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By Curt D. Jr. Edgerton

This study was made to determine trends in fresh water usage by California petroleum refineries, to Forecast fresh water requirements to 1975, and to evaluate water conservation practices. Statistical data used in the study were obtained largely from published sources and from records of selected companies. An adequate sampling of the State's refining capacity was obtained, and the data were extrapolated to the total California refining capacity. A breakdown of the data was then made on the basis of the following refining regions: (1) the Los Angeles Basin and Southern Coastal region, (2) the Southern San Joaquin Valley, and (3) the San Francisco Bay area. An unpublished forecast of crude oil input to refineries by a major oil company operating on the West Coast was used as a basis for predicting fresh-water usage. The 1963 fresh water intake by California petroleum refineries was 84 million gallons per day. This is expected to increase to 128 million gallons per day by 1975. The fresh-water to crude-oil ratio is increasing in all regions except the Southern San Joaquin Valley. At present, the supply of fresh water available to almost all of the State's petroleum refineries, mostly from surface sources and company-owned wells, is adequate, although shortages may develop within the foreseeable future. Present conservation methods are centered around the following four objectives: (1) minimum intake of fresh water of the lowest possible quality commensurate with sound technologic practice; (2) optimum recirculation (3) proper treatment before discharge; and (4) substitution of air cooling for water cooling.

Jan 1, 1965

By B. K. Cross

This paper, which adopts a philosophical approach, attempts to analyse the contribution that the computer is capable of making in geological analysis, financial evaluation, and mine project control. Also examined are some reasons for non-utilization of these capabilities. As with most computer associated problems, the cause is primarily human and not mechanical. The paper gives one numerical example of the analysis of geological data and one of the evaluation of mine-design data. The values used in the examples are intended only to emphasize certain points and are not necessarily reproducible.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. L. Gall

This report describes Bureau of Mines experiments in gasifying coal in a helium-heated tube-coil reactor. The purpose of this work was to investigate helium as a medium for transferring heat from a nuclear reactor to gasify coal or for use as high-temperature process heat. A laboratory-scale system was designed and constructed to demonstrate feasibility. In preliminary tests with this system, in which the coal was fed as a water slurry, the helium-heating and recycling equipment operated well. Considerable difficulty was experienced, however, in preheating coal slurry to the desired range of 400° - 1,000° F. without plugging the preheaters. Five different preheaters plugged with coke or with salts leached from the coal. The longest operating period wan 12 hours. These difficulties were partly due to the relatively small equipment and flow rates. The gasifier processed l pound per hour of low-rank coal at 300 p.s.i.g. and 1,800° F., with the carbon conversion limited to 20 to 30 percent by the short residence time and slow heat-transfer rate.

Jan 1, 1962

By G J. Massoth, K Faure, A G, R G. Ditchburn, I J. Graham

From modest beginnings in 1996, research into the mineral potential of New ZealandÆs Exclusive Economic Zone has progressed into a major multidisciplinary component of GNSÆs recently funded 6-year æMineral Wealth of NZ and its EEZÆ Programme. In excess of $7.5 M of research funding has been expended, plus $10 M leveraged via collaborations with NIWA (NZ), NOAA (USA), JAMSTEC (Japan), U. Kiel (Germany) and ANU (Australia), whose scientists have contributed hugely to research cruises, as well as subsequent analysis and publication. The 1999 NZAPLUME I cruise was the first research expedition to systematically locate, and chemically characterise, submarine hydrothermal venting associated with arc volcanoes of the southern part the Kermadec intra oceanic arc system. This was followed by the 2002 NZAPLUME II and 2004 NZAPLUME III cruises to the mid- and northern-sections of the Kermadec arc, respectively. Combined, these cruises have surveyed 1300 km of the volcanic chain (from Whakatane to Monowai), including 34 major volcanic centres. Together with concurrent surveys in the Tonga arc, this is now the longest continuous stretch of intra oceanic arc to be surveyed for hydrothermal emissions. Most of the volcanic centres are characterised by simple cones although 30 per cent contain caldera complexes, and compositions range from basalt through to rhyolite. Massive sulphide mineralisation has been recovered from several volcanic centres in the southern Kermadecs (Clark, Rumble II West and Brothers), suggesting the existence of significant Au and base metal bearing deposits along the arc front.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. F. Crawley

