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By Khamis Y. Haramy

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report describes the use of Bureau-developed flat and cylindrical hydraulic borehole pressure cells. A brief description of the fabrication, installation, and pressurizing equipment is given and pressurizing procedures are discussed. Theories available on evaluation of data from the flat and cylindrical pressure cells and examples of data analysis and stress evaluation are also presented.

Jan 1, 1991

By Park Wright

The fact that granite has been encountered by the drill by those in search of oil and gas in Kansas is becoming more and more a matter of interest, not only to the oil producer but to everyone directly and indirectly connected with the oil business. It is, therefore, time that someone should offer an explanation for its presence and form a definite opinion, based on all the data available, in regard to the effect it will have on the future prospects of the area affected as probable oil-and gas-producing territory. At present there seems to be no consensus of opinion. To the writer's knowledge, only one attempt has been made to explain ; by Erasmus Haworth, State Geologist of Kansas, in a paper entitled Bulletin Number Two on Crystalline Rocks in Kansas. The purpose of the present paper is to offer a theory for the presence of the granite, and to draw conclusions which will aid in determining the prospective oil and gas value of the area in question. In taking up this question it will be well to consider first the tests in which granite has been reported, with a general history of each. The accompanying map (Fig. 1) shows the location of all wells described. The first well in which granite was reported was that drilled just south of Zeandale in section 27, township 10 south, range 9 east, by a local company which had taken up a block of leases in that vicinity. At a depth of 958 ft. (291.99 m.) granite was encountered. Drilling was continued to a depth of 1093 ft. (333 m.) in the same formation, at which depth the hole was abandoned. Another well was started 1 mile east of the first well and the same rock was found at a depth of 945 ft. (288 m.). Drilling was continued to a depth of 1200 ft. (365.76 m.) with the bit in the same formation. Samples of the drill cuttings have been examined and they are undoubtedly crushed granite. The next well in which granite was found was that drilled by DeLaat and Shepard, independent wildcat operators, in section 34, township 19 south, range 7 east, near the town of Elmdale. Granite was struck at 1707 ft. (520 m.) and the hole was abandoned in the same formation at 2525 ft. (769 m.). Mr. DeLaat watched the drilling of this well very closely and he has described to me in some detail the formation immedi-

Jan 1, 1918

By M. A. Cornachione

The west central upper Peninsula of Michigan contains a large resource of graphitic slate. The slate has potential industrial use as a substitute for shale currently used in the production of portland cement. Some of the unweathered slate, however, has a high concentration of pyritic sulfur which can create emission problems when processed in a kiln. A low cost method to reduce the sulfur content of the slate through the optimization of pyrite oxidation in a bio-heap leaching operation was investigated.

Jan 1, 1992

By Jonathan S. Jackson, Bayne B. McMillan, W. Joseph Schlitt

Various dump leach models have been developed by Kennecott, and these are reviewed with an eye toward production forecasting. Some of the models have been bated on first principles, utilizing the chemistry and physics of dump leaching. While providing considerable insight into the leaching process, these have proved to be too cumbersome for use in estimating production. Other models have been based on a declining leach rate for a single block of waste. These permit good short-term projections of solution grades and production, but are inflexible with regard to changes in mining parameters because the trends are based only on historical data. Therefore, a simple and flexible computer model has been developed to aid in leach production forecasting and to provide a tool for assessing the impact of different mining plans on leaching. This program, LEACH, is based on annualized blocks of waste; input parameters are described and examples of its use are given.

