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There were present eight Directors, the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute, and seventeen guests. Messrs. John V. N. Dorr and George D. Barron were appointed members of the Founder Societies Finance Committee on Joint Activities. A request from the New York members of seventeen societies that the Institute send a delegate to Engineering Congress for the purpose of formulating a code for professional conduct was referred to the Engineering Council. There were elected thirty-four members, twenty associates, and thirty-one junior associates. The status of one member was changed from associate to member; and of one junior associate to associate:

Jan 7, 1919

By Wen Liangying, Zou Chong, Tan Xiuqin, Bai Chenguang, Zhang Shengfu

"Eight typical metallurgical byproducts containing iron were selected based on the effect of the chemical composition, particle size, additives on the burnout degree of pulverized coal. Effect of three typical byproducts including fine iron ore, BOF dust and BOF sludge on combustion reactivity and combustion efficiency were investigated using TG-DSC method. The results indicated that the three additives have obvious catalytic effects on pulverized coal. By comparison, the relative active sequence of byproducts to the catalytic combustion can be described as follows: BOF dust>BOF sludge>fine iron ore. Moreover, adding BOF dust as component of additives also shows significant catalytic effects on combustion efficiency during rapid heating process.IntroductionChina is the largest producer in the world with an annual output reaching over 6 billion tons. Solid wastes arising from iron and steel making increases the environment pressure in recently years. For instance, annual output of dust during the production of iron and steel making in China reach up to 5 million tons, which is close to 8%~15% of the amount of steel [1]. Another characteristic of these byproducts is they are finer particle which are just harder to deal with. Since some of solid wastes, including dusts, scales, and sludge, usually contain high iron content, sintering plants have traditionally been used to recycle byproducts in integrated steel plants in China. However these byproducts also have noticeable effects on sinter quality, sinter strength and productivity and, therefore, waste recycling is limited depending on the analysis of the waste materials [2]. Another method which is pre-treatment of byproducts in pelletizing process, increases of energy consumption and production cost. In addition, metallurgical byproducts often contain heavy metals and alkalis. For these reasons, recycling rate of the byproducts in China is very low. Therefore, how to recycle the byproducts in iron and steel making process is an important subject."

Jan 1, 2012

By R. J. Mechin

Top-slicing was introduced in the Pachuca district in 1917 by T. C. Baker, at that time mine superintendent of the Santa Gertmdis mine. There then existed 1200 ft. below the surface, lying between the fourteenth and eighteenth levels (a vertical distance of 354.2 ft.) a block of ore having a length of 295 ft. and an average width of 82 ft. and dipping at an angle of 65°. This block lay in the hanging wall of the vein and consisted of highly altered and fractured andesite, cut through with mineralized quartz stringers. On the foot-wall side, 26 ft. of old filling, left by former operators, was of payable grade. Stoping therein was first undertaken by the square-set filling system, but because of the extremely heavy hanging wall and loose dry filling in the foot wall, all square setting had to be accompanied by spiling, which made the operation exceedingly slow and costly. A system of mining was sought that would eliminate the difficulties inherent to the square-set system in heavy ground and that at the same time would effect the desired economies in mining. After several years, top-slicing has met all the conditions most satisfactorily, so that when similar conditions presented themselves in El Bordo mine, this method was adopted with necessary modifications. El Bordo mine is operated by the Santa Gertrudis company, and is situated about two miles north of Pachuca. Because of the diversity of the orebodies, a number of different mining methods are in use, among them top-slicing. Description of Block of Ore Former operators, when mining the original vein, left in the foot wall ore of too low grade to be profitable at the time; also, considerabe low-grade material was sorted out and stored as filling in the stopes. Some pillars were left in place, either for support or because they were not payable. All this has formed a body of ore that can now be exploited