The density and viscosity of 1iquid thallium have been measured by absolute methods to temperatures of about 200° and 150°C, respectively, above the melting point. These new data reported, especially density data, do not closely confirm previous work. Density p, in g per cu Cm, is shown to vary linearly with temperaluve t, in °C, according to the equation p = 11.658 - 1.439 X l0-3t. The viscosity data obey the well-known Andrade equation nv1/3 = A exp C/vT , the constants A and C for thallium having values of 2.19 x A and 79.648, respectively. This paper reports some new data for the density and viscosity .of liquid thallium. Measurements of these fundamental physical properties were undertaken as part of a continuing research program at the Mines Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Canada. A literature search has revealed that data are so scarce that there could not be a consensus on the true values of the density and viscosity of liquid thallium. To be more specific, there exists only one set of viscosity data' and only two acceptable sets of density data,273 one of which is limited in scope.3 In Liquid Metals Handbook,3 another density study is reported but indications of impurities in the thallium render the results suspect. In this situation, further careful experimentation was required to realize the true density and viscosity of thallium. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Density. Densities were determined using a graphite pycnometer. The technique and its accuracy have been discussed in earlier papers.4'5 It is considered that experimental data can be obtained which are accurate within +0.05 pct, all sources of random and systematic errors having been evaluated. Density results for thallium were identical whether measured under an atmosphere of argon or a vacuum of 5 x 10-6 torr and, for the most part, the argon atmosphere was used. Viscosity. Viscosity measurements were made in an oscillational viscosimeter by an absolute method—the liquid metal being held in a closed graphite cylinder. Design and operation of the apparatus, constructed in this laboratory, have previously been discussed.6 For thallium, runs were made under a vacuum of about 2 x 10-6 torr. To evaluate viscosity coefficients from the various experimental parameters, the mathematical analysis of Roscoe7 was used. Measurements of the necessary parameters and the accuracy of these measurements have also been discussed.6 The cylinder dimensions were corrected for the anisotropic expansion of graphite, as discussed for density measurements.4,5 It is well-known that thallium oxidizes rapidly and hence a newly machined surface quickly tarnishes in air. The oxide film, however. is nonadherent and is easily removed by rubbing or by solution in water. Hence, immediately before use, both density and viscosity charges were immersed in water, wiped dry, and quickly transferred to the apparatus which was then rapidly evacuated. Specimens removed after determinations were only slightly tarnished and there was no other evidence that tarnishing affected the results. For example, the sharpness of the specimen edges from the containing vessels indicated complete filling by the liquid metal. Thallium of 99.999 pct purity was used in this investigation. Because of its high toxicity care was exercised in handling this material. For example, the melting procedure to prepare machinable ingots was carried out in an open, well-ventilated area, while protective gloves were always worn when handling the solid metal. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Density. Measurements were made over a tempera-ture range of about 200°C above the melting point. The results are listed in Table I and plotted in Fig. 1. From the graph it is evident that the relation between density and temperature is linear. Such a relation has been observed before in this program for other metals and alloys475 and elsewhere by other workers. A least-squares analysis of experimental data gives the equation: pT1 = 11.658 - 1.439 x 10-3t where p = density in g per cu cm and t = temperature in "C. In Fig. 1, together with the present results, the data of Schneider and Heymer2 in the corresponding temperature range have also been plotted. Evidently, the two sets of data do not agree well, the results of Schneider and Heymer being about 0.6 pct higher. Viscosity. Viscosity data were obtained from the melting point, 303.5°C, up to 457.5"C. The data are listed in Table I and in Fig. 2 the plot of these results demonstrates a smooth curvilinear relation between

