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This paper examines the integration of risk management into the design philosophy of a project to produce a æzero baseÆ design, which targets a minimum capital cost without adversely impacting upon the operating costs of the resulting plant. The concept of zero base design is similar to zero base budgeting and the desired outcome is to improve the economy of the design. Design requirements are questioned in an attempt to distinguish preference, prejudice and myth from necessity. Where doubt remains a risk management approach is adopted. The key to risk management is not risk elimination, but risk mitigation. Risks can be managed by designing them out, but often this involves considerable capital cost penalties and it is more attractive to accept the risk and design an operating strategy to deal with it. The paper discusses this with some examples of real world risk mitigation strategies that resulted in substantial capital cost savings. The paper concludes that as much as a quarter of project capital costs can be eliminated by a combination of zero base design and carefully crafted risk mitigation strategies.

Jan 1, 2004

By Angus D. Campbell

Introduction In the Twentieth Annual Report of the Mcintyre Porcupine Mines, Limited, for the year ending March 31st, 1932, the General Manager, Mr. R. J. Ennis, said: "During the period under review, the plans outlined in last year's report have been completed, and all operations have been centralized in the new plant adjacent to No. 11 shaft. The new mill went into operation on May 27th and attained its rated capacity of 2,000 tons per day on November 15th. The new shops, warehouse, change-house, and general offices were occupied on December 1st, consummating the change from the old to the new plant ... "Silicosis is now definitely recognized as an industrial disease, and progresses rapidly when associated with tuberculosis. In an effort to combat its prevalence and progress, the new change-house was designed to build up the men's resistance to this and other forms of disease. It provides for a complete change from underground to street clothing, with a shower bath and solarium treatment in the interval. 'Unfortunately, in almost every goldmine, a very small percentage of the work-men are not adverse to taking some of the high-grade ore for their own purpose. This, in turn, tends to cast suspicion upon the honourable as well as the dishonorable employees. The new change-house routine discourages this practice and eliminates unjust suspicion, to the satisfaction of all concerned with the Company's operations".

Jan 1, 1933

By N Green

The production of approximately 550 000 tonnes of æwhiteÆ or chrysotile asbestos fibre between 1972 and 1983 at the Woodsreef Mine in New South Wales left behind 24 million tonnes of tailings and 75 million tonnes of waste rock and overburden. The Woodsreef Magnesium Project is designed to extract the 23 per cent magnesium content of the tailings to produce magnesium metal and magnesium alloys, the latter with aluminium from the New South Wales smelters. Further value will be added to the tailings waste with the downstream production of magnesium alloy sheets and cast products for the transportation, electronics and other consumer goods industries. The mine opened in 1918 and closed in 1983 becoming derelict. There has been minimal expenditure on rehabilitation compared with that recommended in reports commissioned by the New South Wales Government. The tailings dump has been designated æasbestos wasteÆ by the EPA and will be eliminated through the magnesium refinery process of the Project with the dissolution of the remaining chrysotile fibres. The benign waste from the refinery process will consist principally of silica with some iron. Significant energy savings are expected from innovative new processing technology, in the alloy formation and in the application of the light weight, cast and sheet metal products, particularly in the transportation industries. Globally, there are very large resources of similar tailings with hundreds of years of useful productive lives that could be converted into the metal of the 21st Century, magnesium, and its alloys, to assist pollution and greenhouse gas reduction from transportation industries. No new mining and minimal feedstock preparation is required. Unlike potential producers using carbonate rocks such as magnesite and dolomite that have to be mined, the asbestos tailings composed principally of non-fibrous serpentinite do not contain any carbon dioxide.

