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By C. H. Fisher

Sulphuric acid of various concentrations has long been used as a reagent in the determination of olefins and aromatics in hydrocarbon oils4 such as gasoline, kerosene, and neutral oils from coal-tar distillates. Despite its long use, however, there is no general agreement as to optimum conditions and concentration of acid, and numerous methods and modifications have been recommended. In most cases, treatment of the neutral oil with 80 to 90 percent sulphuric acid, followed by distillation to the original endpoint to remove olefin polymers, is recommended for the estimation of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The distillate thus obtained is taken as olefin-free oil and used in later stages of the anlysis. Aromatic hydrocarbons generally are determined in the olefin-free oil by suphonation with more concentrated acid (96 to 100 percent and fuming sulphuric acid are recommended), the hydrocarbons not attacked and removed as water-soluble sulphonic acids being considered as saturated hydrocarbons. In some cases the saturates are examined further by differentiating between cyclic (naphthenes) and acyclic hydrocarbons (paraffins), Generally this is achieved by physical methods, although strong sulphuric acid is known to react preferentially with some types of saturated hydrocarbons. It was the purpose of the present work to make a general study of this type of analysis and to investigate the reactions of hydrocarbons under conditions often used in analyses that employ sulphuric acid reagents. Since previous work is not in good agreement, the optimum concentrations of acid for the different stages of the analysis were determined. Several sulphuric acid methods previously recommended and new modifications were compared, two synthetic solutions being used as the reference oil. The results obtained are presented below under separate headings.

Jan 1, 1937

THE International First-Aid and Mine-Rescue con-test, under the auspices of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, was held at Butte, Mont., on Aug. 20, 21 and 22. As usual, the first-aid elimination contests were held the first day, the finals the second, and the mine-rescue contest the third. While the number of teams entered was not as great as at some previous contests held nearer the coal-mining districts of the East, the atten-dance was much larger than usual, due to the great interest in first aid, rescue work, and accident preven-tion that has been created by the effective support and constructive policy of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. toward them. The winner of the first-aid contest was the Great Falls Zinc Mill team of the Anaconda company, of which Fred Erickson is captain. Second place went to the Baton Rouge team of the Standard Oil Co. of Louisi-ana, and third to the Great Falls Furnace Refinery team of the Anaconda company.

Jan 9, 1928

By J. J. Becker

BEAN1 has discussed the magnetic behavior of mixtures of small ferromagnetic particles on the order of 20 to l000A in diam. As he points out, there are three size categories with characteristic properties: 1) Particles large enough to contain many ferromagnetic domains magnetize initially by the motion of domain walls. The initial susceptibility of such particles, if domain-wall motion is assumed to be perfectly easy, depends only on their shape. It is equal to the reciprocal of the demagnetizing factor (and is thus 3/4 tt for a sphere) and is independent of temperature. 2) Smaller particles find it energetically undesirable to contain domain boundaries. They are always spontaneously saturated, and reverse their magnetization only by rotation of their entire magnetic moment. As assemblage of such particles has a remanence which is a large fraction of the saturation of the assemblage; its coercive force is on the order of 2K/1,, where K indicates magnetic aniso-tropy from any source, and I, is the saturation magnetization of the substance of which the particles are made. 3) Particles which are still smaller continue to be single-domain, but the direction of their magnetization fluctuates thermally, as first pointed out by Neel.' They have no remanence and no coercive force and possess the temperature-dependent magnetization curve of a paramagnetic substance with a very large moment. Bean calls this superpara-magnetism. All of these kinds of behavior are observable in alloys consisting of a precipitate of ferromagnetic phase in a nonferromagnetic matrix. Fig. 1 shows a typical aging curve for the room temperature coercive force of a sample of 98 pct Cu-2 pct Co alloy

Jan 1, 1958

By J. Owens

The methodology of quarrying changed significantly in the Indiana Limestone industry in the sixty years between September 11, 1941, the date of the Pentagon groundbreaking ceremony and September 11, 2001 when the building was damaged by American Airlines Flight 77. So too, though to a lesser degree, did the machinery and methods used to fabricate the stone. The rededication ceremony on September 11, 2002 marked the end of the Phoenix Project, as the rebuilding effort was named. The story of this remarkable project illustrates what the American construction (and Indiana Limestone) industry can accomplish when working toward a common goal.

