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By V Dolmage

Copper Mountain is the third largest copper mine in British Columbia, and is now producing close to 20 million pounds of copper per year, with which is recovered also 4,000 ounces of gold and. 13,800 ounces of silver. After a long and checkered career, during which the ownership and management changed several times, this deposit finally came into the possession of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company in 1923. It was not, however, until the end of 1925 that the mine, under the management of Charles Bocking and C. H. Smith, was successfully placed on a basis of profitable production. It is a low-grade deposit of the contact-metamorphic type, with refractory ores consisting of chalcopyrite and bornite in a gangue of altered andesitic and basaltic breccia. The ore is concentrated to a product carrying over 30 percent copper, which is smelted in Tacoma. The deposit is 12 miles south of the town of Princeton, which is on the Kettle Valley railway, 150 miles east of Vancouver and 40 miles north of the International Boundary line. Princeton is served also by a branch of the Great Northern railway, which leads clown the Similkameen, Okanagan, and Columbia valleys. Copper Mountain mine and camp are connected to Princeton by a good mo tor road extending up Wolf Creek valley, while the haulage level of the mine, which emerges on the steep side of the Similkameen valley 1,000 feet below the camp, is connected with Princeton by a spur of the Kettle Valley railway leading up the Similkameen canyon and passing en route through Allenby, where the concentrator is situated.

Jan 1, 1929

By Edward Norton

THE -salt deposits of the Mississippi Embayment region present a problem of origin so genetically related to the larger problem of the stratigraphy and structure of the region that a discussion of the one necessarily involves or assumes an understanding of the other. For this reason, I shall summarize briefly our knowledge of this region, emphasizing the facts related to the subject of this paper. In so doing I shall make liberal use of the reports of the National and State surveys. Geographically that section of the United States known as the Mississippi Embayment region represents a great V-shaped area, extending from near Cairo, Ill., to the Gulf of Mexico, and including Louisiana, eastern Texas, all that part of Arkansas bordering the Ouachita and Ozark mountains, western Tennessee, Mississippi, and a part of Alabama. This great section Professor Harris has described as structurally a pitching trough, its medial line being well represented by the Mississippi River. Outcropping along the border of this area are the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations, unconformably laid down on the hard Paleozoic rock sheets that show more or less plication, deformation, and faulting, depending upon their proximity to the nearby major uplifts. East and west of the Mississippi River the Cretaceous and Tertiary beds dip river- and coastward at angles greater than the slope of the land. "Waters entering along the outcropping edges of the Tertiaries and Cretaceous and following bedding planes southward are soon thousands of feet beneath the surface." As the sedimentation of the region progressed, faulting and slips occurred along planes of pre-Cretaceous weakness. Whether these movements were genetically related to the loading of this V-shaped area, as Professor Harris seems to think, is a question still to be settled. The accompanying map, Fig. 1, was taken from Bulletin No. 7 of the Louisiana Geological Survey. It shows the regional distribution of the salines, as well as an alignment of the domes, which has been assumed to indicate faulting.

Jan 1, 1915

Discussion of the paper of EDWARD G. NORTON, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 97, January, 1915, pp. 93 to 102. G. D. HARRIS, Ithaca, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).¬Since I have on several occasions1 expressed at length my general views on this interesting subject, it seems fitting that I endeavor here to comment as briefly as possible on a few points suggested by the paper. Doubtless you all know of the rather extensive publications of Lachmann on mid-European salines and his scarcely successful, attempt to make the phenomena presented by our domes fit. into his "Exzeme" theory based on studies of European phenomena. This paper is a most welcome indication that scientific America is very much alive to the difficulties that have been encountered in attempts already made to explain the origin of the salt domes in the lower Mississippi embayment region. Praiseworthy, too, is the attempt to explain these phenomena by agencies still in operation. I may, perhaps, be permitted to state here that a former student of mine, and co-worker in Louisiana, A. C. Veatch, is now interested in the Algerian region, where it would seem similar dome-phenomena are to be found, and hopes may well