Jan 1, 2002

By J. K. Brimacombe

Plant trials have been conducted at the Tacoma Smelter of ASARCO to assess the effect on tuyere blockage and refractory erosion at the tuyere line, of increasing the injection pressure of air into a Peirce-Smith con¬verter. Four tuyeres each having an ID of 19.1 mm (3/4 in) were installed toward one end of the tuyere line of the No. 4 Converter. Air and oxygen-enriched air were injected at 414 kPag (60 psig) through these tuyeres and at the usual 83 kPag (12 psig) through the remainder of the tuyeres in an otherwise normal converter campaign. The test campaign consisted of 88 charges and lasted for 89 days. During this period, punching of the high-pressure tuyeres was found to-be unnecessary; and when, as a precaution, the tuyeres were cleaned by hand at the end of a charge, they were always open. Also it was observed that the flow of high-pressure air remained constant. Accretion formation around the tip of the high-pressure tuyeres varied from charge to charge and was influenced by the matte grade and the level of oxygen enrichment.

Jan 1, 1983

Reduce spillage hazards and contamination when adding hydraulic nil to mining machine reservoirs. Approach An easily transported module, that delivers hydraulic oil directly into mining machines, was built and tested. How It Works The Hydraulic Oil Delivery Module is carried, from the oil storage area to the equipment needing oil, in the bucket of a scoop or other utility vehicle. Oil is pumped into the module reservoir from storage, or out of the module reservoir into the machine being serviced, through a long hydraulic hose. During long-term testing, the 115 foot long delivery hose made it possible to replenish the hydraulic oil in mining machines at the face with only limited interruption to the mining operation. (Figure 1 shows one! version of the module.) The compact Hydraulic, Oil Delivery Module consists of: an oil reservoir: a pump driven by a hydraulic motor; two high pressure, low volume oil lines, filters; and a low pressure, larger capacity delivery hose equipped with quick-connect-couplers. The high pressure oil lines are connected to the scoop's hydraulic power takeoff, which supplies the power to pump oil in or out of the module reservoir.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. L. McAllister

"MASSIVE sulphide deposits are found in two areas of New Brunswick, the St. Stephen area and the Bathurst-Newcastle area. In both, the geology in the immediate vicinity of the sulphide bodies is largely inferred from drilling results as outcrop is not plentiful and is, in fact, almost lacking in most places. With few exceptions these deposits have not been explored by underground methods. Consequently much of the. detail on the geology will only become known over a period of years as economic conditions make mining feasible.Much of the information contained in this paper has been supplied directly by company geologists. As a result of the number of contributors, some confusion of nomenclature bas to be anticipated. Cross-sections and plans of the individual deposits are, in most cases, as supplied by the companies concerned. Most of the interpretations are the responsibility of the author."

Jan 1, 1960

By K. A. Gschneidner, O. D. McMasters

DgIel-ential thermal, nretallographic, and X-ray paramzetric methods were used to establish the Yb-Pb phase dingram. The terminal solid solubilities in the system are less than 0.2 at. pct. Lead additions lower the 792°C transformation tewzperature of pure ytterbiun~ at 787°C by means of an inverted peritectic veaction. Ytterbium additions raise the 327oC melting point of lead to 329°C by means of a perilectic reaction. Three intermetallic compounds Yb2Pb, YbPb, and YbPb, melt congruerttly at 1246", 1116o, and 740°C. respectively. YbsPb3 forms by a peritectic reacliorz at 1250°C. YbzPb crystallizes in the PbCh (C23) type structure and the orthorhombic latliceo constants are a, = 7.478. bo = 5.225, aud C0 = 9.549A. YbsPbs crystallizes in the hfnsSi3 (D8a) type structure. The hexa~nal lattice constants for this phase are a, = 9.325 and co = 6.92d. YbPbl crystallizes in the cubic AuCU3 (Ll2) type structure with a: = 4.8628 + 0.0008A. YbPb is diwrorphic with the structure change occurring al 507°C upon healing. The crystal structures of the two forttzs were not determined. Eulectic reactions occur at 5.1 at. pct Pb and 769oC, 41.5 at. pct Pb and 1086oC, and G8.0 at. pct Ph and 717°C: RELIABLE information concerning the alloying behavior of most of the rare-earth metals is scarce. A systematic study of the rare earth-lead alloy systems now in progress is an effort to supply such information. Determination of the phase diagram of the Yb-Pb alloys is the first step of this study. Variations in the valence of normally divalent ytterbium may be studied by comparing the characteristics of the Yb-Pb alloys to those of the trivalent rare earth-lead and of the divalent alkaline-earth-lead systems. Of particular interest are the melting temperatures of the intermetal-lic compounds since these are known to be high relative to the melting points of the constituent metals. Crys-tallographic and magnetic susceptibility data for the rare earth-lead alloys are to be included in the comparative study. Results from this and subsequent investigations should provide a better understanding of alloy formation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Materials. The major impurities in the ytterbium and lead used in this investigation are listed in Table I. The lead was obtained from Cominco Products, Inc., and was specified to be 99.99 pct pure. The ytterbium was prepared in this laboratory by the lanthanum reduction of the oxide followed by a distillation of the ytterbium. Alloy Preparation. The alloys were prepared by