Jan 1, 1969

By Paul Billingsley

THE purpose of this paper is a comparison, based on genesis, of the ore deposits associated with the igneous rocks of the central Montana Rockies. Considered separately, without attention to their origin, the orebodies appear to be distributed haphazard, with no fundamental laws controlling their position and character. It is believed, however, that if all the factors be weighed, this apparent confusion will to a large degree disappear. The, first essential to such a comparison is detailed knowledge of the individual mines, as to their geographic position (see Fig. 1), their mineralogical character, and in particular the derivation of their ores.1 The authors of this paper have pursued such an investigation for the past 6 years, and have accumulated a mass of evidence that enables a preliminary correlation to be attempted. It appears that the majority of ore deposits are genetically related to one or another of the igneous

Jan 4, 1917

By Merlon C. Flemings, Theodoulos Z. Kattamis

Examination was made of the distribution of tnanganese and nickel in colutrrnar dendrites of a cast low-alloy steel; more limited work was corzducted on chromium. Corresponding "segregrction ratios" were calculnted and shown to be relntivelv insensitive to cooling rate (''segregation ratio" is defined (Is the ratio of maximum to minimum concentrations within a volume whose dimensions are the order of the dendrite-arm spacing). Isoconcentratiorl curves were determined by the electron micropvobe and by rt7etallografihic studies on specimens subjected to isothermal-transformation treatments. From construction of isoconcentration curves, morphology of columnar dendrites is descvibed as intermediate between Perfect rodlike and sheetlike morphologies. The study is extended to equiaxed dendrites and it is shown that the strcture of these dendrites is sittlilar in many respects to that of columnar dendrites. On the basis of tlze sheetlike morphology of dendrites, a simple model is pvoposed for calculation of honzogenization kinetics. Results of trzatllevlatical analysis brcsed on this utzodel are given. This analysis relates residual segregation to time at homogenization temperature; it is in agreement with experiment. Calculations are given which show that even for relatively rapidly cooled material (of 1-ine dendrite-artn spacing) treatmets at 1200°C or above are necessary to achieve slgxificant Izomogenization of elenlents other than carbon itz reasonable time (e.g., rnangclnese, nickel). Conlplete homogenization of carbon is obtnined at much lowev tenlperatures (below 870°C). IN dendritic solidification of castings and ingots, solute redistribution during freezing results in mi-crosegregation of most alloy elements. The micro-segregation is such that minimum solute concentrations occur at the center of dendrite arms and maximum concentrations occur between dendrite arms. Residual segregation after subsequent therma1 processing (homogenization) depends on maximum and minimum initial concentration, on the detailed geometry of the isoconcentration surfaces within interdendritic regions, on the diffusion coefficient of the solute, and on time of thermal processing. The objective of this work was to determine, for a low-alloy steel, maximum and minimum concentrations, and the geometry of isoconcentration surfaces, primarily in order to permit calculation of homogenization kinetics. Most of the work reported was conducted on Samples from a unidirectionally solidified, fully columnar ingot. This type of ingot is made by extracting heat during solidification from one face; techniques for accomplishing this have been discussed.' Samples were taken at several locations, up to 5.75 in. from the mold chill face; the bulk of the work was performed on samples at 5.75 in. Alloy cast was, nominally, 0.4 pct C, 1.8 pct Ni, 0.8 pct Cr, 0.7 pct Mn, 0.25 pct Mo, 0.3 pct Si, and the balance iron. Brief study was also made on samples from an ingot which solidified with equiaxed grain structure. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS Samples for electron-microprobe analysis were incorporated in mounts that included pieces of electrolytic nickel, chromium, and manganese, in order to normalize the intensities of these solutes in the specimens; also, a piece of electrolytic iron was included to measure the background. All specimens were polished in the usual metallographic manner. After the microprobe traces were made, the path was revealed by etching the specimens with picral. All microprobe analyses were made by point counting, integrating for 30 sec. The distance between points was fixed from 2 to 10 p, according to the precision desired in each case, the fineness of the structure, and the concentration gradient existing in a given area. (The distance was chosen 2 to 5 p near the maximum-concentration regions and 5 to 10 p near the minimum concentration.) The "take-off" angle for the A.R.L.-Model No. 21000 microprobe employed was 52.5 deg. Samples for metallographic analysis of isoconcentration curves were prepared by austenitizing at 1540°F for 20 min, quenching to the nose of the TTT curves (1200°F), heat treating isothermally at this temperature for a given time 0, and then quenching to room temperature. Due to concentration gradients existing in a dendritic structure, no transformation will take place for a given time 0 of isothermal heat treatment in the regions where the a.lloy concentration is higher than a given limit. Thus, the dendrite appears limited by an isoconcentration curve and can be made to appear to grow by varying the time of isothermal heat treatment.

