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By Stephen E. Merritt, T. Carl Shelton

Surveying and mapping are used to locate and visually portray objects, lines, or areas in relation to a reference point or line. The actual making of the measurements to locate the objects and points falls under surveying while mapping is concerned with putting the survey information into a graphical form. Generally, the type or class of proposed survey depends on the precision required. Some surveys may need only approximate measurements which can be obtained by simply pacing or by using an ordinary measuring tape; others may require much accuracy, thus calling for the use of an engineer's transit or theodolite along with a graduated steel tape for horizontal measurements, or a level and a graduated rod for measuring vertical distances. Mapping is likewise dependent on accuracy requirements. For example, a general layout showing the relative position of surface facilities may not call for a large scale of dimension or great precision whereas for detailed work, a large scale plus care in plotting points and drawing lines and curves are important factors. SURVEYING METHODS There are many kinds or types of surveying methods. Some examples include: land surveying for determining boundaries of land areas ; route surveying for locating roads, highways, right-of-ways, and haulways; city surveying for laying out lots, streets, and alleys ; and mining surveying for projecting mine openings and locating mining operations. There are other types of surveying than those named, but in general, the type of method to be used will depend on the purpose for which the survey is to be made.

Jan 1, 1973

By T. Carl Jr. Shelton

Surveying and mapping are used to locate and visually portray objects, lines, or areas in relation to a reference point or line. The actual making of the measurements to locate the objects and points falls under surveying while mapping is concerned with putting the survey information into a graphical form. Generally, the type or class of proposed survey depends on the precision required. Some surveys may need only approximate measurements which can be obtained by simply pacing or by using an ordinary measuring tape; others may require much accuracy, thus calling for the use of an engineer's transit or theodolite along with a graduated steel tape for horizontal measurements, or a level and a graduated rod for measuring vertical distances. Mapping is likewise dependent on accuracy requirements. For example, a general layout showing the relative position of surface facilities may not call for a large scale of dimension or great precision whereas for detailed work, a large scale plus care in plotting points and drawing lines and curves are important factors.

Jan 1, 1981

By Stephen E. Merritt, John W. Straton, T. Carl Shelton

Surveying and mapping are used to locate and visually portray objects, lines, or areas in relation to a reference point or line. The actual making of the measurements to locate the objects and points falls under surveying while mapping is concerned with putting the survey information into a graphical form. Generally, the type or class of proposed survey depends on the precision required. Some surveys may need only approximate measurements which can be obtained by simply pacing or by using an ordinary measuring tape; others may require much accuracy, thus calling for the use of an engineer's transit or theodolite along with a graduated steel tape for horizontal measurements, or a level and a graduated rod for measuring vertical distances. Mapping is likewise dependent on accuracy requirements. For example, a general layout showing the relative position of surface facilities may not call for a large scale of dimension or great precision whereas for detailed work, a large scale plus care in plotting points and drawing lines and curves are important factors. SURVEYING METHODS There are many kinds or types of surveying methods. Some examples include : land surveying for determining boundaries of land areas; route surveying for locating roads, highways, right-of-way, and haulways; city surveying for laying out lots, streets, and alleys; and mining surveying for projecting mine openings and locating mining operations. See Fig. 1. There are other types of surveying than those named, but in general, the type of method to be used will depend on the purpose for which the survey is to be made.

Jan 1, 1981

By Stephen E. Merritt, John W. Straton, T. Carl Shelton

Surveying and mapping are used to locate and visually portray objects, lines, or areas in relation to a reference point or line. The actual making of the measurements to locate the objects and points falls under surveying while mapping is concerned with putting the survey information into a graphical form. Generally, the type or class of proposed survey depends on the precision required. Some surveys may need only approximate measurements which can be obtained by simply pacing or by using an ordinary measuring tape; others may require much accuracy, thus calling for the use of an engineer's transit or theodolite along with a graduated steel tape for horizontal measurements, or a level and a graduated rod for measuring vertical distances. Mapping is likewise dependent on accuracy requirements. For example, a general layout showing the relative position of surface facilities may not call for a large scale of dimension or great precision whereas for detailed work, a large scale plus care in plotting points and drawing lines and curves are important factors. SURVEYING METHODS There are many kinds or types of surveying methods. Some examples include : land surveying for determining boundaries of land areas ; route surveying for locating roads, highways, right-of-ways, and haulways; city surveying for laying out lots, streets, and alleys; and mining surveying for projecting mine openings and locating mining operations. See Fig. 1. There are other types of surveying than those named, but in general, the type of method to be used will depend on the purpose for which the survey is to be made.

Jan 1, 1981

By E. E. White

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) IN, August, 1911, I read a paper before the Lake Superior Mining Institute' on surveying and sampling diamond-drill holes. The present paper gives a more thorough description of these methods, together with a few changes and notes suggested by further experience. Since August, 1911, the methods, used constantly by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., have been developed to a higher degree of efficiency, and have given great satisfaction. Until a few years ago but little attention was paid to the determination of the actual course of drill-holes, to the accurate sampling and analysis of the material, or to the scientific location of the drill-holes. It has now been common practice for several years in many districts to test the inclination of drill-holes by etching glass tubes with hydrofluoric acid, but the direction of deviation from the vertical has not often been determined. Methods of determining the direction by means of a compass were first developed in connection with drilling in Victoria. The latest method used on the Rand in South Africa has been recently described by John I. Hoffman.2 In the same paper Mr. Hoffman describes an ingenious method of wedging-off a drill-bole so as to start new holes at several successive points. By this means a hole can be deflected in any desired direction, and the curvature can be controlled to a considerable extent, provided the rock is soft enough to permit the hole to be wedged off. Unfortunately, in the Lake Superior district, the jasper iron-formation is so hard that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to do this. I tried to deflect one hole so as to avoid drill-rods stuck in the hole, by using a 1 Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute, vol. xvi., pp. 100 to 120 (1911). 2 Recent Practice in Diamond-Drilling and Borehole Surveying, Bulletin No. 91, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Apr.. 11, 1912).