Jan 1, 1968

By M. Zamalloa

Slag foaming is an important phenomenon in many metallurgical processes. It creates large surface areas for multi-phase reactions to take place. In other applications, it protects electrodes and improves the energy efficiency by reducing radiation from hot surfaces. However, it may also be a source of serious disturbances. To control and optimize the use of slag foams, an extensive knowledge of the factors controlling the foam formation and stability is required. Slag foaming experiments were carried out using synthetic FeO-CaO-Si02 slags at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1350 "C. A data acquisition system was used to continuously measure the foam height, gas flow rate, bubble frequency and temperature. The experimental results show that the gas injection rate has a strong effect on the behaviour of slag foams. At high flow rates and rapid bubbling, unstable foams with short decay times were created. The addition of P20, favours the foam formation and stability by lowering the surface tension of the slag. The average foam life increases with decreasing basicity (CaO/Si02). It is proposed that this is attributed to the increase of the surface viscosity due to surface adsorption of a thin film of silica, retarding the drainage of the liquid films.

Jan 1, 1992

Real-time data collection and plant historians are becoming common place in mining and processing plants. This vast quantity of data must be turned into easily accessible and actionable information for all levels of the organisation.Queensland Nickel use a combination of Microsoft and SAP business intelligence tools to collect, cleanse, aggregate and present plant information to the appropriate people for supporting decision making in the business. SAP Business Objects, for visualisation, and SAP MII, for integration, allows complex and accurate metrics to be delivered as real-time dashboards. Designing a rigid data management architecture to segregate the data collection, integration and logic and visualisation into distinct logical layers, allows for rapid report development and greatly assists with IT maintenance, while also minimising the complexity of any customised programming. This type of architecture ensures a common data source for all business reports, ensuring one version of the truth. The past few years at Queensland Nickel have seen process and maintenance engineers spending considerably less time collecting and integrating data and spending more time analysing what is happening in the plant. Real-time reports and dashboards have been developed around the business needs rather than around the data. Two years ago Queensland Nickel introduced an employee bonus scheme based upon meeting monthly performance targets; an easy to use dashboard that allows everyone, from operators through to management, to monitor these metrics day-to-day.

Sep 26, 2011

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

C. 7 Emergency Rescue Hoists There is a need, especially in mine development areas, for portable, on-call, man-rated equipment capable of lifting men through several hundred feet. Wire rope climbing equipment as shown in Figure 37 appears particularly suited to this need. It is portable, weighing approximately 100 lbs. , is currently man-rated for numerous above ground applications and can be electric or air powered. Commercial units currently have a lifting capacity of 1000 lbs. , and can be fitted with bosun' s chairs. Lifting speeds are in the 20-30 FPM range and the equipment is not depth limited. In a situation where miners are unable to climb to the top of a shaft this equipment could rapidly be anchored to the top of the shaft and lowered to them by hand. Since the self contained unit is controlled by the person travelling in the shaft he would be able to negotiate shaft obstruction himself. This would not be possible with other forms of easily deployed free-hanging equipment. Typical manufacturers of this type of equipment are Ohio Hoist Mfg, Co, 321 South Beaver St. Lisbon, Ohio 44432 216-424-7283 Sky Climber Inc. 17311 South Main St. Gardena, California 90248 213-321 -6414

