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By John C. Holtz

"INTRODUCTION Information on the gaseous products from the detonation of explosives has been obtained in two ways. In the first, the atmosphere in mines is analyzed after blasting, and in the second, the gases found after detonating an explosive in a testing apparatus are analyzed. The Bureau of Mines, in a cooperative research 3/ that compared data obtained in the field with those obtained in the testing station, showed that the results were not in entire agreement. The production of carbon monoxide was found to be governed chiefly by the oxygen balance of the explosive, but the production of oxides of nitrogen did not change in so simple a manner. Because of the increasing interest in correlations between the composition of the explosive and the production of toxic gases, it seemed desirable to continue the investigation.PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATIONAs field tests are both time consuming and expensive and as field results are affected by factors that are not always under control of or clearly evaluated by the operator, the purpose of this investigation is to develop a testing-station procedure that will reproduce the gaseous products quantitatively under known conditions analogous to those that may be expected in the field. In addition, the factors affecting the formation of toxic gases, particularly oxides of nitrogen, will be studied,"

Apr 1, 1940

By R. D. Osmanson

A series of batch roasting tests was performed on minus 1/2 inch gold bearing refractory samples from the Gold Acres deposit, and 67 select particles were polished and the sulfide alterations were examined microscopically. The suite of specimens represents two hour batch roast treatments at 600°C, 700°C, 725°C, 750°c, 800°C, and 900°C. Auriferous pyrites were found to alter sequencially to pyrrhotite, magnetite and finally to hematite. It was found that the decrease in cyanidation extraction with high temperature roasting is likely due to the increas ing stability of magnetite and more crystalline hematite, and the decrease in porosity with these phases which occlude the gold. Gold has been noted to occur very early in the mineralizing sequence, with gold being found in quartz and in clay/carbonate rock matrix. No gold was found in the two pyrite phases, but numerous gold grains were found in pyrrhotite after pyrite and in subsequent iron oxides. Gold mineralization had apparently ended by the time base metals were introduced into the deposit.

Jan 1, 1987

By Leland L. Mink, Roy E. Williams, C. Daniel Kealy

The passage by Congress of Public Law 92-500 (the 1972 Water Pollution Control Act amendment) has placed a new emphasis on the need for methods to minimize the escape of water from tailings ponds. Presumably tailings pond seepage will fall under the jurisdiction of the act. This paper is designed to explain some of the problems caused by leakage from tailings ponds and to present a method by which leakage can be minimized if not eliminated. Ground-water pollution in one case studied by the authors results from leaching of old jig tailings that are intermixed with the upper part of a sand and gravel aquifer. Anomalous concentrations of zinc, lead, and cadmium occur in ground water and soil samples taken from the portion of the sand and gravel aquifer containing the old jig tailings. Analysis of water samples from a tailings pond located in the area indicates that the pond water is not the source of the heavy metal concentrations found in the down-gradient ground water. However, leakage from the pond and water from the pond's decant system combine with natural ground water to compound the problem by raising the water table into old jig tailings which cover the upper portion of the aquifer. The ground water which discharges from this aquifer causes a statistically significant decrease in the quality of the receiving stream water. The shallow ground water contains oxygen; therefore, corrective measures include lowering the water table to depths below the old jig tailings which cover the aquifer at ground level. This, in turn, implies elimination of ground-water recharge by subsurface leakage from the pond. A laboratory study and a mathematical model study have revealed that seepage from such ponds can be minimized by a carefully designed and managed peripheral tailings discharge system. The process involves maintaining the slime zone and the free-water surface near the center of the pond so that the slimes retard downward and semilateral movement of pond water. The free-water surface must not be allowed to extend out over the nonslime portion of the tailings during or after pond operation. Mathematical model output reveals that this method can hold the subsurface discharge rate to as little as 110 gpd per acre of pond water area. The technique should be applicable to any tailings pond system in which the loss via seepage of poor quality water must be minimized or where recharge of ground water by losses from a tailings pond must be minimized, regardless of the reason.