Jan 1, 1980

By B. Tiryaki

Performance prediction models for partial face mechanical excavators, when developed in laboratory conditions, depend on relating the results of a set of rock property tests and indices to specific cutting energy (SE) for various rock types. There exist some studies in the literature aiming to correlate the geotechnical properties of intact rocks with the SE, especially for massive and widely jointed rock environments. However, those including direct and/or indirect measures of rock fracture parameters such as rock brittleness and fracture toughness, along with the other rock parameters expressing different aspects of rock behavior under drag tools (picks), are rather limited. With this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between the indirect measures of rock brittleness and fracture toughness and the SE depending on the results of a new and two previous linear rock cutting programmes. Relationships between the SE, rock strength parameters, and the rock index tests have also been investigated in this study. Sandstone samples taken from the different fields around Ankara, Turkey were used in the new testing programme. Detailed mineralogical analyses, petrographic studies, and rock mechanics and rock cutting tests were performed on these selected sandstone specimens. The assessment of rock cuttability was based on the SE. Three different brittleness indices (B1, B2, andB4) were calculated for sandstones samples, whereas a toughness index (Ti), being developed by Atkinson et al.1, was employed to represent the indirect rock fracture toughness. The relationships between the SE and the large amounts of new data obtained from the mineralogical analyses, petrographic studies, rock mechanics, and linear rock cutting tests were evaluated by using bivariate correlation and curve fitting techniques, variance analysis, and Student?s t-test. Rock cutting and rock property testing data that came from well-known studies of McFeat-Smith and Fowell2andRoxborough and Philips3have also been employed in statistical analyses together with the new data. Laboratory tests and subsequent analyses revealed that there were close correlations between the SE and B4 whereas no statistically significant correlation has been found between the SE and Ti. Uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tensile strengths and Shore scleroscope hardness of sandstones also exhibited strong relationships with the SE. NCB cone indenter test had the greatest influence on the SE among the other engineering properties of rocks, confirming the previous studies in rock cutting and mechanical excavation. Therefore, it was recommended to employ easy-to-use index tests of NCB cone indenter and Shore scleroscope in the estimation of laboratory SE of sandstones ranging from very low to high strengths in the absence of a rock cutting rig to measure it until the easy-to-use universal measures of the rock brittleness and especially the rock fracture toughness, being an intrinsic rock property, are developed.

Jan 1, 2006

By S. Babendererde

The twenty-ninth Sir Julius Wernher memorial lecture of the IMM, presented at Tunnelling '97, London, 2-4 September 1997. The tunnelling industry is well prepared to face the challenge from the population explosion in urban areas in the near future. Many well-established yet redundant concepts are still impeding progress, however, including the prediction of excessive surface ground settlements. The correct selection of TBM can minimise these, and ground deformations can be avoided completely if the appropriate techniques are applied. Advanced techniques have been used in the Tokyo Bay Crossing, where the tunnel lining was installed by robots. Other advanced techniques include the use of a sliding slip form to give temporary support to an extruded tunnel lining, the chemical processing of ground by polymers during earth-pressure balanced tunnelling and the use of electronic monitoring and steering devices in TBMs. There will be challenges to tunnelling in urban environments, as open cut techniques will no longer be tolerated. Two examples of mined stations are briefly discussed

Jun 19, 1905

By Scales PJ, Ralston J

Fine coal particles have been examined with respect to dustiness and its connection with various physical and chemical properties. It appears that a given coal will tend to be dusty ifthe moisture content is low and if the inert maceral content and overall rank are high. The hydrophobicity ofa coking coal (Young-Wallsend) and a steaming coal (Blair Athol) was examined in detail by a dynamic contact angle technique. The YoungWallsend coal had a higher contact angle, on average, than the Blair Athol sample. This result has important implications for dust suppression and associated processes.