Jan 1, 1976

As the gold price, and consequently ore reserves, improved in the late 1970's, a programme of upgrading the gold recovery circuit at the Phoenix treatment plant at Central Norseman was initiated. The introduction of oxidised ore with a high clay content from the North Royal open cut caused a reduction in thickening and filtering capacities, which in turn restricted plant throughput and increased gold losses in the residue solutions. Test work into alternative washing facilities showed that the installation of a five stage counter current decantation system would restore throughput and reduce soluble gold losses. Installation of the system achieved the objectives of increased plant tonnage, increased proportions of the high grade oxidised ore in the mill feed and decreased gold losses in the residue waters.

Jan 1, 1978

By W. J. Skewes, C. T. Holland

Properly constructed stopes are necessary underground for proper ventilation and safe, healthful working conditions. Mining companies are concerned with providing the best possible stoppings at an economic cost. It is important to consider 1) proper materials, 2) construction that ensures maximum performance from the material used, and 3) keeping costs within reasonable limits for the unit operation—stopping—involved. The authors investigated all aspects of the problem and have attempted to layout a study program to provide information on all phases. Mining companies every year purchase huge amounts of material for the construction of ventilation stoppings. This material by the time it is in place in the stoppings will cost the company many thousands of dollars. In addition and more importantly these stoppings are supposed to confine air travel along certain well defined paths into areas where it is needed to provide safe and healthful atmospheres for workmen. The cost of forcing this air through the mine is large and in general increases as the total quantity increases. Consequently, if the stoppings leak, increased cost results and in addition unsatisfactory ventilation may prevail in the mine. Therefore, it is essentia1 to provide the best possible stoppings at an economic cost. When attempting to provide the best stoppings possible at an economic cost, three aspects of the problem must be considered. These are 1) getting the most suitable material for stopping constructions, 2) constructing the stopping so as to get the best performance from the material used, and 3) keeping the cost of stopping construction to a minimum for a suitable stopping. This investigation is concerned with all phases of the problem and has attempted to lay out a study to provide information on all of them. In order to develop information on the best stopping material available it seemed wise, after con- sidering the job a stopping must do, to investigate the following aspects of material used for stoppings: 1) strength in compression, 2) compressibility or yield under load, 3) porosity, and 4) permeability. To provide information on the best manner of construction the following aspects of air leakage through the stopping were investigated: 1) when the stopping is built of dry stacked materials—i.e., the joints are not mortar-laid (See Fig. 1); 2) when the stopping is built of dry stacked material and then plastered on one side (see Fig. 2); 3) when the

Jan 1, 1961

By L. M. Luckevich

Gypsum is a product from the neutralization of sulfuric acid by lime or limestone. This paper will discuss specifications for gypsum used in wallboard, cement and agriculture and the factors affecting its utilization potential. Process conditions during the neutralization which enhance or inhibit utilization potential will be included. In addition, this paper provides a technical and economic perspective of the gypsum industry in North America with a view to the factors affecting the utilization of synthetic gypsum in traditional applications. Current production and consumption of natural and synthetic gypsum in Nonh America are described and the impact of their differences on utilization options are discussed.