Jan 1, 1965

The structural design of a mine haul road involves the determination of cover thickness requirements above the in-situ or sub-grade material. The specification of these layerworks is a critical component in the overall road design process. Poor design often leads to premature failure of the road, safety is often compromised and productivity and equipment service-life will certainly decrease. Historically, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) cover-curve design method has been widely applied to the structural design of mine haul roads. More recently, established mechanistic design principles have superceded the CBR approach to haul road design, using a multi-layer model to represent the various road structural layers. The structural design and associated layer thickness requirements are then determined following a maximum strain criterion. This paper develops a case-study evaluation of the CBR cover-curve and mechanistic design methodologies and through a comparative analysis of layerworks and materials, highlights how improved structural design can be achieved mechanistically.

Jan 1, 2011

By Karl V. Lindell

Asbestos is not the name of a distinct mineral species, but rather the commercial term applied to the fibrous form of several minerals differing widely in composition. There are some 30 known varieties of asbestos but of this number only 6 are of economic importance, and these, in order of economic significance are chrysotile, crocidolite (or blue asbestos), amosite, anthophyllite, actinolite and tremolite. Chrysotile asbestos was formed by the introduction of hydrothermal solutions into fractures in serpentinised ultrabasic host rocks. These solutions dissolved magnesium silicate from the wall rocks, and with subsequent lower temperature and pressure they became supersaturated, and crystals of chrysotile asbestos formed. The chemical composition is variable but is classified as a hydrous magnesium silicate, containing a high percentage of magnesia and water, plus varying amounts of alumina and ferrous and ferric iron. Other asbestos minerals are formed by a similar process but with a different host rock e.g. crocidolite occurs only in iron' formation. The chemical composition of asbestos minerals other than chrysotile, shows a wide variation, but in general may be classified as silicates, or metasilicates, containing varying amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium and iron.

Jan 1, 1964

By K. H. March

In the present very highly competitive condition of the bituminous coal business, it is becoming increasingly apparent that coal mines which do not lend themselves to efficient mechanization cannot long survive. It would seem that those mining operations best fitted to survive the struggle for existence are burdened with the considerable capital and maintenance cast of carefully selected mechanical and electrical mining equipment. The ever changing conditions of coal mine operations require equipment which is adaptable to a variety of uses; and investigation of the mechanical and electrical equipment in most mines will show that the operating duty of much of this equipment is considerably different from that duty for which it was originally selected. And it would appear that one of the essential qualifications for a successful mine management is a marked ability to get satisfactory operating results from equipment which has been transferred from some other operation, rebuilt, rearranged, or in some way adapted to the job at hand. As a striking example of such mechanical ingenuity, many of us recall that the first longwall jigging conveyor used in Nova Scotia was built in Sydney Mines from odds and ends in the scrap pile at a total cost of less than $50.

