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By Stuart M. Buck

THE term "splint" seems to have been adopted to describe the fracture of the hard bituminous coals of West Virginia. It is not a scientific name,, but rather a trade term, and does not indicate a correspondence with English splint. At present it is a popular word, and is very loosely applied to coals of various qualities, in the desire to improve their sale. The Kanawha splint is distinguished by its hardness, dull lustre, coarse fibrous structure, its purity, and especially its resistance to atmospheric influence. It kindles very readily, burns with a bright flame, but does not cake, so that a lump when half consumed, may be broken by a slight blow in its plane of cleavage, though 'it will resist a' strong blow in any other direction. I have seen pieces that have been exposed to frost and sun

Jan 1, 1882

By Robert S. Dewey

Drilling in West Texas during 1942 was substantially less than in the previous year. In all. 1267 Wells were drilled, as compared with 2325 wells in 1941. Of these 1267 wells, 1052 oil wells, 10 gas wells and 69 dry holes were drilled in proven fields and 36 oil wells, one gas well and 99 dry holes were wildcat operations. Of the 36 wildcat wells completed as oil producers, 16 led to new field discoveries, three found new productive horizons in old fields, and 17 extended the productive limits of established fields. Where semiwildcat drilling took place along established productive trends, there was often no sharp demarcation between wildcat wells that extend field limits and normal development to fulfil lease obligations, other than the arbitrary classification of a well as a wildcat if it was drilled at a distance of 2 miles from a producing oil well. The dry hole drilled on the edge of a field may have proved a more hazardous operation than a semiwildcat drilled several miles from production but favorably located on structure. The percentage of successful wildcatting ranges from 26.5 down to 14 per cent, dependent upon the degree of inclusion of the semiwildcat operations. Irrespective of which figure was used, the West Texas area maintained its better than average exploratory position. No doubt a number of factors may have influenced the extent of the 1942 development. Among those arising from the economic dislocation attendant on the war effort, the following are worthy of note. Owing to inductions into the armed forces and shipyard competition for mechanically trained men, experienced drilling personnel was sharply reduced, thereby increasing drilling costs and well-completion hazards. Replacement labor has not met the same standard of responsibility or workmanship to which the oil industry has grown accustomed. Increased military consumption of aviation gasoline and other crude products, coupled with decreased domestic consumption of lower-octane gasoline, has stimulated the market demand for the types of sweet crude most readily processed with available refinery equipment to meet war requirements, and has depressed the market demand for the sour West Texas crudes. As a majority of the purchasers of West Texas crude normally ship a substantial portion of sour crude to the refineries on the Atlantic seaboard, the loss and diversion of tanker service between Gulf Coast and north Atlantic ports have further curtailed the market demand for this type of crude oil. As some purchasers of crude oil were able to move by pipe line their West Texas trunk-line capacity to Midwestern refining centers, they were not impelled to curtail purchases of West Texas crude. The varying ability of the purchasers of crude oil to market West Texas crude was reflected back to various fields to which they were connected, causing an unequal distribution of production as among fields and operators. The pipe-line runs from the West Texas-New Mexico area decreased from approximately 354,000 bbl. Per day in January to about 265,000 bbl. in December 1942. .Approximately 2,991,000 bbl. of West

Jan 1, 1943

By K. W. Lee, C. Pound, J. Carmody, L. Petersen, C. Nelson, J. G. Cai

The feasibility of developing the Underground Science City below the Kent Ridge Park has been investigated. The primary aim of the study has been to explore the possibility of creating underground space to house a new community of research laboratories and offices. The investigation represents the first such study undertaken in Singapore for a non-military underground facility. The paper describes the geology of the Underground Science City site and illustrates the layout and plan of the Underground Science City. The geology and rock mass below the Kent Ridge Park is generally favorable for the development of an underground cavern complex. Underground Science City can be potentially developed housed in a cavern complex. Several potential development schemes are studied; with various combination of deep/shallow mined caverns of different span sizes and access options. The preferred scheme is shallow, mined room-and-pillar caverns with large spans and shaft accesses at both existing surface Science Park 1 and Science Park 2. The scheme can be potentially expanded laterally to create more underground space for new Underground Science Cities at Kent Ridge area.