Jan 1, 1996

By Charles S. Barrett, F. W. Steadman

Deformation bands of surprising regularity are found in large-grained poly-crystalline copper after cold-rolling (Fig. I). Individual bands frequently are large enough to permit a determination of their orientation by means of etch pits and an optical goniometer. Measurements have been made on 21 areas in seven different grains, and these, combined with X-ray studies of nine single crystals that had been cold-rolled after mounting in a polycrystal-line block, have contributed to a better understanding of the preferred orientations in rolled copper just as similar studies have for rolled iron1 and brass.2,3 Particular attention was given to determining orientations that are stable during rolling and to the manner of fragmentation and rotation of unstable grains. The possible role of twinning was also carefully investigated. The texture of polycrystalline copper after cold-rolling is well established by the pole figures that have been plotted by Schmid and Staffelbach,4 Iweronowa and Schdanow,6 and Brick and Williamson,8 all of which are in substantial agreement. There has been some divergence in the list of individual "ideal" orientations that have been used to describe the texture by these observers and others," although the orientation (110) [II2]—that is, (110) parallel to the rolling plane and [TIP] parallel to the rolling direction—is generally recognized as the most prominent orientation and (112) [III] one of the lesser orientations. Other orientations have been given by some observers as (236) [535], (100) [00I], and (110) [00I]. The texture of copper has also been described as (I35) [533].6,7 The sum of these orientations provides a reasonable approximation to the complete pole figure, but it does not follow that these specific orientations are necessarily of fundamental significance, for the choice of indices is arbitrary, within limits. Furthermore, a detailed investigation of the ideal orientations in cold-rolled iron discloses continuous ranges of equally favored positions rather than definite positions of high stability,' and similarly Brick's observations in a single crystal of a brass2 suggest that all orientations in the range between (110) [II3] and (110) [II7] are about equally stable. Materials and Methods The material used was vacuum-cast electrolytic copper kindly supplied by L. L. Wyman, of the General Electric Co.* Slicec 1/2 in. thick and 21/2 in. square, cut from the ingot, were rolled with 50 per cent reduction per pass to final thicknesses between 0.02 and 0.04 in., and etched to develop cube-face etch pits suitable for goniometric work.8 The etch was light on some strips and deep in others.

Jan 1, 1942

By E. L. Rawlins

Pipe lines through which natural gas is flowing should be buried in order to minimize fluctuations in the temperature of the gas, as these fluctuations have several harmful effects. One of these effects is to decrease the accuracy of measurements of gas volume. In order to meter properly the quantity of gas flowing past any point in a transmission system, it is necessary to how the temperature of the gas. If the temperature remains fairly constant, the gas flow can be measured with a close degree of accuracy, but if it fluctuates rapidly, close measurement is impossible.

Jan 1, 1926

By Carlo Grandori

Foreword In loose ground and soft rock formations, mechanical tunnel boring is necessarily dependent on the adoption of shield machines and the application of adequate support or lining structures. These structures are erected either within or immediately behind the rear portion of the shield and provide the required reaction to the forward thrust. In competent rock formations where systematic support is not a requirement, hard rock tunnel boring machines generally advance by thrusting from a structure gripped against the tunnel walls. These machines may feature a more or less extended cutterhead shield or roof support, but when in weathered, fractured or otherwise weakened ground, or in fault zones filled with soft gouge, the gripper mechanism often cannot provide enough thrust reaction to advance the cutterhead. Under these conditions, early support of the arch and walls is generally required in the form of rock bolts, steel rings and laggings and some times of a primary concrete lining placed in the short section between cutterhead and grippers. Such tunnel support measures generally fail to produce an adequate increase in thrust reaction capacity, but