Jan 1, 1930

L. C. UREn,* BerkelEy, Cal. (written discussion).—I heartily concur with Rlr. .Fobs concerning the need for advanced courses on various phases of Petroleum Engineering. I think that his criticism is probably true of most of the engineering schools that are specializing at all in Petroleum Engineering, that is, that most of their so-called graduate courses are not of graduate caliber but are merely more specialized aspects of undergraduate subjects. It would undoubtedly be to the advantage of the petroleum profession if more advanced work could be offered in a few of the leading engineering institutions so that there would be something substantial to offer graduate students wishing to return after a period of undergraduate work, for additional training. There is no doubt but that a better trained engineer, more useful to the oil industry, could be secured from schools offering such advanced training. The problem of adpting our instruction to fit the needs of engineers trained along other lines who wish, after completion of their undergraduate work, to enter thc petroleum engineering field, is a more difficult one. It has been my experience that such men are usually sadly deficient along certain lines and that they are really not prepared for the more advanced work in Petroleum Production Engineering until they have gone back over the work which they have missed in their undergraduate training. I note that Mr. Fohs suggests that other eastern and western colleges not now stressing Petrolelim Engineering, should be encouraged to take up advanced work of this character. With this, however, I cannot agree unless the institutions arc also prepared to offer a full sequence of undergraduate work on which the more advanced courses may be superimposed. Whether or not there is a need for additional engi-ncering colleges entering the petroleum engineering field is an open qucstion. I believe that we arc turning out enough petroleum engineers at the present time and that none of the six institutions now specializing in this field arc overcrowded. Morc-ovcr, they are fairly well distributed over the country, though there may be room for an additional school in the field in the eastcrn section of the United States. F. W. Padgett, Norman, Okla. (written tliscussion).—Assuming that the stnclcnt has the proper fundamentals, that is, general science and a knowledge of the technology of the industry, then the problem is: What courses should be offered from the graduate standpoint? (a) Course Work.—His knowledge of the technology of the industry can be extended advantagcously by means of one and two-hour courses, which consist in a more detailed survey of the various branches of the industry. (b) Lilerdure.—This work may, or may not, be connected directly with his research problem. The student should become familiar with methods of locating articles in the 1iterature; should also become familiar with all the important original

Jan 1, 1928

By Gray Mullins

This paper presents results from model and full-scale tests to assess the interface bond between a cast-in-place concrete seal slab and steel H-piles in cofferdams. Three different seal slab placement conditions - fresh water, salt water and bentonite slurry - were evaluated and the results compared against controls where no fluid was displaced by the concrete. Normal pile surfaces were investigated. Additionally, the situation of ?soil caked? piles was also tested. In the model tests, eight 15 cm deep, W6 x 15 sections were used for two different embedment depths of 1.5d and 2d, d being the depth of the section. In the full-scale tests, 16 specimens 35 cm deep (W14 x 90 sections) were tested with the embedment varied between 0.5d-2d. The results show that significant bond stresses developed even in the worst placement condition. Recommendations made for revising current values in specifications have already been implemented by the Florida Department of Transportation.