Jan 5, 1915

By Arthur C. Spencer

IN extension of a suggestion already made to account for certain features observed in the Juneau gold-belt in southeastern Alaska,' it is the object of the present paper to indicate in detail certain conditions in which deformation of rocks under their own weight might lead to the production of fractures in which veins could be deposited. A direct, uniformly-distributed pressure of sufficient intensity applied to an elastic brittle mass offering strong resistance to deformation produces rupture. In a material of ideal properties the surfaces of rupture under such pressure would be shearing planes inclined at 45° to the line of force, unless there be preliminary deformation, in which case this angle would be greater than 45°. This general conclusion, resting upon ana¬lytical mechanics, is completely supported by the results obtained by Daubrée in experiments upon the deformation of wax and resin prisms under compression. Let us then first con¬sider one of Daubrée's diagrams. In the case illustrated in Fig. 1, four sets of fractures in two appproximately right-angled pairs (that is to say, in conjugate sets) were produced by end-wise compression of the square cross-sectioned prisms. These fractures cut the axis of compression at approximately equal angles, not varying greatly from 45°. The location of the four sets of fractures is obviously determined by the shape of the prism, since the material in each corner acts in a way as a buttress, permitting the bulging to take place most readily on the sides. By limiting the directions in which bulging may take place, results of a more simple nature could be obtained. Take, for instance, a square prism and place it between two fixed and

Nov 1, 1905

By T. J. Woods

Tars paper deals with the origin, definition and prevention of scabs an semifinished rolled-steel product. Mold coatings, which are considered essential in scab prevention, were found to be effective only in relation to the ingot surface of semikilled and killed steels and not necessary for the rolled product. That is to say, the scabs on ingots caused by having been cast in uncoated molds are eliminated in the soaking and rolling operations, therefore are not present on the rolled product. This fact, which is contrary to the average opinion, was established after extensive and thorough experiments had proved the ordinary conception of the origin of scabs to be incorrect. This subject may be of little or no concern to steel plants producing small ingots for the manufacture of small billets and bars, except as it may be of interest in showing why their surface troubles with scabs do not exist on the product of heats with normal pouring practice. But to the producer of large ingots to be rolled into slabs for large plates used in shipbuilding, it is a very important subject. DEFINITION OF A SCAB The generally accepted opinion is that the individual scabs present on rolled products (as shown by Fig. I) are considered to have been individual splashes on the ingot surface. This opinion was found to be incorrect. Experiments showed that there were no individual scabs on the product that had appeared as individuals on the ingot surface. The single scabs seen are either pieces of a shell that is present near the bottom of all top-cast ingots, or a veneer that may be present on any part of an ingot improperly poured, as when the stream strikes the mold wall. This definition is based on a detailed study of scabs and their characteristics in which the following have been found true: Location.- On the product of heats poured without trouble, scabs, if present, are always on the product that corresponds to the bottom end of the ingot, and usually occur in clusters, This is true whether molds are coated or not. Shape.-There is no regularity as to shape, size or thickness. It is sometimes possible to separate a few pieces and place them together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, indicating that at one time they had been united as one piece. If individual splashes were the origin of scabs, the foregoing would not be true. Instead, the splashes, which occur throughout the pouring of the ingots, would be present uniformly over the entire product and there would be considerable similarity in the shape and thickness of the scabs. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Our experimental work was conducted on 200-ton heats of semikilled plate steel tapped into an oval ladle 15 ft. high. All ingots were top-cast direct into 24 by 54 by 82-in. molds, straight-sided, set on fat stools. Two separate studies were made about one year apart, each study extending

Jan 1, 1943

In North-West Nelson the Riwaka Complex, a linear basic intrusive complex, is exposed for approximately 45 km. Some 500 km south, across the Alpine Fault, a linear zone of similar but less well known basic intrusives that may be correlatives of the Riwaka Complex is exposed discontinuously for about 80 km. The Complex was emplaced at several centres along a major tensional fracture zone that developed in upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian time. This fracture zone probably formed in response to the development of a west dipping subduction zone that gave rise to the Permian volcanic arcs in east Nelson and western Southland. The Riwaka Complex contains three rock suites. The Fractionation Suite, characterized by cyclic mineral layering and small scale cumulus banding is the largest and is divided into the Ultramafic, Hornblende and Plagioclase Series, each of which is subdivided into several units. The Cumulus Gabbros represent a restricted but important suite of unusual composition, while the third suite is the late phase Diorite Suite. Except in the lower units of the Ultramafic Series sulfide mineralisation is widespread. Pyrrhotite is the dominant sulfide with lesser chalcopyrite pentlandite and pyrite. Four significant zones of sulfide accumulation are recognised and discussed in some detail. Evidence suggests that the primary magma from which the Riwaka Complex was derived was sulfur deficient. It is concluded that the sulfur content of the Riwaka Complex was derived from assimilation of sulfur rich wall rocks during intrusive processes.