Jan 1, 1925

By D. L. Mckay

"Texasgulf's 25-foot-diameter Kidd Creek No. 2 Shaft is situated next to the company's No .1 Shaft, so that both shafts can share common surface and underground facilities. Shaft construction, covering a span of five years from collaring to commissioning , started by freezing the 50 feet of grey varved clay covering the bedrock. After first completing the concrete headframe, sinking to the 5/00-foot horizon utilized two different shaft construction methods. The top 2800 feet was excavated by slashing a 6-foot-diameter borehole and hoisting the broken material up the 3OO0-foot-deep No.1 Shaft; the remaining 2300 feet was excavated by conventional benching methods. Prior to installing the 5100 tons of galvanized shaft steel on the completion of the sinking operation, the sinker was able to install all thirteen armoured electrical cables in one pass with his modified galloway stage. All loading and lip pockets were installed along with the steel guides and bun tons during the equipping operation.IntroductionOn November 21,1978, Texasgulf completed the No.2 Shaft at Kidd Creek Mine. This shaft is the largest shaft (volumewise) in North America and is unique in many respects . The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the unique features of this shaft as well as to record how this facility was constructed.Soon after sinking No.1 Shaft, Texasgulf started a program of exploratory diamond drilling from the 2800 level in No. 1 Mine. The drilling outlined sufficient ore below that level to justify a second mine. Feasibility studies demonstrated that production could be increased by one-third exclusively from this deep ore . The study called for a 25-foot-diameter shaft to the 5100-foot horizon to service a mine producing 5,000 tons of ore per working day.The site chosen for No.2 Shaft and head frame is 350 feet southwest of No.1 Shaft. This, along with No.1 Shaft, will be away from the influence of ground subsidence when mining at depth. The collar and head frame foundations are located on a flat rock ledge some 70 feet below surface. This flat ledge was found by test holing through the overburden by diamond drilling. It is fortunate that this location best satisfied the surface layout and logistics for both surface and underground ore and waste handling."

Jan 1, 1981

By C. F. Gleeson, D. G. Sheehan

"The results of humus and overburden geochemical surveys over the Doyon, Bousquet and Page-Williams gold ore deposits are presented.These studies show that humus sampling for gold gives negative results over the Doyon deposit. The lack of response is probably caused by the presence of 1 m of relatively impermeable glaciolacustrine clay and silt that overlies 1 m to 2 m of till over the surface expression of the ore zone. By contrast, positive responses for gold occur in humus samples over the Page Williams A and C gold deposits. The ""A"" ore zone is covered by several metres of exotic calcareous till over 0.5 m to 1 m of older, locally derived till. Anomalous values for gold in humus range from 10 to 35 ppb over the orebody. Overburden over the ""C"" ore zones is much thinner, generally it consists of less than 2 m of sandy till. Trenching humus anomalies that range from 10 to 1360ppb Au uncovered the gold mineralization. The geochemical dispersal trains in till from the Doyon orebody and the Page-Williams ""A"" zone are relatively short (i.e. less than 200 m) because both deposits occur in the lee of bedrock highs that shielded them from extensive glacial quarrying. Dispersal trains from all three pyritic gold deposits can be defined using either the fine fraction or heavy mineral fraction of the till.The intensity of the gold in till anomalies over the ore zones is variable. Therefore, it would be misleading to attach rigid significant threshold gold values to overburden drilling results. Each case must be evaluated based on bedrock topography, sample density, overburden type, thickness of till, as well as size, type and orientation of the target exposed to glacial erosion."

Jan 1, 1987

By Alla D. Mah

Relatively pure aluminum nitride (AIN) recently has been prepared in sufficiently large amounts to permit a variety of experimental studies.4/ Several mechanical and chemical properties have been investigated, which show that this substance has good potentialities as a container for liquid aluminum, gallium, and boric oxide. The present work by the Bureau of Mines was undertaken to obtain thermo-dynamic data pertinent to the calculations regarding thermal stability and reactivity of aluminum nitride. The following measurements were made: (1) determination of the heat of formation from the elements at 298.15° K.; (2) determinations of the heat capacity over the temperature range 51° to 298.15° K. and the evaluation of the entropy at 298.15° K. therefrom; and (3) determinations of the heat content over the temperature range 298.15° to 1,800° K. These data are combined to obtain free energies of formation from the elements between 298.15° and 2,000° K.