Jan 1, 2013

By S. L. Craig, C. Orr, H. G. Blocker

WITHIN recent years gas adsorption methods have been developed for measuring the surface area of finely divided materials and have become extremely valuable in research on the corrosion and the catalytic activity of metals. Rather elaborate apparatus is required, and a single determination is so time-consuming that these methods have not been utilized to the fullest extent; the methods are un-suited for most routine control work such as that encountered in powder metallurgical operations and in processes employing metal catalysts. These difficulties are largely eliminated, and surface area is reduced to a routine determination if the liquid-phase adsorption of a surface-active agent such as a fatty acid can be used. When the affinity of the fatty acid carboxyl group for the solid surface is greater than its affinity for the solvent, a unimolec-ular layer of orientated fatty acid molecules will be formed at the solid-liquid interface in a manner similar to that of a compressed fatty acid film on a water surface. The measurement of surface area is then reduced to a measurement of fatty acid adsorption. This propitious circumstance, first investigated by Harkins and Gans,¹ has been employed with somewhat inconclusive results by a number of investigators in evaluating the surface properties of metals, metal catalysts, and metal oxides. The specific surface area values for nickel and platinum catalysts, determined from the adsorption of a number of fatty acids from various solvents, were found by Smith and Fuzek² to agree with values calculated by the gas adsorption technique of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller," he so-called BET technique. And recently Orr and Bankston4 have also reported good agreement between nitrogen gas and stearic acid adsorption results in the measurement of the surface areas of clay materials. On the other hand, Ries, Johnson, and Melik5 found only order-of-magnitude agreement between these two methods in studying supported, cobalt catalysts having specific surface areas as great as 420 sq m per g; the reason is partially attributable to the very porous nature of the materials. Greenhill,6 investigating the adsorption of long-chain, polar compounds in organic solvents on a number of metal powders, concluded that a uni-molecular layer of stearic acid was formed on exposure of the solid to the acid solution and that the presence of an oxide or another film did not alter this result. Furthermore, the adsorption process appeared to be the same whether or not the sample was degassed prior to exposure to the solution. Greenhill estimated the surface area of one of the powders he investigated from microscopic diameter measurements, and obtained a rough check with surface area evaluation. Russell and Cochran7 found moderate agreement for alumina surface area results by fatty acid and gas adsorption methods. In addition, they also found that the prolonged heating and evacuating pretreatments previously used by investigators were unnecessary. The present work, however, considerably extends these previous investigations, shows that fatty acid adsorption can be used to determine the surface area of a variety of metals and metal compounds, offers further confirmation of the correctness of gas adsorption methods, and presents a simplified technique for the determination of the metal surface area which is suitable for routine work. Experimental Technique Basically, the fatty acid adsorption method is quite simple. It consists of exposing a sample of the material of which the surface area is desired to a fatty acid solution of known concentration. By analysis of an aliquot of the solution, the concentration after adsorption has occurred may be determined. The difference between the initial quantity of acid in solution and the final quantity is that quantity of acid adsorbed by the sample. The specific surface area of the adsorbent material may be calculated from the quantity adsorbed and the weight of the sample. In agreement with the findings of others as outlined above, it was found entirely unnecessary to degas or pretreat the nonporous materials employed other than by drying them thoroughly. However, precaution was necessary so that the dried sample entered the fatty acid solution with little exposure to moisture. The effect of moisture on the interaction of stearic acid with finely divided materials has been thoroughly investigated by Hirst and Lancaster." They found the presence of water merely reduced the amount of acid adsorbed by powders such as TiO2, SiO2, Tic, and Sic. With reactive materials such as Cu, Cu2O, CuO, Zn, and ZnO, however, water was found to initiate chemical reaction. Only with ZnO was reaction observed when the solid and the solu-

Jan 1, 1953

By J. T. Jordaan

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng (Mining Engineering) degree This paper addresses the critical parameters that need to be considered when designing a mechanized bord-and-pillar mining layout for a narrow tabular steep dipping orebody. These parameters are : ?Reef dip ?Reef width ?Geological structures within the orebody ?Physical dimensions of the selection of machines ?Gradeability of the selection of machines. The main objective in designing such a layout is to maximize machine efficiencies whilst minimizing dilution. This methodology was then applied in the design of a mechanized bord-and-pillar mining layout for a given piece of ground (Vlakpoort and Moddergat) using a given selection of machines. This piece of ground contains the PGM bearing UG2 Reef with an average thickness of 124 cm and dipping at 18°withadverse strike and dip changes. Two bord-and-pillar layouts were designed for this area. Layout 1 is characterized by the use of strike conveyors to convey ore on strike with an average LHD hauling distance of 35 m. Layout2 uses LHDs for all on strike conveyance of ore with an average hauling distance of 75 m. These two layouts were then technically and financially compared. It was concluded that layout 1 is theoretically superior but layout 2 was chosen due to its greater flexibility and probability of operational success. Layout 2 was also compared to conventional mining and it was concluded to be more economically feasible. However the latter is a proven mining method in these conditions and has a lower risk operational failure. Bord-and-pillar mining has some favourable promises such as improving labour difficulties, lowering operating costs and providing safer working conditions. The success of mechanized bord-and-pillar mining in narrow tabular steep dipping orebodies will depend on the extent of the research and development efforts which need to create and innovate technologies to overcome some of the current limitations stated in the above-mentioned parameters.