Jan 1, 2004

By V. Prasad, A. Afacan, K. Popli, S. Dubljevic

Froth flotation is one of the most common and widely used separation processes in the mineral processing industry; however, its complexity means that complete understanding of the process has not yet been achieved. A dynamic fundamental model is needed to enhance the understanding of the process and to improve process control. It is challenging to capture all the phenomena involved; hence, we propose a multiscale modeling approach with a framework ranging from macroscopic (equipment scale) to microscopic (attachment, detachment) models along with distribution models for ore particle sizes. Real-time froth properties are obtained using a vision-based sensing system. These measurements can be used for developing a soft sensor for grade using statistical methods such as PCR (principal component regression) and PLS (partial least squares) regression. The fundamental model is updated in real-time using extended Kalman filtering. Attachment dynamics are studied for different particle size distributions. The modeling and soft sensing is tested on batch flotation cell for the pure mineral galena with different particle size distributions using Xanthate and MIBC as collector and frother, respectively. The model, online measurements and soft sensor are useful in developing monitoring methods for froth flotation.

Jan 1, 2015

By Jonathan Zimmerling, Rob Alkins

The model of waves emanating from a blast hole proposed by Heelan, and further developed by Blair and Minchinton, provides an approximation of particle motion in an isotropic, continuous and homogenous medium caused by a cylindrical pressure source. Previous work in the literature shows that the shapes of the peak strain and peak particle velocity contours generated by this model are influenced by priming location. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations into the effects of priming position in an explosive column and the resulting shape of the surrounding stress and particle velocity fields. Fifteen emulsion charges were detonated in a limestone quarry, of which eight were bottom primed and seven top primed. The charges were fully confined, with no breakout to any surface. Particle velocity was monitored using tri-axial sensors coupled to the rock using cement, and pressure sensors were placed in water filled boreholes for fourteen of the experiments. Statistically significant differences in peak pressure for bottom and top primed shots were observed. Blair and Minchinton developed two pressure source functions, one of which is scaled using the charge weight scaling law. New models of the explosive pressure source are developed and compared to those found in the literature. These models are directly calibrated by predicting the peak velocities achieved at the known locations of the velocity sensors, then minimizing the residual sum of squares between the predicted and observed peak vibration values. Due to the complexity of the model the residual sum of squares cannot be minimized using standard non-linear optimization techniques, so a stochastic, agent based global optimization method is employed. Models are then cross validated by comparing the relative predicted differences in stress between bottom and top priming position to the observed differences.

Jan 1, 2013

By Mike Anderson

The annual budget for the repair and maintenance of equipment at Syncrude Canada Ltd is in excess of 450 million dollars. Of this amount, a significant portion can be attributed to the loss of material on various pieces of equipment throughout the operation. In order to effectively battle the different wear and corrosion mechanisms that lead to material loss, it is important to understand how materials behave in the environments in which they are used. Through the work carried out at Syncrude, and work conducted with various external collaborators, significant improvements in both equipment reliability and productivity have been achieved. This paper will review some recent field trails where materials research has demonstrated the potential for significant improvements in equipment run life and reduced maintenance costs. These field trails will demonstrate the need for understanding the interaction between various damage mechanisms and the materials used in different services. The paper will also discuss current areas of focus along with future directions for further work.

May 1, 2003

Reliably detect fires by sensing sub-micrometer-sized particles released into the air by smoldering or burning materials. Approach An extremely sensitive, ionization-type fire detector has been built that continuously draws air samples through its ionizing field and collects the ionized smoke particles downstream, thereby generating a proportional electrical output signal. (An offshoot instrument measures the size distribution and number of sub-micrometer particles in air.) How It Works Mine air to be monitored is drawn through the instrument assembly by a small pump. A pre-filter and cyclone remove dust particles and other particles larger than 0.6 micrometer diameter. The air and remaining aerosol-sized particles flow through a gastight tube which contains the detector. See diagram. Smoke and other sub-micrometer-size particles moving Into the detector, pass through an Ionizing field, and are struck by alpha particles released from radioactive source located on the axis of the tube, The alpha particles move radially outward until they strike smoke particles or molecules of air or water. When struck, a smoke particle or molecule loses an electron and becomes positively ionized.