Jan 1, 1986

By P. K. Koh

Chi phase (body-centered cubic, a = 8.89A) was found in as-cast 23 pct Cr-10 pct Mo-Fe alloy as well as in heat-treated 316, 316L, 317, and modified 446 stainless steels. Chi phase resembles sigma phase in its metastability, chemical composition, and brittleness. Microstructure and some of physical properties of chi phase were developed. MOLYBDENUM has been established as a desirable alloying element for the enhancement of corrosion resistance in Cr-Ni steels and creep and rupture strength in high temperature alloys. On the debit side, however, the molybdenum addition has been known to stimulate u formation. When the molybdenum-bearing steels were subjected to prolonged heating at elevated temperatures, losses of corrosion resistance and/or ductility have been observed. Andrews1,2 first found the existence of a new phase among the anodic FeC13 extracts from type 316 stainless steel solution treated and then reheated from 800" to 1100°C. This phase was designated x and was identified by diffraction patterns as of body-centered cubic structure with a value equal to 8.89? and similar to that of a manganese. He found that the x phase in this steel always coexisted with s phase, but failed to distinguish one from the other by metallographic technique. No definite conclusion was drawn regarding the equilibrium temperature ranges of these two phases. The appearance of Andrew's work recalled an un- explained structure observed several years ago at the Allegheny Ludlum Research Laboratories during the investigation of an experimental alloy containing 25 pct Cr, 10 pct Mo, and balance Fe. X-ray diffraction patterns on the as-cast material revealed the presence of a body-centered cubic phase having a lattice parameter of 8.89?. The structure was sufficiently similar to that of y chromium that for a time it was thought that the structure might be caused by the presence of some undissolved electrolytic chromium particles. The alloy as-cast was so brittle that it shattered after the slightest hot reduction by hammer cogging. This paper gives the results of some metallographic and X-ray diffraction studies on x phase as found in several experimental alloys as well as a few molybdenum-bearing commercial stainless steels. The analyses of materials studied were as shown in Table I. Experimental Procedure Metallography: Solid specimens were polished mechanically and etched in boiling 50 pct HC1 solution in order to best delineate x and s phases in the alloys studied. X-Ray Diffraction: The difficulty of satisfactorily developing diffraction lines for s phase in solid specimens has been previously reported by Bindari, Koh, and Zmeskal.V or this reason all specimens used in this investigation were subjected to anodic

Jan 1, 1954

By L. B. Phelps

Many coal mining companies have potential surface mine reserves which either are known or suspected to have had prior drift mining activity on them. In many cases, there is no documentation on these mines or at best, very fragmented records. These undocumented abandoned underground mines are creating engineering, financial, and environmental difficulties and concerns for both surface coal mine operators and regulatory personnel. This paper examines the use of resistivity techniques in detecting entries of abandoned drift coal mines. The detection of such a drift mine entry would confirm the presence and orientation of an abandoned underground coal mine.

Jan 1, 1985

Jan 1, 1920

By S. P. Singh, Turgut Yalcin

The physical characteristics of blasted rock are fundamental variables affecting the economics of mining operations and are in fact the basis for evaluating the quality of a blast. A study was designed with the objective of quantifying the effect of muck size distribution on scooping operations in a mine.

Jan 1, 2002

By G. H. Billings

The following data were collected some years since in the course of a series of experiments with oil as a substitute for coal in puddling, the earlier form of the Archer apparatus being employed. While I am not at liberty to give the name of the works at which the tests were made, I can personally warrant the accuracy of the record, and feel justified, therefore, in making this contribution to a discussion in which all trustworthy figures are likely to be helpful. Oil in Puddling. Starting with everything cold, we used 3518 pounds of oil to get the furnace in condition to charge a heat. After charging, we ran until we took out 13,340 pounds of puddled-blooms, using 8437 pounds, or 1333 gal1ons of oil. At 49 cents per gallon, the cost for oil per gross ton of blooms was $10.91; with coal at $4.871/2, and a consumption of 1.5 tons per ton of blooms (the usual quantity is ton for ton), the cost for coal is $7.31. The quantity of oil consumed in heating the furnace to the proper temperature and to make the bottom, is not included in the oil consumption stated. The quantity used was 3518 pounds of oil. Usually, the furnace need only be lighted, but in this case it had been repaired, and it was necessary to make a new .bottom. This required the quantity of oil necessary to make three heats of blooms, or 2109 pounds. Deducting this from the 3518 pounds leaves 1409 pounds of oil as the quantity consumed every week in lighting up.