Jan 1, 1980

In North-West Nelson the Riwaka Complex, a linear basic intrusive complex, is exposed for approximately 45 kilometres. Some 500 kilometres south, across the Alpine Fault, a linear zone of similar but less well known basic intrusives that may be correlatives of the Riwaka Complex is exposed discontinuously for about 80 kilometres. The Complex was emplaced at several centers along a major tensional fracture zone that developed in upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian time. This fracture zone probably formed in response to the development of a west dipping subduction zone that gave rise to the Permian volcanic arcs in east Nelson and western Southland. The Riwaka Complex contains three rock suites. The Fractionation Suite, characterized by cyclic mineral layering and small scale cumulus banding is the largest and is divided into the Ultramafic, Hornblende and Plagioclase Series, each of which is subdivided into several units. The Cumulus Gabbros represent a restricted but important suite of unusual composition, while the third suite is the late phase Diorite Suite.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. J. Renton

The iron disulphide minerals, pyrite and to a lesser extent marcasite, are ubiquitous to coal and coal associated rocks and are the source of nearly all the environmental problems associated with the mining, processing and utilization of coal. The iron disulphides as well as the other minerals in coal exhibit systematic spatial pat- terns of distribution on both regional and local scales and show predictable associations, most of which are determined by the geochemical-sedimentological controls under which they form. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the geochemical-sedimentological conditions responsible for the formation of coal minerals with special emphasis on the formation of iron disulphides, to illustrate the regional and local patterns of mineral occurrence within coal, to present the microscopic associations of the iron disulphides and finally, to discuss the most important single environmental aspect of the iron disulphide content of coal and coal associated rocks; the production of acid mine drainage.

Jan 1, 1986

By K L. Brown

The concentrations of trace metals in deep hydrothermal solutions (~1 km depth, 200 to >300¦C) from modern hydrothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, and Ladolam, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea were obtained using a purpose-built downhole fluid sampler and ICP-MS analyses. The results range widely: gold (<0.1 - 23 ppb); silver (<3 - 2400 ppb); arsenic (100 - 18 000 ppm); antimony (2 - 1200 ppm); mercury (<1 - 78 ppb) and provide the basis for quantifying the flux and fate of metals as well as assessing their sources (Simmons and Brown, 2006, 2007). An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.

Jan 1, 2008

By E. H. Sellards

PHOSPHATE rock like most other mineral substances is found in nature in varying degrees of purity. Of the impurities that are present some are constituents of the rock itself; others are inclusions of a foreign substance within the rock; while still others represent merely associated materials or minerals, either clinging to the rock or found in cavities and natural depressions, and hence largely removed in mining. Some of these impurities are distinctly deleterious to the processes of manufacture for which the phosphate is mined, while others, although neutral in action or nearly so, yet by their presence reduce the average grade of the rock and thus acid useless bulk to the shipment. It is the object of refined processes of mining to bring the product, as delivered from the mine, to the highest possible grade consistent with the market requirements and demands. This, however, is not accom-plished without actual loss in the form of discarded phosphate. It is evident, therefore, that the devising of methods for reducing this loss in mining, and yet maintaining the grade of the rock which the market requires, is one of the serious problems that the producers have to face.

Jan 9, 1914

By E. H. Sellards

Phosphate rock like other mineral substances is found in nature in varying degrees of purity.

Jan 1, 1915

By J. A. Rodgers, K. C. Whitaker

The time domain during which an explosive detonates and causes rock to fragment and displace is on the order of tens of milliseconds. Because of this, the dynamic processes that occur during this time frame often become a source of confusion when trying to analyze the performance of explosive products in decked blast designs. As an illustration, the authors have experimentally examined explosives malfunction in decked blasts through state-of-the-art measurement techniques. The interaction of explosive products and blast geometry was examined in detail using the analysis of a series of decked blastholes. Explosive and initiator malfunction in decked blasts is often considered to be entirely the result of insufficient inert decking material, however, it is shown that rock properties and dynamic burden conditions may have a significant impact on decking performance. The successful application of deck-blasting technique for control of ground vibration amplitude relies on an understanding of the true dynamic performance of the blasthole.