Jan 1, 2003

By Xuanxue Mo, Kaihui Yang

"Abstract- The Laochang mine, located in the Sanjiang area of southwestern Yunnan Province of China, is a volcanogenic massive Pb-Zn-Cu sulfide deposit. It is hosted by a pyroclastic sequence of Barly Carboniferous age, namely the lower member of the Yiliu Group, which was intruded by syenite and rhyolite porphyry . The volcanic suite is basaltic or basaltic-andesitic in composition, has alkaline affinities, and is associated with the initial rifting along the margin of the Baoshan-Shanstate continental rnicroplate (Yang, 1989). The ores are typically Pb>Zn>Cu in composition, averaging 3.820Jo Pb, 3.51% Zn, from 0.01% to 1.85% Cu (0.107% av.), a high average content of Ag (113 g/t) and recoverable amounts of Au, Tl, Gd, Ga, Ge, In. A massive sulflde zone, in which lenticular and stratiform orebodies are localized in a sulflde-carbonate-silica shale unit or sulfldic tufflte horizon that usually overlies coarse-grained pyroclastic rocks, is underlain by a stringer sulflde zone developed in a subvolcanic intrusion or volcanic sequence. The sulfide mineral assemblages, from the top to the bottom of the deposit, are: realgar + orpiment - galena + sphalerite + pyrite- chalcopyrite + pyrite + pyrrhotite + arsenopyrite. Oxide and sulfate minerais occur rarely in the massive ores. The massive ores are generally fine-grained and banded, but coarse-grained ore, colloform and framboidal texture, and growth-zoned pyrite and sphalerite are common. Sedimentary features such as graded bedding, brecciated and deformed ore clasts, and chaotically emplaced blocks, are well preserved, indicating that the massive orebodies have undergone slumping and dis­ placement. Alteration is weak in the hanging-wall rocks, but strong in the stringer zone. Two dis­ tinctive alteration zones have been identified: the upper zone, characterized by an assemblage of quartz, carbonates, chlorite, albite, zeolite and sericite, and the lower zone containing diopside, trema­ lite, actinolite, gamet, clinozoisite, and epidote.The general features of the Laochang deposit are in accord with the descriptive mode! of VMS deposits (Lydon, 1984). However, it falls into neither the Zn-Cu group nor the Zn-Pb-Cu group chemically (Franklin et al., 1981). The depositional setting of the Laochang deposit is quite different from Cyprus or Besshi-type massive sulfide deposits. Laochang is hosted by alkaline lavas that were erupted in a submarine continental rift. Although some features of the Laochang deposit are similar to those of Kuroko-type deposits, there are remarkable differences in the alteration mineral assemblage, the proportion of ore-forming elements (lead enriched) and the amounts of oxides and sulfates. These suggest corresponding differences in ore fluid composition and the associated ore-forming environment. Thus, the authors suggest that the Laochang deposit may be a distinct type of VMS deposit."

Jan 1, 1993

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Oct. 10 to Nov. 10, 1915: Members BECK, WESLEY HUDSON, Civ. and Min. Engr., Ellsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth, Pa. BRADSHAW, GRANT D., Pres., Andrews-Bradshaw Co, 409 Diamond Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. BUTLER, BERT S., Geol U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. CAMERON, FRANK, Asst. Mine Foreman, Braden Copper Co., Rancagua, Chile, So. Amer. CHEN, YEFAH FRANCIS, Asst. Min. Engr., Pinghsiang Colliery, Pinghsiang-Ki, via Changsha, China. CLAGHORN, DAVID MONTGOMERY, Mining Engr., Timekeeper, Wilkeson Coal & Coke Co., Wilkeson, Wash. DAVIS, REUBEN WALDO, Min. Engr., Supt., Cannel Coal Co., Dolores, Webb Co., Tex. DOUTHETT, GEORGE M., Supt Crescent Metals Co., Glenwillard, Pa. DUNSFORD, ENSOR R., Min. Engr., Asst. Supt., Victoria Gypsum Min. & Mfg. Co., Ltd., Quarry, St. Alms. C. B.. Nova Scotia. Canada.