Jan 1, 1974

"These guidelines have been prepared to assist the Qualified Person(s)in the planning and supervision of exploration programs which will be reported under National Instrument 43101. The Companion Policy of NI43101 references the guidelines and states that issuers and Qualified Persons should follow them.Exploration Best Practices GuidelinesPreamble: These guidelines have been prepared to assist the Qualified Person(s) in the planning and supervision of exploration programs which will be reported under National Instrument 43-101. Such exploration programs must be under the supervision of the Qualified Person who will be responsible and accountable for the planning, execution and interpretation of all exploration activity as well as the implementation of quality assurance programs and reporting. These guidelines are also recommended for use in the planning and execution of exploration programs which will not be reported under NI 43-101. This set of broad guidelines or ""best practices"" has been drawn up to ensure a consistently high quality of work that will maintain public confidence and assist securities regulators. The guidelines are not intended to inhibit the original thinking or application of new approaches, that are fundamental to successful mineral exploration.Results should be summarized and reported in a Technical Report of good professional quality in accordance with the National Instrument 43-101 and Form 1 contained in that instrument. All exploration work from which public reporting will ensue must be designed and carried out under the supervision of a Qualified Person (""QP""). A QP is defined in National Instrument 43-101 as an individual who is an engineer or geoscientist with at least five (5) years' experience in mineral exploration, mine development, mine operation or project assessment, has experience relevant to the subject matter of the project or report and is a member in good standing of a recognized professional association."

Jan 1, 2003

By O. Tsuge, G. Hoffman

ITmk3®(Iron Technology Mark III) is an innovative new ironmaking technology whereby high quality iron nuggets are produced directly from iron ore fines and coal in a rotary hearthfurnace1). The reaction mechanism has been investigated in detail through fundamental laboratory research2)3), and the ITmk3 process has progressed from the laboratory to commercialization by the success of the pilot plant tests initiated at Midrex’ Technical Center and at the Kakogawa Bench Plant (KBP) located at Kobe Steel Ltd. Kakogawa Steel Works4)5). Pilot operations have demonstrated rapid production of the iron nuggets with complete metal/slag separation at a relatively low operating temperature. The Kakogawa Bench Plant (KBP) in Japan has logged 21 days continuous operation during which high quality iron nuggets were produced directly from fine ore and coal. The operation technology and the engineering data obtained from these pilot tests were instrumental for the scale-up of the ITmk3 process for the Mesabi Nugget Corp. pilot demonstration plant, which is located at Cleveland Cliffs Inc. Northshore Mining iron ore pellet plant in Silver Bay, MN. The ITmk3 process is an ideally suited technology for siting at the iron ore mine, as it allows the economical production of a value-added merchant iron product.

Jan 1, 2003

By N. J. Grant, R. Nordheim

An extensive study was made of the aging characteristics of alloys based on the 80 pct Ni-20 pct Cr composition hardened with aluminum and/or titanium, each up to 4 pct. Aging was followed by means of hardness and hot electrical resistance measurements as well as by X-ray and microscopy. Stress rupture tests at 1500°F were utilized as a check on the predicted behavior. THE titanium and aluminum hardened Ni-Cr alloys, exemplified by Nimonic 80 and Inconel X, constitute one of the more important groups of alloys developed to meet the demand for materials retaining their strength at elevated temperatures. For service in the temperature range 1200" to 1500°F, these alloys offer high creep resistance. With increasing service temperature, however, the strength of the simpler Ni-Cr base alloys falls off rapidly so that above 1500°F there is a significant loss of strength. The present investigation was undertaken with the hope that a better understanding of the factors controlling the precipitation hardening of these alloys would make it possible to increase the useful service temperature range. Primarily this investigation involved the study of the effects of titanium and aluminum on the hardening and the subsequent softening at elevated temperatures. The titanium and aluminum contents were each varied between 0 and 4 pct by weight at a constant nickel to chromium weight ratio of about 4:1. (Except when otherwise stated, all compositions are expressed on a weight basis.) The major part of the investigation was confined to alloys with less than 0.06 pct C. Recently several papers dealing with the identity of the microconstituents in the titanium and aluminum hardened Ni-Cr alloys have been published. Using X-ray analysis of the residues from anodic dissolution, Rosenbauml was only able to identify carbides and nitrides in Nimonic 80 and Inconel X. However, since Rosenbaum worked with alloys in the hot rolled rather than in the aged condition, his results are inconclusive. Recently Hignett' reported that the hardening of Nimonic 80 was due to the controlled precipitation of Ni,(TiAl) having the cubic Ni3A1 structure. Taylor and Floydv-" published the results of an investigation of the nickel-rich corner of the Ni-Cr-Ti, Ni-Cr-Al, and Ni-Ti-A1 systems. In the Ni-Ti and the Ni-A1 systems the hexagonal Ni,Ti phase, 7, and the cubic Ni3A1 phase, -y', respectively, exist in equilibrium with the nickel-rich solid solution. The interatomic distances in the basal plane of Ni,Ti and the octahedral planes of the matrix are almost equal, thus explaining the Wid-manstaetten type structure formed when Ni,Ti precipitates from solid solution. When Ni:,Al precipitates from solid solution, it appears usually in globular form, often dispersed along rows corresponding to definite crystallographic directions. The 7 and phases are also the only intermetallic compounds which occur in the nickel ternary alloys with up to 25 pct Cr and 10 pct Ti or Al. Taylor and Floyd found that Ni,Ti takes practically no nickel, chromium, or aluminum into solution. Nial, on the other hand, dissolves a considerable amount of chromium and titanium and some nickel. Up to three out of every five aluminum atoms could be replaced by titanium in Ni,Al. This substitution caused a slight increase (less than 1 pct) in the lattice parameter. With respect to the effect of variation in the titanium and aluminum contents on the high temperature strength of Nimonic 80 type alloys, Pfeil, Allen, and Conway" reported that an 80 pct Ni-20 pct Cr alloy containing 0.20 to 0.30 pct A1 had the highest creep resistance when the titanium content was kept between 1.65 and 2.75 pct. Experimental Procedure The materials used for this investigation were electrolytic nickel, electrolytic or low carbon chromium, sponge titanium and 2s aluminum. The alloys were melted in an indirect carbon arc furnace under