Jan 1, 2001

By R. W. Wotring

Mr. Chairman, Officers, Members and Guests of the AIME, I want to express my appreciation for the privilege of being on your program at this meeting. Coal mining, in recent years, has become much more competitive than it formerly was. To stay in business, it has been necessary for coal mines to mechanize. This, in itself, has not been enough for after one has mechanized his mine, he must keep replacing the equipment with the latest type and model machines. We, at Olga, have been doing this very thing for the past several years. Olga No. 2 Mine is located at Caretta, West Virginia, in McDovell County, about twelve miles south of Welch, It is a shaft mine, operating in the No. 4 Pocahontas seam. The thickness in the area, we are presently mining, varies from five to six feet. In some areas the immediate roof is slate, ranging in thickness from a few inches to four and five feet; in other places, the sandstone lies on top of the coal, This sandstone is about twenty-five feet thick.

Jan 1, 1961

By Toshiharu Teranishi

When we apply the Au nanoparticle superlattices to the future nanooptical and nanoelectronic devices, the control of not only the particle size but also the interparticle spacing and symmetry of superlattice are the essential problems to be overcome. First, we developed a novel synthetic procedure to precisely control the particle size of alkanethiol-protected Au nanoparticles in the range from 1.5 to 9.7 nm by the heat-treatment of the small Au nanoparticles in the solid state. Absorption and nonlinear optical properties of alkanethiol-protected Au nanoparticle superlattices were then elucidated. On the other hand, the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) 2D superlattices of small Au nanoparticles with the interparticle spacings from 1.9 to 3.6 nm were successfully prepared by using newly-synthesized ligand for single electron tunneling devices. Finally, various symmetric superlattices, such as chain (2-fold), quasi-honeycomb (3-fold), square (4-fold), etc., of Au nanoparticles could be produced by making use of interligand interactions or some templates.

Oct 1, 2003

By Funsho K. Ojebuoboh

With several “green” applications on the horizon, bismuth has become an even more important minor metal in the smelting and refining of lead. Smelters with a complex sulphide feed invariably deal with bismuth. Its behavior during the smelting of lead in conventional sinter-blast furnace operation is discussed. Because it readily deports to the lead phase during the refining of lead, its separation from refined lead remained unsatisfactory in early lead production. When commercial requirements of bismuth in lead became more stringent early this century, the procedure where by calcium and magnesium is used todebismuthise lead was developed. The present conduct of this 1936 process, the Kroll-Betterton process, is discussed with emphasis on operational improvements.

Jan 1, 1996

By Guangdong Institute of Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Y. H. Tang, H. X. Hu, T. S. Dong, Z. H. Zhang

"A world class rare metals ore deposit in Africa belongs to a massive granite type poly-metallic pyrochlore-niobium resource. Successful project development in realizing the resource is vital to Africa’s economy and pyrochlore processing technology.The ore properties are quite complex due to the presence of varieties of valuable minerals, fine dissemination and intimate association of minerals and the relative abundance of easy-floatable minerals. The separation of pyrochlore from zircon, calcite and mica is generally considered difficult. Whilst studies have previously been conducted by several independent institutions overseas, no satisfactory process has yet been developed to date for the ore deposit—possibly due to the process designed being too complex; high cost of regents; lower performance.Based on process mineralogy study and extensive testwork, the authors have in recent years developed a new technology—“De-slime—Iron-rejection—Zircon (with calcite) and Calcite reverse flotation—Pyrochlore flotation”. The flow-sheet is characterized by ?1prior removal of slimes and iron minerals; ?2 Zircon (with calcite) and Calcite reverse flotation; and ?3Pyrochlore flotation applying new type of chelating collector GYX3 developed by GZRINM in conjunction with selected regulators and depressants.The process involved in the new technology is simple to implement and facilitates stable operation; the flotation reagent regime is easily adaptable; the cost of main reagent is lower largely because it is easy to manufacture and is environmental friendly. Laboratory test results demonstrated that, for raw ore assaying 0.35% Nb2O5, 0.03% Ta2O5 and 0.45% ZrO2, pyrochlore concentrate grade of >35% Nb2O5 could be obtained with >74% recovery. Meanwhile, the Ta2O5 content in pyrochlore concentrate could be recycled, and ZrO2 recovery >50% could be achieved in zircon concentrate assaying ZrO2>63%—significantly improving the technical-economic indicator. These results were verified in pilot trials of 1.44t/d throughput. The paper presents the new technology in whole, summarizes the key factors affecting its performance and discusses in simple terms the mechanism of separation."

