," " Esperanza," " Capote," and " Puertocitas " belts. The intervening and separating formations are coarsely crystalline feldspar porphyries, highly basic, of light color, which may be regarded as intrusive and, in part at least, as the cause of the metamorphosed condition of the limestone. 2. These cupriferous limestone-zones are similar in constitution, are similarly charged with copper-ore (in association with quartz as a gangue, or veinstone), and are marked by similar croppiugs of gossan. 3. Distinctly folded outcrops of the surrounding strata can be observed, especially on the eastern border of the copper-bearing district north of the Democrita ground, and not far from the Veta-Grande. 4. The limestone ridge adjoining the Veta-Grande ends a short distance north of the mine, and appears to be the extretne end of a synclinal trough. 5. The Capote limestone, the most western of the croppings of the central copper-bearing area, is contiguous to stratified sandstones and quartzites, uplifted at high angles, but showing an easterly dip. The Capote limestone is apparently conformable

Jan 1, 1905

By Robert B. Fulton

The objective of this chapter is to discuss the interrelationship between industrial minerals and chemical manufacturing. It is intended to supplement rather than duplicate the commodity chapters. Particular emphasis is given to the pertinent chemical element and to market factors. Condensing this broad subject into a few pages of this handbook permits treating only the most important elements derived from industrial minerals. Hydrocarbons, which quantitatively dominate as raw materials for the chemical industry, are omitted, as are the metallic elements and the minerals covered in other "use" chapters such as phosphorous, potassium and nitrogen for fertilizers, and titanium dioxide for pigments. The remaining six elements of major importance are: boron, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, sodium, and sulfur. These elements are treated individually under separate headings. Table I (Jones, 1973) affords an overview of the main industrial minerals, the chemical products derived from them, and end uses of the products. Salt brines have particular importance as raw material sources for the chemical industry. Table 2 (Anon., 1967) is a chart of the chemical compounds derived from four types of brines: (1) Owens Lake-type brines, which are sources of boron and sodium compounds; (2) Midland-type brines, from which bromine, iodine, and chlorides of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are derived; (3) Searles Lake-type brines, yielding boron, bromine, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium compounds; and (4) Silver Peak-type brines, produced mainly for lithium. Market Attributes Some of the important market traits common to industrial minerals used by the chemical industry are listed below. 1. They are international commodities, such as fluorspar and sulfur, which largely move to foreign consumers. 2. Grade, and freedom from deleterious elements are important factors affecting their usability in chemical processes. An example is salt (NaCl) used in electrolysis where ultrapure evaporated salt is required to meet rigid specifications. 3. Purified products take on the characteristics of specialty items and command a distinctly higher price than the basic commodity from which they are derived. 4. In practically all cases, chemical users require some sort of cleaning or beneficiation of the naturally-occurring mineral to bring it to specification, and individual specifications may vary from user to user for essentially the same use. 5. In some instances it is necessary to strike a balance between what the vendor can supply and what the buyer requires, with the result that specifications have to be eased to afford the needed materials in marginal cases. 6. Because they tend to be bulk commodities, low cost for handling and transportation are important and such costs may limit the area from which a chemical user can draw his supply. For example, fluorspar from China and Thailand normally goes to Japan, while South African fluorspar can go either to Japan or to the US. 7. Shipments are usually in bulk and frequently in multiple-car, full-trainload or full-shipload lots to reduce transport costs, which in turn may require large terminal investment facilities.

Jan 1, 1983

By Raúl Gomero-Cuadro

El presente texto describe la importancia de la salud ocupacional -en tanto adecúa la posición del empleo al trabajador. La evaluación comprende tres etapas: recolección de la información, análisis y seguimiento de los hallazgos. Sin embargo, la valoración de la aptitud para el trabajo es mal aplicada para la selección de trabajadores, generando conflictos éticos, económicos y sociales en la realización de los exámenes médicos ocupacionales.