Jan 1, 2000

By F. Habashi

The pioneer work on pressure hydrometallurgy was conducted in Russia at the end of the nineteenth, and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, by Karl Josef Bayer (1847-1904) and Vladimir Nikolyevitch Ipatieff (1867-1952), both working independently in Saint Petersburg. Bayer was studying pressure leaching while Ipatieff was studying the precipitation of metals and their compounds by hydrogen under pressure. Gradually, industrial applications took place first in the aluminium and later in the nickel industry. Today, the technology is well established in a large number of industries, such as uranium, gold, zinc, titanium, tungsten, and more recently copper.

Jan 1, 2004

By Michael E. Berndt

Asbestos first became an issue to Minnesota?s iron industry when it was revealed that mineral fibers similar to those in Reserve Mining?s tailings were being found in drinking water for several communities that used Lake Superior as their primary water source. This discovery turned what had largely been an environmental court battle into a case concerning public health. The courts listened to much conflicting and uncertain scientific testimony on the size and distribution of the mineral fibers and on the potential health effects imposed by them. In April 1974, the plant was ordered to shut down by a federal judge but the company quickly appealed the decision. The appeals court granted a stay and ultimately ruled that the plant?s closure could not be justified based on the unknown health effects of the mineral fibers since the consequences of such an action would have immediate and severe social and economic impacts. The plant was allowed to continue operation, but ordered to abate emissions to air around the plant and to switch to a land-based tailings disposal system. Much of the scientific uncertainty and public concern over mineral fibers in Minnesota?s taconite industry remain today. ©2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Minnesota; Iron ore; Taconite; Asbestos; Amphibole; Reserve Mining; Tailings; Mesabi Iron Range

Jan 1, 2007

During its 60 years of existence the growth and development of Western Mining Corporation (WMC) has been greatly influenced by the men who led it. For the most part they, rather than any chance circumstances or good luck, determined the fortunes of the Company. This paper is essentially a series of biographical sketches of some of these men, together with a note of some of the major events which caused WMC to become the entity it is today.

Jan 1, 1993

By J. E. Dutrizac, J. B. O'Reilly

"Zinc is a relatively abundant element which occurs as both high-grade sulphide ores {sphalerite ZnS) and oxide ores which the ancients collectively termed ""calamine"" (smithsonite ZnC03 and/ or hemimorphite Zn4Si201(0H)2 - H20 and/ or hydrozincite Zn5(C03) 2(0H)6). Although oxidic zinc is readily reduced by carbon, the process becomes thermodynamically viable only at - 1000°C, and at this temperature the zinc is released as a vapour (B.P. 907°C). Casual cooling of the vapour results in its re-oxidation by excess combustion air or even the carbon monoxide product of the reduction reaction. ZnO + C = C09,, + Zn vapom Only fairly rapid quenching of the zinc vapour and the isolation of the reduction products from the combustion gases will yield metallic zinc; these conditions were not produced deliberately until the advent of distillation technology. Until quite recently, the principal use of zinc was in brass manufacture; galvanized iron was not discovered until the 19th century and zinc casting alloys are a relatively recent invention. As will be seen, brass could be produced without recourse to a pure zinc intermediary, and the discovery of brass preceded that of zinc by many centuries. The purpose of this paper is to outline the discovery and early development of both zinc and brass with special reference to the European scene."

Jan 1, 1999

By A B. Christie, F P. Bierlein

Lode gold deposits of the Western and Eastern provinces, South Island, New Zealand , formed as a part of the Cordilleran-style tectonism during Tasman/Tahua and Rangitata orogenesis along the Paleozoic-middle Mesozoic southern Gondwanan margin. These deposits, hosted by lower grade greenschist facies sedimentary rock sequences of the Buller, Takaka, Torlesse, and Caples terranes, universally show geological features that are consistent with the orogenic gold deposit model, and genetic features are generally suggestive of a metamorphic origin, with the possible exception of a magmatic fluid source for the mineralisation at Sams Creek. However, ore fluid chemistry in Mesozoic deposits of the Eastern province, particularly the low concentration of non-aqueous volatiles and the very dilute nature of the fluids, is uncharacteristic of most orogenic gold deposits; this must be explained by either a unique fluid source or fluid type, which we believe unlikely, or an unrecognised significance of relatively rare gas-rich fluid inclusions in the deposits. Absolute age data for gold deposits in both provinces remain equivocal, thus hindering definition of the exact temporal relationship between ore formation and terrane accretion, regional metamorphism, and magmatic arc emplacement. Mercury and antimony occurrences in subgreenschist grade parts of the Haast Schist may target the upper levels of unrecognised orogenic gold deposits. If low-grade, high-tonnage intrusion-related gold systems occur on the South Island, then they are most likely to be discovered in association with the small molybdenite-, scheelite-, or cassiterite-bearing quartz stockworks spatially related to the Karamea and Median batholiths.