Jan 1, 1961

By A. P. Schissler

Mining has several characteristics, uncommon in other business sectors, which pose additional challenges to the implementation or design of IT and management systems that use the information. Understanding these characteristics would improve the chances of successfully importing new information technology and management techniques to mineral producers. The most important characteristics that should be understood are workplace issues, the industry’s dual nature of being a continuous construction project using cyclical factory processes, labour challenges, workplace culture, information availability, integrative data elements, and the current technical education of mining engineers. These characteristics were taken into account in two applications of information technology and systems design at operating companies. The research and consulting projects focused on the development of an IT-enabled performance management system at several underground metal mines in Canada and an integrated data warehouse for surface mines spread throughout the United States and Latin America.

Jan 1, 2006

By Robert E. Cuthbertson

It is the purpose of this paper to describe in detail the laboratory development and mill application of an unusual combination of flotation reagents employed in the concentrator of the Climax Molybdenum Co., on the Continental Divide, near Leadville, Lake County, Colorado. This development originated in an ore-dressing research laboratory maintained by Climax at the experimental plant of the Colorado School of Mines, which is staffed by men directly employed by the Climax Molybdenum Co. Mill-scale testing of laboratory developments was supervised by a representative from the testing laboratory, working in close cooperation with the operating staff at the mill. General milling practice at Climax is ably described in a paper by E. J. Duggan,1 mill superintendent. Other aspects of the Climax project have been described in papers by W. J. Coulter,2 by Butler, Vanderwilt and Henderson,= by Allen Kissock,4 and by Leo H. Glanville.5 Consequently, this paper will be corfined to the metallurgical aspects of recent reagent developments, avoiding, as much as possible, repetition of material covered in these earlier publications. Brief History of Reagent Practice at Climax Prior to the year 1937, the only reagents employed at Climax for froth production and collecting action in the flotation of molybdenite were steam-distilled or destructively distilled pine oils. The only exceptions to this practice were brief periods of mill testing, when reagents of various types were tried on an experimental basis. None of these experimental runs was sufficiently encouraging to justify its continuation as regular practice. Sodium cyanide has been employed since the very early days of milling at Climax as an inhibiting agent for control of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Alkaline reagents such as lime or soda ash have been used in recent years to minimize the detrimental effect of iron salts on flotation of molybdenite. The presence of these harmful salts is attributed to the decomposition of fine metallics abraded from liners and balls in the first stage of regrinding rougher concentrate. Flint pebbles are used in subsequent regrinding, since alkaline reagents are not entirely adequate to offset the inhibiting effect of iron salts as the grind becomes progressively finer and the grade of concentrate progressively higher. Climax metallurgists were familiar at an early date with the use of petroleum products such as kerosene and gas oil as promoters of flotation of molybdenite. Charles C. Oliver6 discussed the use of pine oil and kerosene as early as 19-20, in connection with the milling practice at Dominion Molybdenite Co., Quebec. Nevertheless, the early attempts to apply this knowledge in the Climax concentrator were complete failures. In the light of recent experience, it may seem strange that the early mill tests with petroleum

Jan 1, 1947

By N. P. Weymont

A first step towards using advanced control and optimization techniques at Kaiser Aluminum's Baton Rouge Plant has been the decision to utilize digital process control equipment exclusively throughout the plant. This paper describes the philosophy and strategy which has been used to successfully implement this program for both existing plant facilities and plant expansions. Some of the problems that have been encountered include system selection, vendor support, soft- ware development, system security and system reliability. How these problems arose, were overcome and how they can be prevented in future projects is discussed. A key element of the success has been the organization of the technical, engineering and maintenance efforts and also training has been found to be extremely important. Finally, the effect of these experiences upon present thinking is discussed.