Jan 1, 1976

By Hobart M. Kraner, E. B. Snyder

THIS paper shows that volume stability, low porosity and decreased pyroplasticity are desirable for blast-furnace linings, particularly for the hearth. It shows further that a hot load test is a valuable means of testing the fusion or softening behavior of a refractory at operating temperatures. The effect of carbon monoxide on commercial blast-furnace refractories in their as-received condition and after refiring is reported, showing that many commercial blast-furnace refractories disintegrate badly but that refiring decreases the effect and certain special refractories are now available which are almost free of the tendency. FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF REFRACTORIES If one were to depend entirely upon experience or trial in the selection of clay refractories, the solution of a problem would be a slow process. Furnace campaigns are so long and attended by so many variables that it is difficult to draw fine distinctions within a reasonable period of time in regard to the quality of refractories used. It could be said, of course, that if service results do not yield the proper information for intelligent choice, there is no difference in the quality of brick being considered, but this is not necessarily true. Conventional ceramic tests are designed to give the ceramic engineer information as to the refractoriness and firing temperature, which he in turn interprets in terms of volume stability, ability to withstand load at high temperature (pyroplasticity), permeability, chemical stability and resistance to the action of slag. In most refractory applications several of these factors are involved. In a particular instance, one requirement may be predominant, while in others some other factors may be of primary importance. In this country, clay refractories are generally made from mixtures of plastic and flint fire clays. The process of firing a clay refractory is one of slowly melting the constituents, and during this operation its porosity is gradually reduced. The process is arrested, of course, in its incipient stages and the progress is determined by measuring slight changes in. porosity, volume, bulk gravity, etc., that have taken place. Often the temperatures to which clay refractories are exposed in service are higher than those employed in their firing. However, if the manufacturer were to fire them at such high temperatures the brick would distort. Therefore it would be difficult for the manufacturer to fire all of his clay refractories to temperatures . at which they are to be used, although in many cases it would be desirable from the user's point of view if he would do so. The porosity of clay refractories decreases by firing, to a minimum limit, after which a further increase in the temperature causes expansion in certain clay constituents and bloating in others. -Both may occur in the same refractory containing two such clays.

Jan 1, 1944

By John Johnston

WHEN I was honored by being invited to give the Howe Memorial Lecture, I decided to read Howe's book, "The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron," published in 1916-that is, about 25 years ago-in search of a text. I found the book written in fine, clear, attractive, yet precise style, as I expected, knowing that his father Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, his mother Julia Ward Howe, and all of his four brothers and sisters had lived in a New England literary atmosphere and had written books. This leads me to suggest that many authors of metallurgical papers and books could well study Howe's writings with a view to the improvement of their own. I failed to find a specific text, but did find a subject, for in reading his book I was struck by the few instances in which time is considered explicitly as a factor in the phenomena examined, and by the fact that many of the hottest arguments would have been settled had time been taken properly into account. Indeed, Howe hardly mentions time except in a rather incidental way, as in a few references to lag; for instance: The lowering of temperature at which the transformation occurs by rapid cooling . . . is a phenomenon of undercooling or lag. It is in part explained by the fact that the transformation itself is a time-consuming reaction which, setting in during a rapid fall of temperature, is naturally protracted till the temperature has sunk far below that at which it is due. He does discuss, quite fully, the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, as known at that time, introducing it by stating: As he is a reasonable man who is not deterred from using a hand' truck for moving his trunk by the consideration that he has thus to move a trunk plus a truck, so am I reasonable in putting into your hands this useful, indeed indispensable, tool for mastering the ABC of iron metallurgy. Somewhat later, in introducing a discussion of the phase rule, which "it would be hardly proper to pass ... by without an attempt to outline its meaning," for "a clear exposition of its applicability or jurisdiction is needed to restrain the half¬initiated from misusing it and the uninitiated from being misled by these misuses," he writes-and I quote his statement because we cannot properly discuss the influence of time on a process until we know the state of equilibrium which would ultimately be reached by the system under consideration: It is a most remarkable and valuable generalization, its conceptions help greatly toward getting a broad outlook on metallography, but its misconception has brought out a flood of obscuring writings. It tells us about the constitution towards which alloys tend, that which they reach when equilibrium is complete, when all tendencies have corrected themselves and have been complied with completely. Its application, in absence of true equilibrium, is like determining density with a telescope or even with a tuning fork; it is like the mad tea party at which the butter put into the works of the watch was the best butter. If the reader learns no more than to beware of attempts to decipher the conditions of inequilibrium by a law which touches only the conditions of exact