Jan 1, 1979

By Sparrow G. J

In a recently completed AMIRA project, 20 samples were searched for gold mineralisation using the automated location facility (ALF) for rare phases on a scanning electron microscope in the CSIRO Division of Mineral Products, Melbourne. The samples were submitted by mining companies in Australia, and Papua New Guinea, and included crushed ore samples, cyclone overflow and underflow products, a flotation concentrate, and 12 tailing samples. Their gold contents ranged from 600 to 0.2 g/t An. Native gold and gold minerals including a gold telluride, gold-silver tellurides, and a gold bismuth mineral, were located in the samples as free grains and associated with other minerals such as pyrite, magnetite, hematite, ankerite, copper sulphides, silicate minerals, and quartz. In the highest grade samples, both micron sized and 200 ¦m grains of gold were found with ALF. It would be difficult to locate such d wide size range of gold in a manual search. Gold mineralisation was located in the tailing samples assaying 0.4 g/t An and higher. In several tailing samples coarse grains of native gold over 40 p.m in size were located. One grain was estimated to have contributed 40 per cent of the gold in the sample. As well as locating gold mineralisation, the ALF examination resulted in the identification of uranium, mercury, and bismuth minerals in the samples. Knowledge of the distribution of these minerals in processing streams could be important in the operation of a concentrator.

Jan 1, 1992

By Milton Sergio Fernandes de Lima

A soldagem a laser do Ti-6Al-4V necessita de cuidados especiais quanto à reatividade do cordão com o ar. A fragilidade da solda é apontada como um dos entraves para o uso da liga em algumas aplicações de engenharia. Neste estudo, foram realizadas soldas em chapas de Ti-6Al-4V em diferentes condições experimentais. Verificou-se que a dureza aumenta com o inverso do logaritmo da velocidade de soldagem. A dureza, embora heterogênea na largura do cordão, é resultado da contaminação com oxigênio da estrutura hexagonal da fase a-Ti e da formação de óxido de titânio. Um sistema otimizado de proteção gasosa, protegendo ambas as superfícies e em particular a região do plasma, foi eficaz para melhorar o comportamento mecânico das juntas. Os resultados obtidos em tração uniaxial mostraram que houve um ganho expressivo nas medidas de tensão e deformação. Portanto, o sistema é indicado e recomendado para materiais com sensibilidade à contaminação atmosférica.

Aug 16, 2017

IT IS impossible to speak in exact terms of the effect that selective flotation has had, is having, and may have on the State of Utah. Its results enter into the economic structure of the state in so many ways and its ramifications are so widespread, that every line of industry is affected. Some effects can be definitely determined; others can be reasonably approximated; but the effect as a whole can not be set out in exact figures. Utah is essentially a mining state; mining is its basic industry and always will be. Agriculture, equally a basic industry, and of course, equally vital, can be practiced on only 6 per cent. of the 85,000 square miles of its area. It follows, therefore, that the economic future of this state depends upon a development of its natural resources. About 6 or 7 years ago, the mining industry in Utah was at a low ebb. This condition was caused partly by postwar conditions and other temporary causes, but prevailed also, which was most important, because the direct-smelting ores of the state were being rapidly exhausted and the cost of treatment of complex ores was almost prohibitive. Furthermore, the wet concentration of low-grade ores was unsatisfactory and did not result in producing a good smelting product. On visualizing this situation, one of the large smelting companies in the valley had the courage, ability and faith to develop and expand the principles involved in selective flotation of complex ores. This example has been followed by other smelting and reduction companies and the result has changed the entire aspect of the mining industry in Utah. The utilization of the zinc in the low-grade, lead-zinc-silver ores was the principal problem to be solved. The average yearly production from the State of Utah for the 10 years beginning 1914 and ending 1923, was something less than 10,000 tons of zinc concentrates. This period includes the world war, when abnormal prices stimulated production. In 1924, selective flotation began to be practiced on a considerable scale, replacing concentration by gravity and bulk flotation which had been used generally until this time. PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF ZINC CONCENTRATES The production of zinc concentrates during 1924 was approximately , 24,000 tons, or twice the average yearly production of the previous 10