Jan 1, 1984

By Andrew K. Simpson

What will this deal do to the company’s stock price? This question arises when a publicly traded mining company is presented with a new mine project, or business combination. The standard tool for addressing this question is to use discounted cash flow analysis, or net asset value(NAV), which is discounted cash flow net of liabilities. Cash flow-based analysis is invaluable for assessing project costs and other impacts on debt service capacity and internal rates of return. But cash flow analysis and NAV do not work very well for stock price analysis.

Jan 1, 2000

By M. D. Light

An intelligent control system (ICS) is being developed for ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferroxitdans. The ICS provides computerized data acquisition and' control of process variables (temperature, Eh, pH, dissolved oxygen arid carbon dioxide concentrations and dilution rate) to maintain the ferrous iron oxidation at the highest possible rate. The ICS uses fuzzy logic for analysis of data inputs and implementation of control strategies. T:his paper provides preliminary information on the development of the ICS and? its operation.

Jan 1, 1991

By D Stow, M Edmondson

Lemington coal mine is operating in an environmentally sensitive area in the Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia. Late in 1999 the southern pit was developed using a series of box cut blasts. After the initial development the area would have been free dug due to the soft, well-jointed nature of the deposit. However, it was decided to trial drill and blast to determine if shovel productivity could be improved to enable an overall mining cost reduction. The initial trial blast results were less than satisfactory with both environmental issues occurring and the desired shovel productivity not being achieved. An audit of the blasts indicated that wet ground and the presence of soft clay inter-bedded with harder rock caused the poor blast results. Also, water-affected explosive product combined with explosive energy loss into soft ground led to flat spots and tight digging in the hard band areas, resulting in the lower dig rates. Lemington Mine and Orica Explosives developed a plan to match the rock with the appropriate explosive type and energy. This resulted in a number of blasts over a six-month period using a new non fuming explosive product, æNovaliteÆ. The results have been excellent with the environmental issues being totally resolved and dig rates improved, enabling reductions in mining costs. This has allowed the mine to continue with their exemplary record of environmental management whilst achieving operational efficiencies.

Jan 1, 2001

By J. Nelsen

Social License to Operate continues to emerge as a paradigm fundamental to sustainable mineral resources development. It relates to a set of concepts, values, tools, and best practices that represent the view of reality held by each participant (industry and stakeholders). It enables a forum for negotiation through which all parties involved are heard, understood and respected. The exploration phase of the mine life cycle is generally the initial contact with local communities and forms the cornerstone for effective communication and trust building. This paper presents the development of a mineral exploration template, based on field studies, aimed at assisting exploration personnel to establish effective communications and engagement with local communities within a process to build a Social License. The template aims to provide practical assistance in conducting situational analysis - a process of examining and mapping a situation, its elements and their relations - in order to acquire knowledge and understanding of a project, locale and region. Situational analysis is the ?full situation of inquiry?, going beyond just ?knowing the subject? to being fully situated. It forms the initial foundation for a planning process presented in the paper that prepares for a strategy of initial engagement and consultation.

Jan 1, 2007

By Herbert H. Einstein

Swelling ground is one of the most feared problem in tunneling. Although usually not causing sudden failures during construction, the very large and long- lasting deformations give contractors and designers the impression of facing an inevitable phenomenon against which there is no technical defense. Examples are concrete liners of up to 1 m that have been cracked or crushed, tunnel inverts that are heaving at a rate of 0.1 m per week during construction and continue to heave during decades. This author (Einstein (1979). Einstein et al. (1972) (1975)) and others (Huller (19761, Grob (1972) (1976). Golta (1967), tienke (19761, Krause (1976). Lee et al. (1976)) have described many cases of swelling tunnels that illustrate the significance and magnitude of the problem. This paper intends to show that tunnels in swelling rock can be built to perform satisfactorily. . For this purpose the tunnel builder needs to know how to determine the existence and specific behavior of swelling ground, how to select appropriate structural characteristics of the tunnel and predict its performance under the specific ground conditions, and finally how to construct the tunnel such that the anticipated performance will be achieved. This concept of a design-construction procedure is the same as that for tunneling in general; it is mentioned here for NO reasons: 1. To point out that design and construction cannot and should not be separated. The way in which the tunnel will be built has to be an integral part of the design. 2. This paper will be structured corresponding to the procedural concept.