Jan 1, 1889

By M. R. Wormald

A real time data acquisition system has been developed for implementing standard radiometric analytical techniques, applied to the monitoring and control of mineral processing plants. The system uses standard ECB-bus microprocessors and peripherals, in conjunction with a specially designed nucleonic pulse ADC. It is being applied to the accurate on-line analysis of naturally-,occurring radioelements in processing plants, for example by simultaneously measuring the intensity of 1.46 MeV gamma-rays from the naturally-occurring radioisotope K-40, and the stream density by gamma-ray transmission of 662 keV gamma-rays. Gain stabilisation of the NaI(T1) scintillation detectors is maintained by the microprocessor in slave units, each of which may control up to four sample presentation systems. Data analysis - including corrections for bulk density, radioactive decay of the Cs-137 gamma-ray source, pulse pile-up, dead time and external background - is carried out in a master computer which is connected to the slave unit, and can be interfaced to the plant control computer via data links.

Jan 1, 1986

By Duluth Engineers' Club, Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota

"Prospecting and Exploration. Since the Lake Superior ores occur in pockets or distinct bodies and vary much as to character and location, the actual mining of the ores is preceded by much work of an exploratory character. This work includes prospecting and exploration.Prospecting is the term generally applied to the quest for surface indications of ore, or the conditions which would warrant the expectation of finding ore in the vicinity. It includes such 'operations as geological examination, dip needle work, shallow test-pitting, and trenching. The ore bodies of the Mesabi Range are non-magnetic, and dip needle prospecting is therefore valueless. On the Cuyuna range, however, magnetic attraction as evidenced by the dip needle has been extensively employed as a guide to the location of ore deposits; in other localities it has found limited application.Drill Exploration. After the presence of an ore deposit is known or suspected, resort is generally had to exploration by means of diamond or churn drills. On the old ranges geological conditions generally make this manner of ascertaining the exact limits of an ore deposit impracticable; so, if two or three adjacent drill holes develop considerable depths of ore, the sinking of a shaft for underground exploration, development and mining is generally considered warranted. On the Mesabi Range, however, the flat-lying and comparatively shallow characteristics of the ore formation warrant much more extensive drill explorations. On this range, then, an ore body 'is almost invariably followed· out with the drills, and its limits are determined to the point where the complete plan of development can be worked out in advance of actual mining operations"

Jan 1, 1920

By S. H. Lorain

This paper is one of a series on mining and milling method and costs being published by the United States Bureau of Mines. The Golden Messenger mine, operated by the United Gold Mines Corporation, is in the York-Confederate Gulch mining region in Luis and Clark County, Mont., 22 miles northeast of the city limits of Helena and about 1 mile north of the town of York. It is the first operation to exploit successfully the low-grade ores of the York-Confederate Gulch area. The unusual vein structure presents some mining problems that have been solved in ail interesting manner.

Jan 1, 1937

By Gigmai W

Ok Tedi Mine is a high production open pit porphyry copper mine located high in the Star mountains of Papua New Guinea. The mine produces an average of 160 000 tonnes of ore and waste daily at a 1:1 strip ratio. Full scale drilling and blasting began in 1988, prior to which time all material was ripped and dozed.Drilling and blasting procedures at Ok Tedi underwent a major review commencing mid-1989. As a result of a mutual commitment by management at Ok Tedi and the mines explosives supplier ICI, significant reductions in overall blasting costs have been realised. These cost savings are primarily the result of the introduction of air bags, expanded patterns and better field execution.