Oct 1, 2016

By A. Raman

The Nb-Co system was nuestigated in the range 10 to SO at. pct Co with X-rays. A pt phase with the W6Fe.r-type structure occurs in the system between 46 and 52 at, pct Co. Its unit-cell dimensions are nearly identical to those of the p Phases found in the Nb-Fe and Nb-Ni systems. Two Laves phases, one having the MgZnz-type structure and the other the MgCuz-type structure, already t-eported in the literature, are found to exist in the system. The ,l.IgZnz-type phase occurs between 62 and 64 at. pct Co. A MgNi2-type Laves phase, reported in the literature, is no! obtained. A binalry phase is found to exist belozv I000C around 82 at. pct Co. THE cobalt-rich side of the system Nb-Co has been repeatedly investigated by previous inestiators" and the following intermediate phases are known to occur: NbCo, which crystallizes in the MgCu2-type structure and Nbc03,' reported originally by Wall-bam, which has the MgNiz-type structre. Jordan and uwez' as well as lliott' were unable to find the MgNiz-type phase. Two phases, designated as x and y, were reported by Saito and eck.' The phase x was inferred to have a narrow composition range near 77 at. pct Co. No published work is known to the author which reports the investigations in the niobium-rich portions of the system. This paper presents the results of an investigation in the Nb-Co system between 10 and 80 at. pct Co. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Two or three grams of the alloys under investigation were prepared using niobium (99.9 pct +) and cobalt (98.8 pct + with 0.14 pct Fe and and 0.03 pct C) in a tungsten-electrode arc furnace under commercial argon atmosphere. They were then wrapped in molybdenum sheets and annealed for a period between 5 days and 1 week at 1300°C in high vacuum (10-" orr) or in evacuated quartz amules for 2 weeks at 1000°C. Powders of -325 mesh size were prepared for X-ray work by crushing and grinding the specimens. Subsequent reannealing of the powders was not undertaken since most of the alloys were brittle and broke easily. X-ray powder patterns of the as-cast and annealed samples were prepared in a Siemens cylindrical camera (57.3 mm radius) with Cr-K, radiation. A Siemens diffrac to meter was used to get the X-ray patterns of some new phases. Metal log raphic examination of the alloys supplemented the X-ray findings. RESULTS The results of the X-ray and microstructural analysis Of the alloys are in in Table I. The lattice parameters of the phases are listed in Table 11 for quick reference. A set of micro photographs in Fig. l(n) to (j) show the microstructures of some alloys. A probable equilibrium diagram is drawn in Fig. 2

Jan 1, 1967

By T. W. Smelser

This Bureau of Mines report presents a review of underground testing, test results, and design guidelines of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFC) mine support (cribbing) developed at the Spokane Research Center. The objective of the work was to verify, in field applications, the performance, economics, and acceptance by the mining industry of the SFC supports and establish design guidelines for their use underground. Results indicate superior performance, favorable economics, and enthusiastic acceptance by the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1983

By John E. Hockett

The need for basic information about the relationship between resistance to dejormatim (flow stress), temperature, strain, and strain rate, for the solution of metal-fovming problems, is pointed out. Some early attempts to satisfy the need are mentioned. A brief description of a machine called a Cam Plastome-ter is given, including the processing of results of testing in the machine. Next, a program of testing aluminum in compression over a wide range of constant true-strain rates (0.1 to > 200 sec-1) and a modevately broad range of temperatures (223° to 673°K) is described. The results of this program are presented in the form of true-stress us true-strain cuvves. The data in these curves are presented in the form of relationships between true stress and true-strain rate in sermilogarithmic and log-log form, as functions of temperatures—for several true strains. Finally, true stress, for a given true strain, is displayed as a function of log true-strain rate and absolute temperature, i.e., a surface. SINCE the publication of Hill's book1 on plasticity theory, increasingly rapid advances have been made in analytical solutions to forming problems. Methods in common use are the slab method, the uniform deformation energy method, the limit analysis method, the slipline field method, and the semiexperimental method called "visioplasticity". These approaches, and examples of their use, are covered in detail by Johnson and Melloor2 and by Thornsen, Yang, and Kobayashi.3 unfortunately, practically all of the above work has had to rely upon a number of basic assumptions, e.g., homogeneous deformation and Coulomb (sliding) friction; and virtually no dependence of the mechanical behavior of the deforming metal, upon temperature, strain, and strain rate, has been included. It is with this dependency that this paper is concerned. Loizou and sims4 looked at the above relationship for lead using both a constant compression-speed Cam Plastometer and a constant true-strain-rate Cam Plastometer designed by Orowan.5 Alder and Phillips8 investigated the relationships for aluminum, copper, and steel in the same constant true-strain-rate Plastometer. cook7 tested twelve steels at temperatures ranging from 1170° to 1473°K in the same Plastometer over a range of true-strain rates of 1.5 to 100 sec-'. The writer tested commercially pure aluminum at room temperature and depleted uranium at temperatures from 573" to 873°K at strain rates from 10-3 to 1.0 sec-1 in a Cam Plastometer designed and built at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.8 During the past few years the Cam Plastometer at Los Alamos has been used for a number of relatively minor experiments on brass, mild steel, duralumin, Armco iron, and depleted uranium. In this time the machine has been continually modified and improved. It was decided to utilize fully the wide range of strain rates now available with the machine by testing a material about which some information was already in the literature. Prior work on commercially pure aluminum6 appeared to deserve confirmation and expansion. So it was decided to explore the resistance to compression of this material over the currently available range of constant true-strain rates and a convenient range of temperatures. This paper is a report of that exploration. I) EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE The principal item of equipment is, of course, the Cam Plastometer, the working part of which is shown in Fig. 1. In this figure, an aluminum specimen may be seen between two tungsten carbide platens, in position for a room-temperature test. Above the upper carbide platen is a load cell. Output from the load cell is amplified and applied to a galvanometer in a recording oscillograph. Auxiliary equipment includes the oscillograph, the control console, a counter, and a time-mark generator. The counter is first used in adjusting the time base. Then it registers the count, of sixty pips per revolution generated by the rotating cam, in each second. These pips and the time base are also applied to galvanometers in the oscillograph. Thus, load, time, and cam position are recorded simultaneously. Heating of a specimen prior to compression is done