Jan 1, 1942

By W. P. Nel

The introduction of the Higher Education Qualifications Framework (HEQF) and the updated Higher Education Qualifications Sub-Framework (HEQSF) has caused many South African university departments to rethink their programme qualification mixes (PQMs). In addition to the requirements stated in the HEQSF, a number of other factors have to be taken into consideration by a university department. These factors include, for example, the standards generated by the Engineering Standards Generating Body (ESGB) and subsequently approved by the Engineering Council of SA (ECSA) and the need to prepare students for various categories of professional registration with ECSA. This means that a university department has to choose the correct mix of Learning Programmes (LPs) from the HEQSF menu (which consists of 13 types of LPs). Preparing students for ECSA registration is aligned with the mission of universities, which is to teach and undertake research. However, research and the LPs associated with research go beyond the requirements for current ECSA registration. Assuming that universities offering engineering LPs would elect to prepare students for both ECSA registration and teach them to produce research outputs, which is mostly done at Master and Doctorate levels (NQF Levels 9 and 10), then it follows that academics are more interested in NQF Level 5 to 10 pathways (abbreviated as ?L5-10?) rather than the shorter pathways required towards professional registration. (For example, ECSA requires an NQF L5-L7 pathway for registration as a candidate professional technologist. This specific pathway may consist, for example, of two LPs, namely the 360-credit Diploma and the Advanced Diploma.) A L5-L10 pathway is a combination of LPs that will prepare the learner with a NSC (or equivalent qualification at level 4) to Doctoral level (level 10). Universities may choose at least four major pathways from the HEQSF menu in order to educate and develop students from NQF Level 5 to 10. However, various pathways towards registration in the category of candidate with ECSA are also embedded into these four NQF L5-L10 pathways, where each consist of a unique combination of LPs. Each of these pathways has an opportunity cost, and economic reality means that smaller departments may have to choose between the four pathways. Of all the many factors involved in PQM decision-making, the focus of this paper is on the HEQSF requirements, ECSA standards, and ECSA registration and how these, together with the various qualifications and educational LPs provided for by the HEQSF may impact on the PQM decision taken by engineering departments and schools at South African universities. The proposed four NQF L5-L10 ?pathway tool? for PQM decision-making may be useful for pointing out the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the various pathways and combinations of pathways. Rather than deciding from a menu of thirteen qualifications and associated LPs, this article proposes that decision-making be undertaken on the basis of a menu of four main articulated ?NQF L5-L10? pathways (which also include one or more of the ECSA?s pathways for professional registration). The proposed ?NQF L5-L10 pathway? tool is an attempt to move one step closer to the aim of achieving a structured decision-making approach for designing a PQM at departmental level.

Jan 1, 2014

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period of Apr. 10, 1917, to May 10, 1917. ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., Supt., Iron Ore Mines, The Low Moor Iron Co. of Va., Longdale, Va. AVERY, DAVID, Met Collins House, Collins St., Melbourne, Vic., Australia. BATES WILLIAM T., Shift Foreman, American Zinc Co. of Tenn., Mascot, Tenn. BIRD, ELMER, Min. & Civil Engr P. O. Box 1483, Boise, Idaho. BLACKBURN, JOSEPH R., Vice-Pres. & Genl. Mgr., Austen Coal & Coke Co., Austen, Preston Co., W. Va. BOTSFORD, FRANK P., Asst. Genl. Supt., Eastern Mesaba, Pickands Mather & Co., Gilbert, St. Luis Co., Minn. BRADEN, SPRUILLE, Min. Engr., Andes Exploration Co. of Maine, Casilla 83-D, Santiago, Chile South America. BROWNE, DAVID G., Mill Designer, New Jersey Zinc Co., 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. BRUDERLIN, EMIL J., Met. Engr., Ohio & Colorado Smelt. & Ref. Co., Salida, Colo. CAMPBELL, DONALD C., Min. Engr., Campbell Wells & Elmendorf, 114 James St., Seattle, Wash. CARRIGAN, J. J., Asst. Genl. Supt. of Mines, Anaconda Copper Min. Co., Butte, Mont.

Jan 6, 1917