Jan 1, 2016

By G. W. Cutting

Interlocking material balances on complex mineral dressing plants greatly assist in metallurgical investigations: indeed, without such a balance, there is no firm basis upon which to base process performance evaluations. To achieve balances both qualitative and quantitative data must be rationalised in conjunction with the process flowsheet. WSL has developed a range of programs to evaluate interlocking material balances. However, to obtain maximum benefit from the balances, answers of direct value at the process level must be provided: WSL has developed also a range of programs for this purpose. Practical examples are given, which illustrate the benefits obtained from process balances.

Jan 1, 1979

By O. Kökkilic

This study covers the tests to develop separation process for production of clay and colemanite rich concentrates, and aims to serve the clay and colemanite concentrates extracted from the tailing dams to the industrial applications. For this purpose, samples from the tailing dams in Kestelek Boron Plant (Turkey) with an average B2O3 content of 8%~11 % were subjected to the investigations. The separation process of hydrocyclone--to make clear the way to obtain either clean clay or cole-manite--was initially discussed. Therefore, following the gentle scrubbing (to keep the bimodal size distribution between clay and colemanite) of the tailings to disperse the slurry, two alternative multistage hydrocyclone processes; allowing to recycling the overflows or underflows to concentrate clay and colemanite were respectively tested. As a result of the preliminary tests, the multistage hydrocyclone separation in direction to the clean colemanite concentrates (recycling the underflows) gave the better separation efficiencies. So, all the parameters such as apex and vortex finder diameters and feeding pressures were examined with the multistage hydrocyclone process allowing the recycling the underflows. The detailed multistage hydrocyclone separation process of the tailing dam wastes yielded with colemanite concentrates (approx. 12 % of the feed, w/w) with B2O3 content of 35.0 % and the clay concentrates (approx. 42 % of the feed, w/w) with B2O3 content of 2.1 %. Colemanite concentrates were found good enough either to re-feed in to the separation process or to keep upgrading for final product ready to use in Industry whereas the attempts on production of light bricks from clay concentrates has failed. But it is worth to point out that these clay concentrates can be used for agricultural purposes just in the form as it is.

Jan 1, 2014

By Shantanu Chakrabarti, Khursid Alam Khan

"Globally, the use of metallic coated steel sheets in the automobile industry is increasing. The sheet should have excellent formability, weldability, paintability and corrosion resistance. Since bare cold rolled steel sheets have certain limitations, application of galvanized steel sheets is steadily expending. Galvannealed steel sheet fulfills all requirements and has become of major interest in the automobile industry.The success of Galvannealed (GA) steels in the body-in-white depends upon material design and parameters of various processes involved, like cold rolling, continuous annealing, hot dipping and galvannealing. In the present work, powdering resistance, one of the important product characteristics of GA, has been studied and a relation is established between the process parameters and the powdering value. The product obtained through optimization of the process parameters have been successfully used by major automotive producers without any powdering problem, for internal as well as external automotive applications.IntroductionThe present automotive industry demands that steel for the auto components should have excellent formability, weldability, paintability, corrosion resistance etc. In addition to this there is specific requirement for some particular components like high surface quality for skin panels. Corrosion resistance of panels is important requirment which determines the life of the particular component and brand value of the automotive. Among all the zinc based steel coating used in the automotive industry coating produced by Galvannealing process has received most attention because of its excellent weldability along with superior corrosion resistance and better paintability."