Jan 1, 1955

By B. Moudgil, M. Bogan

A bench-top centrifuge was used to study the consolidation behavior of phosphatic clays. A mathematical model (based on, first-order kinetics) was developed to describe the relationship between the void ratio (at any time) and the effective stress. The permeability of the sediment as a function of the void ratio is also described. The results of this analysis are then compared to data obtained by other consolidation testing methods. The centrifuge results indicate that consolidation data may be developed in a short period of time (hours) as compared to days or weeks when other techniques are used.

Jan 1, 1997

By F. E. Wood, H. W. Young, A. W. Buell

This paper summarizes the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the properties of the paraffin or rod-wax encountered in the Salt Creek field, Wyoming. It also describes field tests and methods employed to cope with the paraffin problem. The conclusions to bo drawn from the laboratory work are: 1. Samples of Salt Creek paraffin range in consistency from soft lo hard, the melting points varying from 120" to 156" V. 2. Masses of soft paraffin are soluble to an appreciable extent in crude oil and its liquid fractions at temperatures somewhat below the melting point of the paraffin. Hard paraffin is very slightly soluble. under these conditions. 3. Agitation apparently increases the amount of paraffin that will go into solution. 4. Paraffin congeals from solutions upon cooling to the point of saturation ation, which is in all cnscs below thc melting point of the paraffin. 5. Crutltl oil is tlie most effective. of all the solvents for holding paraffin in solution. 6. Pressure alone does not appreciably affect the solubility of paraffin in crude oil nor does it aid materially in holding paraffin in solution when the temperature is reduced. 7. Natural gas in solution under pressure does not appreciably increase the solubility of paraffin in crude oil, hut is effective in holding paraffin in solution when the temperature is reduced. 8. A foreign body introduced into a solution of paraffin in oil is imrnediately coated with paraffin if the temperature of the solution is at or below the melting point of the paraffin, and the object is considerably cooler than the solution. It may not be entirely correct to ray that paraffin is taken into solution; it is impossible that the paraffin may be in suspension rather than in solution.