Jan 1, 2005

Acclaimed as one of the most remarkable orebodies anywhere on account of its length and richness, the Oroya Shoot occurs on the eastern side of the Kalgoorlie gold mining district close to the contact of a fine-grained with a coarse-grained greenstone, and in association with sediments. In the same stratigraphic position on the synclinal flanks of a large drag fold there are a number of other flat ore pipes, smaller, but almost as rich in tenor. Although differing in control structure they are believed to be related genetically as all show a characteristic development of a bright-green ore known locally as "green leader". Folding and bedding structures have played an important part in formation of the ore shoots.INTRODUCTIONThe Oroya Shoot is the biggest individual bonanza of Kalgoorlie's Golden Mile. It has been stoped almost continuously over a length of 4,300 ft., and about 2,000,000 oz. of gold have been won from it. Naturally pillars are not left in the best sections of such an orebody and the detailed geology of stoped out portions can only be inferred from examination of adjacent workings.No mention is made in the literature of the actual makeup of the orebody although a few structures are shown on some of the old cross sections. A diagrammatic cross section, Fig. 1, adapted from Stillwell (1929) illustrates the form of the Oroya Shoot.Gustafson (1937) drew attention to the role of folding, previously unrecognized, in Kalgoorlie geology, and indicated that the Oroya Shoot is associated with a minor drag fold on the east limb of the Brownhill Syncline, itself part of a larger left hand drag on the Central Anticline. The latter in turn appears to be part of a regional right hand fold system as shown by Campbell (1953).

Jan 1, 1959

By D. R. Lentz, S. H. Mcclenaghan, J. A. Walker

"Abstract - The Orvan Brook deposit is one of several (Zn+Pb>>Cu)-rich sulfide deposits hosted by the Spruce Lake Formation (California Lake Group) in the northwestern part of the Bathurst Mining Camp. This parautochthonous deposit is hosted by a narrow band of highly deformed, locally graphitic shale that appears to conformably overlie felsic volcanic rocks of the Spruce Lake Formation, and is in tectonic contact with overlying mafic volcanic and related sedimentary rocks of the Canoe Landing Lake Formation. The Spruce Lake Formation is dominated by felsic volcanic rocks and subordinate fine-grained sedimentary rocks, and mafic volcanic rocks (Canoe Landing Lake member). The felsic volcanic rocks can be divided into aphyric and feldspar-phyric rock types. The feldspar-phyric rocks and a few of the aphyric varieties have a Zr/TiO2 ratio of 0.06, and fall into the California Lake Group field on a Y/TiO2 versus Zr/TiO2 diagram. In contrast, the aphyric felsic volcanic rocks have Zr/TiO2 ˜ 0.09 and are marked by high Zr and Th, which is consistent with highly fractionated felsic magma of Spruce Lake affinity. Major and trace element analyses of host rocks suggest that weak to moderate hydrothermal alteration developed on the south side (stratigraphic footwall) of the deposit, which is consistent with a north-younging succession. The sulfide lens strikes east-west for approximately 2.3 km, extends down-dip for at least 500 m locally, and has an average thickness of between 0.75 and 1 m, but is locally up to 5.5 m thick. The contacts of the massive sulfide lens with its host rocks are invariably sharp. Host rocks show evidence of intense ductile deformation as well as later brittle deformation. Compositional layering and sulfide breccia textures in the sulfide body are interpreted to result from deformation or tectonic enhancement of original primary layering. The deposit contains an estimated resource of 2.69 Mt grading 1.73% Pb, 5.95% Zn, 0.37% Cu, 72 g/t Ag, and 0.9 g/t Au. Similarities in bulk d34S between the Orvan Brook (+8.6‰) and the nearby Cu-rich McMaster deposit (+8.2‰) suggest a common depositional setting."

Jan 1, 2006

By Hall K

The Osborne copper gold mine, 100 per cent owned by Placer Pacific Limited, is situated 195 kilometres south east of Mount Isa. The orebody is broadly categorised into three main ore zones; oxide, transitional and sulphide copper. Copper oxide

Jan 1, 1997