Jan 1, 2012

By I. J. Polmear

Earlier work revealed that small amounts of silver (< 0,l at. pct) may exert a marked effect on the structure and aging characteristics of certain a1loys based on the Al-Zn-Mg system. Silver additions have now been made to other age-hardening aluminum alloys, and significant effects have been observed in the Al-Mg system and in several Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys. Similarities exist between the behavior of alloys from all four systems, notably that in each case silver stimulates nucleation of an intermediate precipitate which forms when the alloys are aged in the medium temperature range (-120" to 220°C). The mechanism for this effect is uncer- IT has been shown that small additions of silver (<0.1 at. pct) may have a marked effect on the structure and age-hardening characteristics of tain although it is suggested it originates in a preferred affinity between magnesium and silver atoms. There is evidence to indicate that the effects of silver are unique to that element. It is suggested that silver atoms interact with vacancies during low-temperature aging of Al-4 pct Cu and certain Al-Cu-Mg alloys. Silver had little effect on Al-8 pct Zn aged at any temperature. Preliminary observations indicate that silver may have interesting effects on the strength properties of Al-Mg alloys, md a the commercial Al-Cu-Mg alloys designated as 2024 and 2618. many alloys based on the Al-Zn-Mg* system.1"&apos;*

Jan 1, 1964

Abadilla, Quirico A., Geol.. Lago Pet. Corp Box 172 Maracaiho, Venezuela. IIAbbw. Robert Graham. The W. W. Sly Mfg. Co.Train Ave.. Cleveland. Ohio. Abbotf A. N., Mines Supt., Maznpil Copper Co.. Ltd..Conception del Oro, Zac., Mexico. Abbotf Clarence E, Mgr.. Mines & Quarries, Tenn. Coal. Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. Abbott. Louis Benjamin. Chief Engr.. Consolidation Coal Co. ... .Elkhorn Div., Jenkins, Ky. Abeel, George 8.. Jr., Cons. Min. Engr...4612 West 17th St., Los Angeles, Cal. Abel. Albert E.. Asst. to Pres.. Valley Mould & Iron Corp..Hubbard, Ohio. Abel. Raymond L Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin.. Univ. of Pittsburgh. .. .Pittsburgh. Pa. Abernathy. George Elmer. Prof. of Geol. & Min.. Kansas State Teachers College. Pittahurg. Kans. Abernethy, D. Carl, Jr. Min. Engr., Hudson Coal Co. .Scranton, Pa. Abw, Hirouhi. Min. & Met. Engr., Min. & Met. Dept., The Higher Technical School, Osaka, Japan. Aborn. Robert H.. Research Assoc.. Mass. Inst. of Tech..Cambridge, Mass. Abouchar. Bylvain Sley. Min. Engr. & Geol., c/o S. H. Sekaly, 13 Rue El Nimr, Cairo, Egypt. tAbozeid. Mahmood. Pet. Min. Engr., Marland Oil Co. of California, Subway Terminal Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Abraham. Arthur W.A. pt. 40, Barcelona. Anzoatmui, Venezuela. Abrahams. Alexander I.. Gen&apos;l Mgr., Racon Electrical Co.. ..... .Slough, London, England. tAbrahamuon, C. W., Min. Engr.. The Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.. ..... .Levack. Ont., Canada. Abstein, Henry T.. Engr. & Mgr.. Profile-Tamarack Mines Co.. ...... .Yellow Pine, Idaho. tAcker, E. WC.. Met.. ........ .I28 East Washington Lane. Germantuwn. Philadelphia, Pa. IlAckerman, D. E.. Research Engr.. Research Lab., International Nickel Co., Bayonne, N. J. tAckerman. Ernest R., Pres., Lawrence Portland Cement Co.. . .Plainfield, Union Co., N. J. Adachi. Jinzoo.A..d dress Wanted Adachi, Yuichi, Chief Engr.. Anzan Steel Works, South Manchuria RY. Co., Anzan, South Manchuria. China. (Via Dairen). Adair, Arthur C, Valuation Engr., Internal Revenue. Treasury Dept.. . .Washington, D. C. Adami. Arthur E., Prof. of Min. Engrg., Montana State School of Mines. Butte, Mont. Adami. Charles J.. Min. Engr., Gen&apos;l Mnr., St. Jos~ph Lead Co.. ....... .Bonne Terre, Mo. Adama, C. W., Pres. Adams Pacific Corp .I66 Montgomery St., San Francisco. Cal. Adams. Cuyler .Dee rwood, Minn. Adams, David T, 514 Wrigley Bldg.. Chicago, Ill. ADAMS, FRANK DAWSON, Logan Prof. of Geology and Dean, Faculty of Applied Science. McGiU Univ., Montreal. Que.. Canada. Adams. Gale L, Research Engr.. General Pet. Corp...Los Angeles. Cal. Adams. George I.. Prof. of Geol. & Mineralogy. Univ. of Alabama. .Tuscalmsa, Ala. Adams. H. H.. Cons. Gml..Room 415, W. T. Waggoner Bldg., Fort Worth. Tex. Adams, Henry, Cons. Min. Engr. . 934 Park Ave., Plainfield, N. J. Adame, Henry H. 285 Madison Ave., New York. N. Y. Adams. Henry Farnum. Engr.. Charge Experimental Work, Inspiration Concentrator. Inspiration Cons. Copper Co.. Box 364, Inspiration. Ariz. Adams, Huntington, Min. Engr, 149 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Adams. Leland D, V.P.. Leslie-California Salt Co., 166 Montgomery St.. San Francisco. Cal. Adams. Louie W.. Illinois Steel Co Gary, Ind. Adama, XL L. Min. Engr.. Old Ben Coal Corp., Mine 12.. Christopher. IU. Adams, Robert M. Robert M. Adam Co. .I201 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn. Adams. Sidney F.. Geol., Empire Zinc Co .Gilman, Colo. tAdams, Waldo Peck..P ittsfield, Pike Co.. Ill. Addams. Charles 1. Min. Engr.. Bo x 663. Phoenix, Ariz. Addicka, Lawrence. Cons. Enar..... .61 Maiden Lane. New York. N. Y. Addison, Herbert, V.P.. Big Horn Collieries Co ,412 Colorado Bldg., Denver, Colo. Adkemn. J. Carson. Min. Engr.. HY Grade Manganese Co., Inc..Woodstock, Va. Ady. Joseph Wesley. Jr.. Min. Enar., 314 Mining Exchange Blda., Colorado Springs, Colo. Affelder. William Lewis. Asst. to Pres., Hillman Coal & Coke Co. & Allied Companies. 2006 First National Bank Bldg.. Pittshurgh, Pa. Ameck, B. F.. Pres.. Universal Portland Cement Co. .. .210 South La Salle St., Chicago. Ill. Agabeg, Edgar C.. Cons. Min. Engr.. ..... .Evelyn Lodae. Asansol, E. I. R. Bengal, India. tAsar. William M.. Aest. Prof. of Geol.. Kirtland Hall, Yale Univ.. ... .New Haven, Conn. Agaeniz. Rodolphe L, Pres.. Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. ...... .Boston, Mass. tAgens, William Holmes. District Mgr.. Traylor Engrg. & Mfg. Co., 362 I. W. Hellman Blda.. Los Aneeles. Cal.