Jan 1, 1928

Compared to alternative ways of dealing with coal fines, oil agglomeration has always been a commercial bridesmaid and never yet a bride. Yet interest is high in the process, as shown by a number of pilot plants in operation that are funded by industry as well as government. In the past in the US, alternative ways to handle coal finer than 100 to 200 mesh included flotation, or no treatment except dewatering, or discarding the fines as waste. There are now a number of factors that tilt the economics more toward fine coal recovery. Today, the cost of mining a ton of underground coal runs from $22-30, and discarding even 10% as unrecovered fine coal is a real economic loss. A number of attempts (notably by EPRI) have been made to quantify the effect of coal cleaning on utility boiler operations. Transportation and ash handling costs, frequency of unscheduled outages, fouling and slagging problems, and boiler tube erosion are all lowered by cleaning coal. The advantage of coal cleaning on these parameters has been shown, but the dollar amount varies with many assumptions and is difficult to pin down. The message to a utility, however, has not been lost and the trend toward cleaner steam coal is accelerating. This may lead to fewer installations that only wash the coarse coal, and add back the unwashed fine coal until a maximum contractual ash limit is reached. And, as the proportion of coal fines continues to increase by continuous and longwall mining, it may become impossible to clean the coal sufficiently without cleaning the fines. Flotation and oil agglomeration are the only processes that presently deal directly with cleaning the very finest coal fractions. Flotation has proven its effectiveness in cleaning blackwater and in separating fine coal from mineral matter. It has the achievable potential for far greater pyrite rejection than is now obtained in commercial preparation plants. While flotation will continue to be the predominant method for fine coal cleaning, there are conditions and opportunities where oil agglomeration can be a

Jan 8, 1980

By D. Jamróz, A. Surowiak, T. Niedoba, P. Pieta

"The separation of coal material of three types of coals originating from three various Polish hard coal mines (types 31, 34.2 and 35, according to Polish nomenclature, which were steam coal, semi-coking coal and coking coal) into particle size fractions and then into particle density fractions was done and then the following parameters were measured for each particle size-density fraction: combustion heat, ash contents, sulfur contents, volatile parts contents, analytic moisture. In this way a 7-dimensional vector of data was created. Using methods of factor analysis the important features of coal were selected, which decide about their membership to individual types. To evaluate the appropriateness of the applied method the Bartlett’s sphericity test as well coefficient of Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) were used. To select important factors the Kaiser criterion and Cattell’s scree test were used. The obtained results were compared with the results obtained in previous works by means of observation tunnels method. The results showed which particular features are crucial to define the type of coal what is also important to select appropriate method of its enrichment.INTRODUCTION Coal extracted from the mine is often a mixture of coals of various quality originating, for example, from various coal layers. One of the most important issues is to determine its quality, what means to verify if it fulfills certain requirements. Usually, such parameters as combustion heat, ash contents, sulfur contents, volatile parts contents and analytic moisture decide what the coal quality is (Drzymala, 2009). Such investigations are expensive and time consuming. That is why it seems to be important to determine the mutual connections and interactions between them what would make possible to reduce the amount of the necessary parameters. This issue was already investigated with successes in several works [Jamróz and Niedoba, 2013; 2014; Niedoba, 2015]. This work is another approach to this problem. Here, the investigation of possible reduction of researched parameters was done on the basis of the factor analysis. The obtained results confirm the earlier observations."

Jan 1, 2018

By Allen F. Agnew

Detailed stratigraphic studies in the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa district have made it possible to map the folds and faults that controlled the deposition of the zinc-lead ore. Prospecting on the basis of this mapping and prospecting in lower zones that are potentially ore-bearing have led to discoveries of ore. GEOLOGIC studies for the Federal and State governments in the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa zinc-lead district were begun in 1835, and subsequent surveys were made in the three states at intervals until 1916, see Table I. The current study of the district, Fig. 1, by the U. S. Geological Survey was begun in 1942 in the hope that a systematic investigation would help increase production of zinc and lead, then in extremely short supply. Major emphasis of the USGS program was on detailed mapping of the geologic structure and ore deposits. Preliminary maps and reports covering localities of intensive mining activity have been published during the course of this study, Fig. 2. By 1950 the objectives of the study by the USGS were revised; 71/2-min quadrangles of relatively unprospected localities as well as intensively mined localities are now being mapped in Wisconsin. Since 1945 the investigation in Wisconsin has been made in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, and since 1951 the geologic mapping of areas of particular interest in Iowa has been performed in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey. At intervals since 1943 the Illinois State Geological Survey has mapped the geologic structure and ore deposits of localities in the Illinois part of the mining district, see Fig. 2. Geology was applied by mining company personnel as early as 1853, but only sporadically, with periods of greater application between 1890 and 1925. Much of the so-called geologic work was in reality mining engineering. Since 1946 the major mining companies in the district have employed geologists who have successfully applied geologic techniques in the search for ore. History of Mining Occurrence of galena in the district was known as early as 1658 or 1659, when French explorers heard of lead mines that were apparently in the vicinity of Dubuque, Iowa. In 1690 a trading post was established near Dubuque to obtain galena. The first significant attempt at mining by white men took place in 1788 when the Indians granted to Julien Dubuque mining rights for 20 miles along the west side of the Mississippi River, including the vicinity of Dubuque, Iowa. By 1805 lead was being mined near Galena, Ill. In 1819 permanent settlement of the region was begun, and most of the important lead-producing areas had been found by 1830, see Fig. 3. Lead production in the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa district between 1830 and 1871 far exceeded that of any other district in the U. S.' Smithsonite was first mined in 1859, and sphalerite was mined as early as 1867. After 1873 the production of sphalerite exceeded that of smithsonite. In 1873 annual zinc production from the district first equaled lead production, and from then until 1893 production of zinc and lead was roughly the same. Since 1893 the ratio of zinc to lead mined has generally ranged between 5:l and 20:l. In 1942 the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa zinc-lead district ranked 14th among zinc-producing districts of the U. S. From 1946 until February 1953 the dis-