Jan 1, 1981

By Warren A. Sinsheimer

ProbDly there has never been a year during which the petroleum industry expended so much effort as in 1929 in an attempt to rectify its ills. Eventually good will undoubtedly result, but as yet there have been no marked changes from the unhappy conditions familiar to all. Throughout the year remedies were sought that would cure the long-existing troubles of overproduction and waste. Proration of production and voluntary curtailment of output, for a short time considered the means for stability, not only failed but contributed to further waste and created a false sense of security. It encouraged a high rate of field development, weakened the economic structure by excessive development of newly discovered reserves and absorbed large sums of capital yielding meager or negative return. The manufacturing of gasoline by refiners without regard for market requirements furthered the unsatisfactory condition by falsely stimulating the demand for crude and placed on the market an oversupply of finished products, particularly gasoline. The marketing section of the industry has made progress by its adoption of the Code of Ethics as promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission and by the formation of an Export Association. The year 1929 opened not only with a current supply of oil exceeding demand but with an additional daily shut-in and potential supply variously estimated at from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 bbl. This situation stimulated the industry, through the American Petroleum Institute, to attempt to work out an economically sound solution which would further conservation by bringing supply and demand into closer balance. Production Control After a thorough study of producing conditions, the committee of the American Petroleum Institute had for its recommendation that the production of crude oil in 1929 be held in check to an amount equal to that produced during the year 1928. The Federal Oil Conservation Board heard the appeal of the American Petroleum Institute and referred the matter to the Department of Justice. It was ruled that neither the Federal Oil Conservation Board nor the Department of Justice had the * Land and Oil Production Dept., Henry L. Doherty & Co.

Jan 1, 1930

By Cheng Lin

The Group Equivalent Pile (GEP) approach was proposed by researchers to analyze a laterally loaded pile group. This approach enables engineers to evaluate the behavior of a pile group in single pile analysis software, such as LPILE. A previous study showed that the calculated results using the GEP approach for piles agreed well with field test data. To evaluate the accuracy of the GEP method for analyzing laterally loaded shafts, two case studies with different shaft diameters were performed in this study. The comparisons showed that the calculated results using the GEP method and considering the contribution of the shaft cap if embedded generally agreed with the measured from the full-scale tests.

Jan 1, 2009

By Karl J. C. Harries

"1.1. WHAT ARE AGREEMENTS AND HOW ARE THEY FORMED?In order to have an agreement, at common law, there must be an offer, acceptance of that offer, and consideration passing between the parties. In addition, the material terms (i.e. the basics or substance) of the agreement must be discernible, preferably by means of documentation. Although these concepts may appear simple and straightforward, the law relating to them is voluminous and complex. Some brief comments are worthwhile.• Offer/acceptance: Both offer and acceptance should be in writing, but they need not be. The actions, conversations, and/or correspondence of the parties may constitute either or both of them. Notwithstanding, the local law or practice of a jurisdiction will impose some specific requirements for certain types of agreements. If these requirements are not met, the agreement may be unenforceable. For example, Ontario’s Mining Act requires transfers of unpatented mining claims to be evidenced in writing and recorded.1• Consideration: Consideration is usually thought of as being money, but it can be virtually anything, even “the premises” (i.e. the mutual covenants or promises contained in the agreement itself). In addition, if one party, relying upon the offer of another, does something to his detriment, then the doing of the act can be considered to be an acceptance of the offer and, under the legal concept of “detrimental reliance”, can also be consideration. Whether or not detrimental reliance exists will depend upon the circumstances of each case.2• Material terms: The requirement that the material terms of an agreement must be discernible does not mean that all of the terms of an agreement must be documented or even have been considered, just the basic or material ones. In addition, it will be up to a judge to decide what is material – not necessarily the parties. In order to establish the material terms, a Court may look at all relevant documentation and may hear oral evidence. It will resist “writing the agreement”"