Jan 1, 1992

By E. V. Redin, B. A. Dubrovsky, E. V. Knyazev, A. I. Starikov

"Ti-V magnetite is one of the most abundant composite ore resources in the world. This ore cannot be fully processed via blast furnace technology because of high content of Ti02. According to the investigations carried out in the USA and Japan ITmk3 RHF (Rotary Hearth Furnace) technology is a breakthrough in Ironmaking. Reduction, melting and slag removal can be achieved in just 10 min. The main objective of the investigation is to establish optimum operation conditions for the production of iron nuggets from Ti-V magnetite ore via the ITmk3 by means of the lab scale testing. Samples of ore from the Maly Kuybas deposit (Southern Ural), carbon reductant and fluxes were chemically analyzed. Green pellets were processed via a lab chamber furnace to simulate RHF conditions. The nuggets and slag were chemically analyzed. This preliminary test work provides valuable information which may be used for large-scale testing in a commercially sized RHF.IntroductionThe ITmk3 process upon which this paper focuses was developed by Kobe Steel in its research facilities [l]. After pilot testing at Kobe Steel's Kakogava Works in 1999-2004 the pilot demonstration plant was built and operations were successfully carried out by Mesabi Nugget joint venture in 2002-2004. Steel Dynamics put into operation the commercial plant at the Mesabi Nugget site in Hoyt Lakes (Minnesota) in 2010. Results were consistent with nugget characteristics confirming ITmk3' s flexibility with respect to raw material inputs. At the same time, no research in the field of nugget from the Ti-V magnetite bearing ore with high content of Ti02 and Alz03 has been done. It is well known, if a lot of Ti02 and Alz03 enter the blast furnace, slag becomes viscous. The viscous slag is obstacle for stable operation of the blast furnace. Besides, high content of Alz03 raises the melting temperature of gangue minerals disturbing the coalescence of reduced iron to the nuggets."

Jan 1, 2013

By R. Cheng

The kinetics of the solvent extraction of ythium from HCl solution with mono-2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester (HEHEHP) have been studied using a rotating diffusion cell (RDC). The effects of rotation speed, pH, ymium and extractant concentrations and temperature on the rate of extraction were examined. The rate of extraction of ythium appears to be controlled by an interfacial reaction of metal ion and extractant. The concentration of the latter is determined mainly by diffusion through the membrane. The contributions of the rates of diffusion in the diffusion layer, diffusion in the membrane and chemical reaction at the interface to the overall rate have been calculated on the basis of a kinetic model.

Jan 1, 1992

By Gunnar Nord

Introduction ??Atlas Copco has customers both amongst Miners and Contractors ??We believe that the contractor's approach to tunnelling is worthstudying ??For a tunnel contractor the incentive is speed as ?30 % of the costs are material related ?70 % of the cost are time related ?A tunnel contractor favours utilizing of the face ?A miner favours utilizing of the gear ??Statement; In mining, a long term average advance rate of more than 10 m / day can be achieved with the excavation techniques availabletoday

May 1, 2009

By Guy W. Crane

The geology of the Tintie mining district, fully treated, would occupy an elaborate monograph. This less comprehensive paper is devoted primarily to the occurrence and origin of the orebodies of the district, while space is given to those phases of the general geology only which seem necessary to a proper setting of such a discussion. The first geological report on the Tintic district to be issued was that by Tower and Smith, published in 1899, in the form of a paper in Part III of the Nineteenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, and also as Folio No. 65, Geologic Atlas of the United States. About four years ago a second investigation was begun by Waldemar Lindgren and G. F. Loughlin, of the U. S. Geological Survey. With the exception of a paper on the oxidized zinc ores of the Tintic district by Mr. Loughlin, the results of their work are still unpublished. The writer's acquaintance with the district began in the fall of 1913, and has extended over a period of about two years. 1. Location The Tintic district lies about 65 miles due south of Salt Lake City, and on the west central slope of the Tintic Mountains, a short range, which forms the connecting link between the Oquirrh Mountains on the north and the Canyon Range on the south—the group constituting the first of the Basin ranges to the west of the Wasatch Mountains. The productive portion of the district embraces an area about 6 miles long and 2 miles wide, which is divided between Juab and Utah Counties. Within this area are the towns of Eureka, Mammoth, Robinson, Silver City, and Knightsville. All these points are tapped by the Denver & Rio Grande and S. P., L. A. & S. L. Railways. 2. Topography As in most of the Basin ranges, topographic relief is strong, dropping rapidly from peaks of 8,100 ft. above sea level to elevations of 5,600 ft. in Tintic Valley on the west and 4,500 ft. in Goshen Valley on the east.

Jan 1, 1916