Jan 1, 1968

By Robert W. Hunt

Delays in the completion of the alterations to the plant at the works of Messrs. Oliver Bros. and Phillips, in Pittsburgh, coupled with the increased demand for metal made from regular Bessemer pig, placing the firm many hundreds of tons behind in their deliveries, prevented Mr. Henry W. Oliver, Jr., from redeeming his promise to place his works at my disposal for further tests of high-phosphorus irons, until May 5th. Upon that date, I assumed charge of the operations in his steel-plant. Mr. Oliver had purchased Neshannock pig as a basis for a supply of phosphorus. My information is to the effect that this iron is made from low-grade Lake Superior ores and mill-cinder, the latter "ore" being utilized to about 40 per cent. of the total mixture. At all events the pig had quite as much phosphorus, and in as varying quantities, as the most exacting could desire. My experiments of last fall had well satisfied me as to the effect of from 0.35 to 0.55 per cent. of phosphorus in the Clapp Griffiths metal. Hence at this time my first trials were directed to

Jan 1, 1886

By E. A. Haack, L. A. Warren

Microbial biofilms are essentially biologically driven, geochemically reactive interfaces between solid surfaces and aqueous solution. Field investigation of acid rock drainage (ARD) associated biofilms at the Onaping nickel mine (Onaping, ON, Falconbridge Ltd.) characterizing: (1) micro-geochemical gradients (pH and 02) (2) metal fractionation amongst biofilm solid components, and (3) microbial communities; over both seasonal and diel timescales, indicates biofilms are highly metal reactive. Results show that biofilms accumulate metals seasonally within two microbially controlled solid fractions: amorphous hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) biominerals and the organic biofilm matrix. The biofilm geochemical microenvironment, driven largely by microbial activity, dynamically impacts biofilm metal behaviour over diel timescales. These results indicate that microbes can play significant roles in bulk system reactive metal transport. On-going investigation seeks to characterize the microbial players and the microbial-geochemical linkages involved in Mn oxyhydroxide formation and subsequent metal sequestration, with the goal of engineering this microbial activity as a bioremediative approach. This approach will have utility beyond specific application to the Falconbridge Onaping site to ARD mine environments in general, as the likely microbes involved in these processes are typically common across ARD systems.

Jan 1, 2004

By K Kuganathan

This paper describes a new methodology that can be applied to compare several bench extraction strategies requiring backfill. The method is applicable at the planning or operational stages and can be used to maintain dilution within design parameters and improve the overall economics of bench stoping operations. The parameters influencing bench performance have been empirically rated based on economical, geomechanical, operational and backfill properties. Four different extraction strategies have been considered and rated from most preferred to less preferred using an integrated approach to bench extraction.