Jan 1, 1928

By H. Lind

Mining in Estonian oil shale deposit mainly takes place in the Ordovician, Keila-Kukruse aquifer. The aquifer is affected by mining and is fully dried out around the working mine areas (Perens and Savitski, 2008). The groundwater level is decreased down to 30 m, to the mine floor elevation using about 30 pumping stations (Lind, 2005). The pumping rate is very high - depending on the season, ranging from 10 up to 40 m3 per ton of produced oil shale (Reinsalu et al., 2006). The Estonian oil Shale Company mined 15.5 million tons of oil shale in 2007 (Source: Estonian Oil Shale Company). In order to predict the effects, and avoid the social and environmental impacts, there is a need to continuously monitor the situation and run software simulations aiming at decreasing the pumping rate. This becomes even more important since the environmental taxes on usage of groundwater resources increase every year. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor groundwater level and quality, and develop a groundwater model for the overview of the situation during mine operations and also for a number of years after mine closure.

Jan 1, 2008

By L. E. Young

The progress of mineral industry education will be limited to the period prior to World War II and will be considered as primarily a division of engineering education. Its relation to progress in the mineral industry and to the activities of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will be emphasized. The history of mineral industry education has been recorded most completely and authoritatively by Dr. T. T. Read in his recent volume in the Seeley W. Mudd Series of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers publications, entitled, The Development of Mineral Industry Education in the United States. Therefore, most of the historical details will be omitted from the discussion and an effort will be made to point out significant developments and to analyze trends. Introductory Statement and Significant Points in Progress Among the significant points in the development of mineral industry education in the United States since 1871, the following deserve particular mention: 1. The number of institutions offering undergraduate instruction has increased, particularly during the years 1890 to 1925; the number of students enrolled in undergraduate study has increased greatly, largely on account of the development of courses in petroleum engineering and increasing interest in metallurgy. 2. The selection of students to be admitted to undergraduate courses has been improved through the advisement, counseling, and guidance programs sponsored by the Engineers&apos; Council for Professional Development. 3. Improved instruction methods all the training of the teaching staff have been promoted by the educational institutions themselves, but with the most effective stimulus and guidance of the American Society for Engineering Education and the Engineers&apos; Council for Professional Development. 4. The accrediting of undergraduate curricula through the Engineers&apos; Council for Professional Development, consitlering both qualitative and quantitative criteria, has done much to improve standards of instruction in engineering education for thc mineral industry. 5. Undergraduate curricula and courses are revised currently to meet the needs of the American mineral industry. New curricula are developed currently to permit specialization in technical fields, particularly in the fourth year of undergraduate work. 6. There has been a strengthening of the fundamental courses in mathematics, physics, mechanics, and chemistry, and at the same time these courses are being adapted to the most recent developments in the industry, including metallurgy, geophysics. petroleum engineering, petroleum technology, ceramics and SO forth. 7&apos; There has been continuing improvement in plant and laboratory facilities of the educational institutions.

Jan 1, 1949

By Ingersoll Olmsted

These ores are of two classes, Bessemer and non-Bessemer, existing in separate, though adjoining, beds. Both are carbonates, with small admixtures of oxides and other combinations. To prepare them for market they are roasted in kilns, which have already been described by Mr. John Birkinbine at the Troy Meeting, October, 1883 (Trans., xii., 378). Concerning their size, arrangement, etc., I need, therefore, only repeat that they are 60 feet in height; have wrought-iron shells 24 feet in diameter; are lined with fire-brick, and supported by cast-iron mantel and columns.

Jan 1, 1889

By Manuel Sierra Lopez

Southern Perú Copper Corporation sucursal del Perú es una empresa de propiedad del Grupo México, realiza actividades minero metalúrgicas en las regiones de Moquegua y Tacna, explotando las unidades de producción de Toquepala y Cuajone siendo utilizado el método de explotación de Tajo abierto. Además Southern Perú Copper Corporation cuenta con una fundición de cobre ubicada en la Ciudad de Ilo y un patio puerto de donde se traslada los ánodos y cátodos de cobre a los mercados internacionales. Southern Perú, mediante su política de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), viene desarrollando diferentes programas y proyectos; los cuales, buscan contribuir con el desarrollo del territorio mediante el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de capacidades técnico productivas.

Sep 1, 2017

By E. Pothas, P. R. Jochens, L. B. McRae, D. D. Howat

SYNOPSIS The phase equilibria, viscosities and sulphur capacities of titaniferous slags were determined in the composition range of CaO = 30 to 0 per cent, MgO = 0 to 30 per cent, SiO2 = 19.69 per cent, AI.O. = 13.12 per cent and TiO2 = 37.19 per cent. The phase equilibria were determined by high temperature microscopy, the viscosities were measured using a rotating outer cylinder viscometer and the sulphur capacities were evaluated from the results obtained by equilibrating the slag in a gas stream of CO, CO2 and SO2. The behaviour of these titaniferous slags under reducing conditions was examined. Possible use of the slags for aggregate, or slag-cement, and the possibility of extracting the TiO2 are discussed. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PHASE EQUILIBRIA VISCOSITIES DISCUSSION OF THE PHASE EQUILlBRIA AND THE VISCOSITY VALUES EFFECT OF REDUCING CONDITIONS SULPHUR CAPACITY DISCUSSION OF THE SULPHUR CAPACITY VALUES POSSIBLE USES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION The latest phase in the exploitation of the mineral wealth of the Bushveld Igneous Complex is the erection of a plant by the Highveld Steel and Vanadium Corporation Limited near Witbank to produce steel and vanadium-rich slag from the titaniferous magnetites occurring in this rock formation. These titaniferous magnetites occur as segregations in the gabbro body and the TiO2 is mainly present within the structure of other constituent minerals but also occurs in smaller amounts as ilmenite and ulvospinel. The vanadium is thought to be present in the iron oxide phase due to isomorphous replacement of the iron. Until very recently, it was feared that the high titania content of these titaniferous magnetites would militate against their value as useful iron ores. However, the design of an integrated plant to produce both steel and vanadium-rich slag, and in which the iron-making process is conducted in submerged arc furnaces instead of in