Jan 1, 1928

By M. Yavuz

Decision Making (DM) can be defined as a selection process of the best one among the alternatives sets in order to obtain goal, and mostly has an uncertain situation [7]. Every mining engineer is subjected to a number of mining DM problems in daily mining operations. In reality, all stages of mining have its own DM problems. Most of time, engineers do not use scientific methods for DM problems. These problems can mostly be solved by the engineers according to their past experiences and practical studies. Mining engineers often use their intuition in DM process. Experience and intuition have been central to DM because of the frequent lack of quantitative data including geology, grade distribution and ground condition, as well as environmental, social and economic factors [8]. In decision process, linguistic variables become in question and decision makers may not know how these variables are computed [9]. So, the DM process may be qualitative, quantitative or combination of the two. The problem structuring and analysis process is conceptualized in Figure 1 [8]. The qualitative analysis is based primarily on the judgment, knowledge and experience of an expert (or team of experts). In a quantitative analysis, the focus is on facts and the data associated with a problem and a mathematical formulation that encompasses the objectives, variables and constraints of the particular problem. The quantitative analysis has traditionally been the subject of operation research and management science [8].

Jan 1, 2008

By W. E. D. Jr. Stokes

THE application of aviation to mining and petroleum operations, on the basis of economy and attainment, has become a demonstrated fact. According to Dominion Government records, 30 Canadian companies engaged in air transportation with northland mining camps, carried 13,000 tons of freight in 1935, and in 1936 carried 16,000 tons. In addition, many mining companies used planes to transport prospectors with canoes, outboard motors, gasoline drums and supplies to remote locations, and one company maintained a plane to take radium-bearing ore from its mine on Great Bear Lake nearly 1000 miles south to the rail-way at Waterways, Alberta. Heavy pieces of mining machinery weighing 2 tons are being carried by Ford trimotor planes over the Andes, at an altitude of not less than 15,000 feet. At Bulolo, New Guinea, 17,500 tons of disassembled gold-dredging equipment has been flown over inaccessible terrain, while supplies and building materials for a community of 1000 whites have been transported by airplane. A 31 z-ton shaft was carried on one notable trip, while at another time an automobile, 2 tons of rice and a large safe went over the mountains in one plane. Fig. 1 shows an electric generator that was carried by plane to Bulolo. Many large American oil companies operated fleets of planes during 1936, ranging from fast, luxurious air liners for executives to elaborate geological prospecting units, ambulance planes, freight carriers and pipe-line repair crews.