Jan 1, 1956

By G Love, S Maher

In Victoria’s onshore Gippsland Basin, geology is driving brown coal developments, and geologists are key decision-makers. Prompted by volatile energy prices and the likelihood of a carbon constrained future, significant work has been carried out on the next generation of technologies to be applied to this giant resource. These include new-generation gasification technologies, coal conversion processes yielding products as diverse as diesel and fertiliser, drying technologies producing thermal and metallurgical coals and in situ conversion processes. However, coals aren’t coals, and brown coal available for new projects will have different quality parameters and mining economics from that currently mined.New projects are likely to be developed on coals with moisture contents averaging 60 per cent and corresponding low energy values. Whilst ash values will be low, averaging just 5 per cent (dry basis), this will at times approach 10 per cent, which is a level that would challenge the installed-generation technologies. Sulfur values will average 0.4 per cent (dry basis), but at times exceed 0.6 per cent, requiring technologies that address the potential for sulfur dioxide emissions. Whilst localised high levels of the fluxes iron (>1 per cent dry basis) and sodium (>0.3 per cent dry basis) would increase fouling of installed technologies, they may be suitable for selected next-generation technologies.Project viability for this next generation of technologies will be strongly influenced by mining cost, and geologists are playing a role in identifying higher-value coal. At its simplest, this is being achieved for open cut mines through regional, vertical strip ratio assessments, which are considered a first-order proxy for mining cost. Follow up assessments are incorporating mining and processing cost, coal quality penalties and product revenues. At a regional scale, it is informing the likely location and relative timing of future mine developments, as well as thinking around rehabilitation strategies, infrastructure and land-use planning.For deeper coal, factors like macro permeability, the ability to isolate seams from aquifers, groundwater chemistry, pressure temperature conditions, connection with groundwater recharge and in situ biota are being used as vectors to in situ coal conversion opportunities.Matching coal to the next generation of technologies has benefited from regional-scale geological studies of coal quality and mining economics, and has benefited from early engagement between geologists, technology developers and project proponents.CITATION:Maher, S and Love, G, 2014. Matching brown coal to the next generation of Latrobe Valley projects, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 77–84 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

By Terry O. Arney

Ore Reserve Models are well established evaluation and mine planning tools. BY definition, these models are made up of regularly sized blocks, arranged in a three dimensional matrix. Two dimensions correspond to north and east directions, and the third, to the depth or elevation. The dimensions of the blocks need not be equal, but generally at least two of the dimensions are equal. The blocks are located in space by coordinates which are generally translated into index values for computer applications. Each block will have quantitative attributes, such as grades, densities, rock characteristics, etc. assigned to it. The process of assigning values to each block in the three dimensional matrix is the process of ore reserve model development. One of several interpolation procedures may be employed to predict the value of a block, based on surrounding data. Block value models have several uses. The utilization of block models in ore reserve computations is quite common. Here, ore reserves may be calculated by level or by cross-section for the entire deposit. For each ore reserve calculation, multiple cut-off grades may be analyzed to determine the ore reserves under different cut-off conditions. The other major use of block value models is in mine simulation. Through simulation, profitable studies that analyze the effect of alternate ore removal sequences can be undertaken to determine economic optimality. Other studies that are undertaken in mine simulation problems include the evaluation of mine layout, pit slope effects, and the impact of varying cut-off grades.