Jan 1, 1998

By Hoberg H, Schnieder FU

The disposal of residues from coal preparation and processing will to an increasing extent require investigation and consideration of the environmental problems resulting as a consequence of this. Different authors (Diingelhoff and Plankert, 1983; Hasenpatt, 1985; Szczepanska and Twardowska, 1987) have concentrated primarily on the content and the mobilisation of inorganic contaminants such as chlorides, metals and heavy metals from spoil tips, while no publications have yet been found on the question of a possible emission of organic contaminants (PCB, PAH, HC HC) from processing residues. Here the flotation residues in particular are able to bind larger quantities of organic contaminants by physi-sorptive means because of their large specific surface and, after disposal, to be re-emitt than into the environment. The flotation agents used in coal flotation are mixtures of technical distillation products with a correspondingly fluctuating composition. As Hey, 1986 showed, they may contain, in addition to the main components (n-alkanes, alcohols, surfactants), over 50 individual trace substances. In conjunction with the structural-chemical similarity of the individual components, this complicates the quantitative analysis of individual components considerably. For the analysis of hydrocarbon content of flotation products by means of extraction with organic solvents in accordance with DIN 38408, H18, the difficulty arises, besides the insufficient sensitivity at low concentrations, that geogeonic hydrocarbons are extracted from the coal as. well and the analysis results are thus falsified. These problems were overcome by the application of the 14C radiotracer method where certain components of the flotation agents are marked with radioactive carbon (14C). By measurement of the radioactivity of solid and liquid samples, the concentration of the marked substance can be measured very sensitively and precisely, whereby the accumulative measurement of similar organic substances is ruled out. Thus the reaction path of certain substances in complex reagent mixtures such as flotation agents can be traced excellently and the conceivable environment burden resulting from flotation tailings disposal can be estimated. In this paper, the adsorption behaviour of typical components of coal flotation agents are investigated for different coals and types of gangue material, the reagent content of flotation concentrates and tailings, as well as the mobility of the reagents adsorbed onto solids. The knowledge of adsorption and desorption mechanisms of unpolar hydrocarbons emulsified in water to solids are also of particular interest for the understanding of processes of organic soil contamination and for the further development of washing processes for oil-contaminated soils.

Jan 1, 1993

By S. Skowronski

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION Since cuprous chloride melts at 418° C., boils at 954° C. to 1033° C.,1 and is known to be volatile at a much lower temperature, the presence of chlorine in any form in or on copper to be melted has always been looked upon by copper refiners as a possible source of-serious copper loss. Although this fact has been known for some time, the copper literature contains little or no information regarding it and the field seems .never to have been properly investigated from a metallurgical standpoint. According to Greenawalt,2 cupric chloride, CuCl2, when ignited gives cuprous chloride; therefore cuprous chloride is always formed when copper enters into reaction with chlorine at a high temperature. Cuprous chloride melts somewhat below a dull red heat, and does not volatilize in closed vessels, even if strongly heated, but if heated in the air it goes off as a white vapor. Hofman3 gives the melting point of cuprous chloride

Jan 2, 1919

John A. Church, New York City: It requires some courage to appear as a critic of a theory which is not only the fashion among American geologists but is usually presented by them in terms which imply that any other views are an exhibition of ignorance. Still, I am obliged to say that the theory of lateral secretion as it is stated in this and other writings of Mr. Emmons and other geologists has not added much to our real knowledge or clearness of view. In the earlier and less developed stages of the theory, when it was used as Sandberger used it, to show that certain veins were probably derived from the rocks in which they lie, or which are adjacent, it was valuable in pointing us to an immediate source of ore-deposition. When we are driven to assume the existence of undiscoverable rocks at an unknown but certainly a considerable distance and in an unknown direction from the vein, I do not see that we have improved upon the despised " unknown source in depth " with which our ignorance has been covered so long. The new theory may suffer from adolescence, and these points map be cleared up by further study, but I speak of it as it is. Differentiation in a magma, by which a metal is concentrated in one member of a series of outflows, may explain why certain ores have favored a given locality with their presence; but it is not a necessary precedent to ore-formation. Concentration in the source of supply cannot be a requirement, for the forces that have been able to take up four or five tons of gold from an extensive body of rock must be able to collect four or five thousand tons of lead, copper or nickel from a proportionately more extended body of rock. That is to say, concentration is no more essential for these metals than it is for gold. In fact, differentiation, as it is now explained, is not an advance upon old ideas, but a retreat from them. It was noticed long ago that violent eruptive phenomena, however long continued, died away in solfataras; and when a vein came to be looked upon as an extinct solfatara the inference was ready that veins are eruptive in the sense that the solfataric waters collected the metals from the unerupted residue of the magma and carried them to the veins. The early views carried differentiation further than the modern school.

Jan 1, 1894

Engineering controls for overburden drilling include dry dust collection systems, wet dust suppression systems, and enclosed cabs [Zimmer and Lueck 1986; Volkwein et al. 1979]. Proper maintenance of the dust suppression system is critically important for drills using dry dust suppression methods. Failure to rigorously maintain these systems will result in inadequate dust control. Acute silicosis has been reported in miners operating equipment that relies on dry dust suppression [NOSH 1992].

Jan 1, 1997