Jan 1, 1937

By William M. Boorstein, Robert D. Pehlke

The rates of solution (of hydrogen in liquid pure iron and in several liquid binary iron alloys were meas-ured using a constant volume technique. The rates of absorption and desorption were found to be equal un-der all experimental conditions. increasing concen-trations of S, Si, or Te decrease the rate of hydrogen uptake but additions of Al, B, Cr, Cu, or Ni have no measurable effect up to concentrations normally en-countered in steelmaking practice. No relation ship was found between the effect of an alloying element on the equilibrium solubility of hydrogen in liquid iron and its effect on the solution rate constant. Mathe-rnatical analysis of the data indicates that under the present experimental conditions the rate of reaction of hydrogen with liquid iron is controlled by transport of gas solute atoms in the metal phase. Comparison of the present resuts with data on nitrogen taken un der similar conditions establishes that the hydrody-nurnic conditions which exist near the surface of a metal bath are best approximated mathematically by a surface renewal model for the case of rapid in-ductive stirring and by a boundary layer model for more quiescent melts. HYDROGEN has long been recognized as being a detrimental constituent in steel. If dissolved in the molten metal in excess of its solid solubility, hydro-gen can be evolved during solidification and cause bleeding or porosity in ingots and castings. In the solid metal, lesser amounts play a definite role in causing other defects such as hairline cracks, blisters, and embrittlement. For significant refinements to be made in metallurgical procedures designed to control or eliminate hydrogen from liquid iron or steel dur-ing processing, available equilibrium solubility data must be supplemented with reliable fundamental in-formation pertaining to the kinetic factors involved in the transfer of hydrogen to or from the metal. The scarcity of such information in the literature prompted the present investigation. PREVIOUS RESEARCH Whereas much of the existing data on the solution kinetics of gases such as nitrogen were obtained during the course of thermodynamic investigations, the solu-tion rate of hydrogen has been found too rapid to be accurately determined by conventional solubility meas-urement techniques. Consequently, little work on hy-drogen solution kinetics has been reported in the lit-erature. Carney, Chipman, and crant1 attempted to study the rate of solution and evolution of hydrogen from liquid iron by employing a newly devised sampling method. Although no significant quantitative data could be obtained, it was observed that the rate of solution was approximately equal to the rate of evolution of hy-drogen from the melt. Karnaukov and Morozov2 stud-ied the rate of absorption and Knuppel and Oeters3 the rate of desorption of hydrogen from molten iron by measuring pressure changes with time in a constant volume system. Karnaukov and Morozov determined the hydrogen pressures over their inductively stirred melts with the aid of a McLeod gage and therefore, were forced to work at pressures not in excess of 40 mm of Hg. Their experimental data conformed to a mathematical correlation based on diffusion control: and the rate coefficients calculated on this basis were shown to be independent of the initial absorption pres-sure. These authors reported the solution rate of hy-drogen to be eight-to-ten times higher than they had found for nitrogen in a previous study. They also re-ported that under identical conditions, hydrogen dis-solves somewhat more slowly in iron-columbium alloys than in pure iron. Knuppel and Oeters found that the desorption of hydrogen from pure iron at 1600°C was controlled in all cases investigated by diffusion in the metal bath as long as bubble formation was sup-pressed. This was substantiated by Levin, Kurochkin, and umrikhin4 who studied the kinetics of hydrogen evolution from liquid (technical) iron while applying a vacuum. Salter5 measured the rate of hydrogen ab-sorbed by iron buttons, arc-melted by direct current, as a function of hydrogen partial pressure in a hy-drogen-argon atmosphere. A carrier gas technique was used for analysis of the hydrogen absorbed. The initial rate of absorption was found to increase di-rectly with the square root of the partial pressure of hydrogen. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Because of the rapid uptake and evolution of hydro-gen by iron-base melts, a constant volume technique was devised in order to obtain meaningful kinetic data over the entire course of the solution process. Apparatus. A schematic view of the experimental apparatus is given in Fig. 1. The hydrogen-liquid iron reaction system consisted of a gas storage bulb con-nected to a meltcontaining reaction chamber through a normally-closed solenoid valve. The gas storage bulb, an inverted 250 ml round-bottomed Pyrex flask was joined to the inlet port of the solenoid valve by a glass-to-metal seal. A more detailed illustration of the reaction chamber is shown in Fig. 2. The design of the Vycor reaction bulb was essentially that de-scribed by Weinstein and Elliott6 with the exception of a shorter, larger diameter gas inlet for this kinetic study. In position, the reaction bulb was closely by an eight-turn coil of water-cooled copper tubing which, when energized by a 400-kc oscillator, provided the inductive heating source. The walls of the bulb were maintained relatively cool by circulating cold water along their outer surface, thus preventing

Jan 1, 1970

By F. C. Gennari, D. M. Pasquevich

With the gradual exhaustion of natural rutile, there has been extensive research into its synthesising from lower-grade titanium minerals. The removal of Fe from pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) by chlorination was studied, using both isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric measurements. Correlation of the results obtained from element distribution maps, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and phases detected by X-ray diffraction in the chlorinated samples showed clearly two associated processes. First, the pseudobrookite particles reacted with chlorine and iron was removed selectively as FeCl3(g), leaving a solid residue rich in the TiO2 phases anatile and rutile, separated from an inner layer of unreacted pseudobrookite by a distinct interphase boundary. Second, chlorine allowed TiCl4(g) to form in the reaction bed, where it removed iron from the Fe2O3 crystals as FeCl3(g) and substituted Ti through a pseudomorphic reaction

Jun 21, 1905

By E. S. Hutchinson

The subject of the influence of coal-dust in mine-explosions has received considerable attention both in England and on the continent of Europe, but until the recent disaster at Pocahontas, Va., it seems not to have been of special interest to engineers in this country. The reason, perhaps, is that most of our bituminous mines are worked by short shafts, slopes and drifts; few have been specially dry; and the explosions that have occurred could readily be traced to fire-damp with 110 complicated circumstances. The object of the present paper is to bring together, for the convenience of members of the Institute, the principal English opinions upon this important subject. Messrs. Lyell and Faraday, in their report to the Home Secretary," in England, on the Haswell Colliery explosion in 1844, seem to have been the first to point out that dust fed the flame originating in a