Jan 1, 1974

By TA Louw, Dr CM Lownds

In an era where profits are constantly being eroded, mines are looking towards technology developments to assist them in solving mining problems and reducing mining costs. An emerging technology that could assist mines in becoming more cost effective is electronic detonators. Electronic detonators have been under development for several years. Over the past three years, the spotlight has fallen on commercial use of electronic detonators and the extent to which the promise of precise and programmable timing can assist mines with their environmental and productivity problems. This paper uses case studies to demonstrate both surface and underground applications where electronic detonators and blasting systems were used to solve typical mining problems such as vibration and fragmentation. Safety aspects such as hanging wall conditions and high wall stability also benefited from the use of electronic detonators. The paper also demonstrates how the use of accurate electronic detonators and blasting systems has resulted in improved/more even fragmentation with further downstream efficiencies. These efficiencies may include increased cast percentages, reduced oversized rocks, quicker cleaning times and increased production rates.

Jan 1, 2004

Jan 1, 1909

By K. A. Allison, D. R. Van Orden, R. J. Lee

Continuing analysis of environmental samples for asbestos content has resulted in the misidentification of non-asbestos amphibole particles as asbestos fibers. These errors have received wide publicity (such as in the asbestos-in-crayon story) and have caused unnecessary reformulation of products. The primary cause of these errors has been a poor understanding of mineralogy and analytical techniques among the many asbestos laboratories that arose following the passage of the AHERA regulations. Presented here is a procedure based on published data that can be used to correctly classify an elongated particle as asbestos or as non-asbestos.

Jan 1, 2005

By Hoppe AJ

Drilling and shooting techniques at Moura open-cut have evolved over a period of 16 years and are the result of hard earned experience combined with established practices and consul- tation with professional services. The wide range of overburden types encoun- ted in the field requires varying methods to achieve the best results at all times. Safe working conditions for the employees and protection of mining equipment is of para- mount importance and close liaison is maintain- ed with the Department of Mines Queensland to keep abreast with changing legislation. Drill patterns, charging profiles, types of explosives and ultimate results are des- cribed in detail along with a resume of equip- ment. Costs of drilling, labour and explosives are also analysed with a total of approximately 20c per cubic metre of shot ground. Future developments and improvements to facilities are also outlined.

Jan 1, 1978

By S. Acar, P. Somasundaran

The results obtained for the selective flocculation of natural ores do not usually agree with the corresponding properties of the constituent minerals when present alone. This is mainly due to the presence of dissolved mineral species which can interact in many ways with other components in the system and alter their behavior. In this paper, the effect of dissolved species on the flocculation and electrokinetic properties of sulfide minerals is discussed. Dissolved iron, copper, and nickel (Fe, Cu, and Ni) species are found to affect the properties of natural chalcopyrite and pentlandite in certain pH range. These effects are interpreted in terms of species adsorption leading to activation or depression of reagents, surface precipitation, and complexation of species

Jan 1, 1986

By F. S. Knoll

Magnetic separation employing superconducting technology is now accepted within the Kaolin processing industry, proving the value of this technology and its ability to operate reliably even at the most remote site. Developments in superconducting magnet engineering, including cryogen free operation, combined with experience in mineral processing enables new forms of Wet and Dry superconducting magnetic separation to be developed. Applying the high magnetic force advantages at 5 T else available from such magnets to other materials is now a reality. High magnetic force mineral separating system developments are reviewed allowing the mineral processor to take advantage of a technology that is no longer confined to the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1997

By Jeffrey N. Deisher, H Y. Fang, Richard P. Scheller, Robert M. Koerner

The need to adequately quantify cracking in structures in the vicinity of blasting activity becomes more important each year. This urgency comes about through a growing number of complaints and lawsuits between the various parties involved, i.e., operator/owner, government, and complaintant. It is felt that existing rules and regulations (mainly based on peak particle velocity of the soil or rock adjacent to the structure in question) fall short of such quantification and lead to confusion in adequately assessing structural damage.

Jan 1, 1977