Jan 12, 1915

[This paper was presented for the author, who is now in the National service, by H. M. Chance, and was illustrated by a working model built to the plans shown in the Bulletin, for February, 1918, p. 268. For more convenient operation, a small motor-driven centrifugal pump was attached to the overflow outlet (5, Fig. 1, p. 267) delivering to the inlet, 4. The pressure of ingoing water was then adjusted by a valve at 4, and was indicated by the column of water in a vertical glass tube connecting with the pressure chamber; an average pressure of 15 in. of water column was maintained during the demonstration. The sand used in the test was beach sand, which had simply been passed through a 20-mesh screen; about 45 per cent. was finer than 80 mesh. The circulation of water was at the rate of about 5 gal. per square foot per minute, and the rising velocity of the water in the box as a whole (not the velocity of the jets) was 6 in. per minute. At this consistency, the specific gravity of the fluid mass was between 1.55 and 1.60. Mr. Chance estimated that it would be possible to maintain a fluid mass of this consistency, 3 ft. deep, and with an area of 50 by 60 ft. with an expenditure of 15-hp. Mr. Chance then showed how a lump of coal would float on the fluid mass, and also made a separation of slate from coal on a small scale in a wire cage submerged momentarily in the fluid. The following demonstration relates to a matter not contained in the original paper, and was presented as of interest to the operators of cyanide and other lixiviation processes dealing with fluid mixtures of varying specific gravity.-Ed.]

Jan 4, 1918

A comparison is made between elementary block estimation techniques and the optimal methods of geostatistics using data from an Australian deposit. Considerable improvement in the estimates are obtained by using the optimal technique in this case.

Jan 1, 1975

By Timothy D. Stark

Jet grouting has increasingly become one of the ground improvement technologies used to address seepage concerns and to provide strength improvement of soils. The technique of jet grouting uses high pressure/velocity jet fluids to erode the existing soil and then to mix the cuttings with cement slurry to form soilcrete. Excess slurry or spoil is ejected to the surface. If the native soil is not completely mixed with slurry, the resulting columns will have soil inclusions which can reduce the strength of the column and/or increase the permeability of the column. A jet grout test program at Tuttle Creek Dam shows that the completed large diameter columns contain perhaps 40 to 50% or more of native soil that was not broken up and mixed during the jet grout process. The test program included excavation of full-scale columns to a depth of 35 ft (10.7 m) for visual inspection and testing. Additionally, six of the columns were cut or sectioned to investigate the interior of the columns. The observed inclusions include significant amounts of both fine grained (silts and clays) and coarse grained (fine sands and sands) soils. Evidence suggests at least two explanations: (1) fine grained soils can be difficult to erode and break up into small enough particles that can be ejected to the surface, especially if at low natural water content, and (2) when large diameter columns are being excavated, the excavated roof of the cylindrical cavity may be unstable and may collapse. With this roof instability large slabs of material can break off, fall into the slurry and escape the cutting and mixing action of the rotating jets. This paper describes the Tuttle Creek Dam test program, inclusions observed in the completed columns, and suggests potential causes of the inclusions.

Jan 1, 2009

This paper summarizes seven years of Italian ex­perience with the use of large calibration chambers for the calibration, under closely controlled stress and strain conditions, of some in situ testing devices which are used in sand deposits. At the present time two calibration chambers are operating in Italy, one at E.N.E.L.-C.R.I.S. (Milan) (*) and the other at I.S.M.E.S. (Berga­mo) (**). Both chambers can accomodate cylindrical samples 1.2 m in diameter and 1.5 m in height. A detailed description of these chambers can be found in Bellotti, et. al (1982).

Jan 1, 1987