Jan 1, 1885

By P. A. Corbeil, C. Swart, F. Miller, V. Falmagne

Automation technologies are increasingly adopted in different mines worldwide. This paper presents the technical aspects of vehicle automation applications at two Noranda operating mines. Teleoperation of 5 LHD’s at Noranda’s Bell Allard mine is used in order to meet aggressive mining requirements under difficult conditions. The equipment is performing under high demand for reliability and performance. In order to further increase performance, automated loading has been commissioned on one of the LHD’s and is being tested. Results to date indicate improved performance with respect to an operator through better filling of the bucket, fewer passes at the muck pile and shorter cycles. Noranda’s Brunswick mine is currently commissioning an automated haulage zone where two optically guided trucks transport ore from a remotely operated chute to two ore passes. Expected operational advantages include increased system capacity and enhanced safety and comfort for the operator. Monitoring to date indicates that the trucks can operate reliably under the conditions imposed by mine production.

Sep 1, 2001

By E. Krystad, G. Tranell

"The kinetics of boron removal from liquid silicon during slag refining, as a process step in the production of solar grade silicon, has been investigated by means of small scale mass transfer experimental series at 1600°C, using a graphite crucible. The slags were SiO2-CaO based, with or without addition of approx. 19 wt% MgO. Experiments were carried out at slag-metal ratios of 1 or 2, where the silicon initially contained approx. 250 ppm boron. The metal-slag mass transfer coefficients for boron were found to be in the order of 1-3 · 10-6 m/s and were largely influenced by slag composition. The mass transfer rate was higher for the MgO-containing slag than the slags without MgO. The final equilibrium distribution of boron between metal and slag, LB, was determined to be in the order of 2.3-3.3.I. INTRODUCTIONRecent years have seen a race in industry and research aimed at obtaining a reliable metallurgical route for production of silicon for solar cells (SoG-Si) from metallurgical grade (MG) silicon. Metallurgical routes can successfully challenge the traditional chemical routes for production of SoG-Si if they generate metal of sufficient purity while being less expensive in terms of production cost and energy consumption. Efficient removal of boron is one of the greatest obstacles in the refining of silicon by a metallurgical route, because the segregation coefficient of boron in silicon makes directional solidification unfeasible; in addition, the vapour pressure of boron is not high enough for removal by vacuum refining. However, the thermodynamic properties of boron makes removal from silicon by oxidation possible, and thus the process of slag refining of silicon has been receiving increasing attention as a method for boron removal."

Jan 1, 2012

By B. Gazea, A. Kontopoulos, A. Kourtis, K. Adam

Static tests give a measure of the balance between acid-producing and acid-neutralising mineral components in a material, while kinetic tests determine acid generation and neutralisation over a long period. Drill-core samples from the amphibolite and gneiss host rocks of the Stratoni lead-zinc sulphide deposit in Greece and mine/mill waste samples from Stratoni and Olympias were examined by the standard acid base accounting, BCR and net acid production tests. Mineralogical data on the materials and resulting residues were used to illustrate the differences between the methods and establish their ranges of applicability. BCR seems to simulate most closely the conditions prevailing during generation of acid mine drainage but is time-consuming and requires elaborate equipment. Acid base accounting is suggested for standard screening; net acid production might be used in the field or for solids with less than 10% S

Jun 19, 1905

By Marc-André Villiard, C. St-Onge, V. Silla, J-C Milot

Rio Tinto Fer et Titane (RTFT) operates a metallurgical complex in Sorel-Tracey, Canada. In the Ore Preparation Plant (OPP), ilmenite ore is roasted through four parallel rotary kilns generating 95% of the plant wide sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions. RTFT proactively set an annual emission cap for SO2 to be achieved by 2015. To achieve this targeted SO2 reductions, a technology evaluation and selection exercise was carried out, followed by detailed engineering and implementation. After a detailed evaluation of SO2 scrubbing technologies, the Circulating Dry Scrubber (CDS) system was selected as the most appropriate desulphurization system for this application. The system was implemented and commissioned from 2013 to 2015. General performance testing conducted in May 2015 demonstrated that the system achieved and surpassed the anticipated design values in terms of SO2 removal efficiency and hydrated lime utilisation. This paper summarizes the SO2 technology selection process, design features of the selected technology, project implementation and final performance testing of the SO2 abatement system.

Jan 1, 2015