Jan 1, 2003

By Michael Chender

The rapid and continuing expansion of computer and communication capability is giving birth to profound changes in the business environment. Some commentators hold that the basis of the world economy has already shifted from industry to information. Regardless of the overall implications of these changes, it is now clear that every company potentially has both access to and a need for much more information for decision making than was the case a few years ago. The importance of information to the mining industry has been underlined by the rash of unexpected economic and political developments and by the accompanying market volatility that have marked the past decade. It should be abundantly clear to even the smallest mine operator that the price for his output can be instantly affected by unexpected developments halfway across the world. Nevertheless, many mining companies still are much less sophisticated about information than they might be. For many, the historical feeling that information is an unnecessary luxury for a production-oriented business still seems to linger. On the other hand, the overwhelming volume of source material, uncertainty as to its accuracy, and the problems of finding relevant material when needed, presents stumbling blocks to viable systems of information management. Introduction When a company needs certain information, it has two basic alternatives. It can either research and develop the information in-house or pay for someone else to do it. Few mining companies have the in-house capability to assemble information needed for careful planning. On the other hand, companies often engage consultants to find information that is in fact easily accessible. All too often companies give up on procuring needed information because of the frustration of not being able to find it, and of not wanting to pay seemingly exorbitant sums for someone else to produce it. The result is poor planning. This article addresses two aspects of the information problem-finding the right sources and then accessing the particular information desired, especially as it pertains to nonferrous metal exploration and development issues. In the first section, major English-language sources that report on exploration and development (excluding primary sources of geological information, such as technical journals) are discussed.* In the second section, some available techniques for efficiently accessing this information are presented, focusing on the new MINESEARCH database system. Part One: The Information Following the News The most obvious way to follow exploration and mining developments from a distance is through regular mining media. Many active mining districts have local newspapers, usually published in the district's major towns, that give extensive coverage to miningrelated activities. For instance, to follow activities in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene silver district, one might subscribe to the Kellogg Wardner News and/or the Wallace Miner. Similarly, one might get the Sacramento Bee for news of current mining developments in north-central California. The American Metal Market, published in New York, is the daily newspaper that covers the metals industry as a whole, both in the US and abroad. Its coverage is weighted towards the refining, manufacturing, and consumption end of the business, but it frequently carries stories on mining activity, company dealings, and market outlooks. For news of major mining companies, the daily Wall Street Journal provides occasional coverage of North American companies, while the Financial Times of London serves as probably the best single source for worldwide company information. International Coverage There are three metals industry weeklies that have broad international coverage and readership. These are Metal Week, Metal Bulletin, and Mining Journal. Each has its strengths. Metals Week, a McGraw-Hill newsletter, focuses primarily on news of the metals markets, concentrating on those developments that are seen to most directly affect the price of nonferrous metals. Metals Week is strongest on North American news. Metal Bulletin, published in London, is particularly strong on

Jan 4, 1983

By M. Matema

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of BSc (Eng.) Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Small and large welded aluminium specimens were tested in fatigue and the results compared with design curves for aluminium in specification BS8118. Metallurgical tests were also performed on the specimens in order to correlate microscopic and macroscopic phenomena. The small-scale fatigue test results were in reasonable agreement with results in BS8118, whereas the large-scale fatigue tests showed that BS8118 is conservative.

Jan 1, 2005

By K. Nielsen

The paper presents a brief overview of the mineral industry in Norway, followed by a description of the mineral policy and relevant legislation including the roles of the Norwegian Directorate of Mining and Geological Survey of Norway in this context. The discussion then proceeds to describe the land use planning framework on a national, regional and local level, the interaction between land use planning and the Directorate of Mining and the Geological Survey respectively, and how this impacts on the mineral industry and the exploitation of mineral resources. Some recent Norwegian examples of land use planning conflicts are also presented.

Jan 1, 2005