Annual Meeting, Philadelphia May, 1873 THE Institute assembled in the room of the Board of Trade, Mercantile Library Building, on Tuesday evening, May 20th, at 8 o&apos;clock P.M, Hon. W. D. Kelley made an address of welcome to the Institute, which was responded to by President Raymond. The Council reported, through the President, that the Institute had during the past year, held three meetings, in New York, Pittsburgh, and Boston. Thirty-nine papers of great professional value had been read, and sixty-nine members and twenty-four associates added to the Institute. The finances of the Institute were in good condition, the report of the Treasurer, Mr. T. D. Rand, showing a balance on hand of $1569.74. The report was accepted. Prof. L. Gruner, of Paris, France, and Prof. Peter von Tunner, of Leoben, Austria, having been proposed by ten members of the Institute, and approved by the Council, were unanimously elected honorary members. The Council reported the names of the following gentlemen, with recommendation for election as members or associates. They were unanimously elected. *Barker, Prof. G. F., - Philadelphia, Pa. †Chalfant, John W., - Pittsburgh, Pa. *Crawford, John J., - Philadelphia, Pa. *Crasius, O. H., - Columbus, Ohio. †Dibble, Theo. Hoyt, - Pottsville, Pa. †Everson, John, - Pittsburgh, Pa. †Field, Robt. P., - Philadelphia, Pa. *Fisher, F. A., - Bristol, Tenn. *Fleming, W. E., - Pioche, Nev. *Harden, E. B, - Philadelphia, Pa. *Harding, G. E., - New York. †Hartshorne, J., - Philadelphia, Pa. †Haupt, H., Jr., - Philadelphia, Pa. * Members. † Associates.

Jan 1, 1874

By William Cochran

The Bureau of Mines investigated mine subsidence caused by recent underground mining, estimated the extent of damages, and formulated a procedure for evaluating subsidence costs. On the basis of the quantity of material removed from beneath the surface, bituminous coal mining currently causes more extensive subsidence problems than mining of other minerals; costs are highest in areas such as western Pennsylvania where urban and suburban development and related types of land use conflict with mineral recovery. The Bureau of Mines estimated subsidence costs, including surface damages and control costs, for a 12-county area in western Pennsylvania for 1968. Total surface damages attributable to the underground production of bituminous coal in the 1-year period were $295,000; in addition, 12.4 million tons of coal, valued at $4.3 million, was left in place to minimize potential surface damage. Of the total subsidence cost ($4.6 million), $2.7 million was classified as external or social costs, not reflected in the market value of bituminous coal; this averaged $0.05 per ton of production, or slightly less than 1 percent of the market value.

Jan 1, 1971

McArthur River Operation is the world?s largest high grade uranium deposit and is located in Northern Saskatchewan. McArthur River came into production in December 1999 with a number of innovative technologies to allow for mining of a high grade uranium deposit in challenging geotechnical and hydrological conditions. The raisebore mining method has been supplemented by the continued development of a boxhole mining technique to allow for mining of mineralization that cannot be accessed with a drill chamber from above. An innovative freeze wall re-design ? a cathedral freeze wall, was implemented in 2009 to allow for top access of a new orebody in the unconformity area of the Athabasca Sandstone. This paper highlights some of the ongoing improvements to the mining method and the innovative risk mitigation applied to manage the extraction of this challenging orebody.

May 1, 2011