Nov 1, 1912

By Rita Awwad

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been gaining a significant edge in the construction industry over the last decade. BIM allows gathering all building information in one shared database that can help all construction entities better understand, integrate and visualize all work progress from inception to operation of the building. The main purpose behind BIM is to bring all project participants together (Client, Architect, Contractor, Consultant) since the initial stages of a project allowing them to cooperate and work as a team in the promise of an increased productivity, reduced cost, enhanced quality and faster delivery. However, a full-fledged implementation of BIM tools and benefits is not yet achieved in the construction industry and remains a debatable issue for researchers and practitioners in the construction field. This paper aims at assessing BIM awareness and usage in the Lebanese construction industry through conducting interviews with contractors, architects and consultants that are key players in the Lebanese market. A comprehensive literature review about BIM adoption in some developed countries and in the surrounding region is also provided in order to better evaluate the Lebanese industry status in comparison with foreign industries. This research sheds the light on BIM awareness of the different construction parties in the Lebanese market, assesses the extent of its current use, identifies the pertaining implementation challenges, and provides recommendations to enhance BIM role in the Lebanese construction industry.

Aug 1, 2013

By D. S. Speakman

The copper-zinc orebody at Sherritt Gordon's Ruttan Mine occurs in a structurally complex area of the Rusty Lake greenstone belt in northern Manitoba. Problems in interpreting drill results indicated a large deviation, and the structural complexity an erratic deviation, of drill holes. This was confirmed when a surface hole was intersected 420 feet to the left of line on the 800 level. This problem acted as a catalyst in promoting a search for a suitable down-hole survey method. The instruments investigated included magnetic multishot and gyroscopic units as well as the ABEM Reflex-Fotobor. Only the Fotobor came close to meeting the company's needs of simplicity, reliability, accuracy and ownership. In this paper, the methods of operating this instrument, as well as the data extraction and reduction techniques, are described. Data on the accuracy and repeatability of the instrument are presented, and a tabular presentation of the results of surveying on 86 holes totalling 64,000 feet of drilling is made. Preliminary statements of the results of ongoing research on causes of hole deviation are presented and recommendations for minimizing deviation are given. The use of the survey device is recommended in areas of structural complexity, for very steep or backsight holes and where expected ore intersections are missing.

Jan 1, 1978

The 8 ft by 91/2 ft drive which joined No. 7 Shaft with Browne Shaft on the 1,480 ft level was extended from both ends and met at a point approximately 12,000 ft from No. 7 (2,000 ft from Browne).The surveying required for this 2 1/2 mile haulage drive called for greater accuracy than was obtainable from South Mine standard methods. Procedures and devices from published information were tried and modified as required to suit local conditions. Several new methods were applied and improved as the drive advanced. The control of angular, linear and level measurements was perhaps considerably in excess of the requirements, but this was offset by abnormally large discrepancies resulting from shaft plumbing. The accuracy of the final breakthrough, although not to the standard desired, was sufficient to complete the connection without inconvenience and added cost.INTRODUCTIONThe acquisition of the Browne Shaft leases in January 1962 presented the management of Broken Hill South Limited with the problem of transporting ore from these leases to its mill. It was eventually decided that diesel locomotivehaulage through a 2t mile drive on the 1,480 ft level between the two mines was the best solution. The drive was advanced from both ends after Browne Shaft was deepened by 80 ft to reach the 1,480 ft level horizon. Each end advancedabout 15 ft/day with the miners working three 7 hr shifts. Blasting was restricted to the end of the shift.The survey work involved five shaft plumbings and 78 theodolite stations in a traverse, underground and surface,of more than 5 miles. Because of the exceptional length of the drive, an unusually high degree of reliability was required.The aim was for a maximum error at breakthrough of 1 ft 1 in 30,000, and to secure this, precise methods of linear measurement were necessary. Shaft plumbing in particular posed special difficulties.

Jan 1, 1965

By Jeffrey Loeb

Recent trends in blasting engineering and its related fields, at the level of professional academia, have tended to exclude detailed discussion and examination of the formative experiences of the engineering student. In particular, the extra-curricular aspects of the undergraduate program in engineering—focused, in this case, on the summer job—will be shown to contain a wealth of heretofore underappreciated knowledge in the field. In Surveying the Damage: Post Traumatic Stress and Pre-Blast Surveys, I intend to outline and examine some of the more unusual experiences afforded me by my work as a preblast surveyor in the summer of 2007. In this capacity, I was required to make a visual note of existing conditions of surrounding residential and commercial structures within 100 m (328 ft) of two separate blasting sites in central-east Ontario. In the interest of both convenience and specificity, I have attempted to organize the paper as a crossdiscipline survey of the field according to the conference’s list of suggested topics. In the paper’s first section, I will discuss the topic of Environmental Improvement and Remediation by using a case study in which not one, but two dead cats were found during the course of a routine pre-blast survey. The second section will undertake a discussion of on-site blaster gossip as an entry point into a wider discussion of Workplace Communications Management. In the paper’s final section, I will detail an early morning encounter with a 300 lb, stark-naked trailer park inhabitant as a cross-sectional analysis of the topics of Drilling in Hostile Environments, Vibration and Seismology (Sizemology?), Ethics in Blasting, Crisis Management, Risk Assessment and Public Relations. It is my hope that this paper will begin to open up a critical space for discussion of the formative experiences of engineering students during the undergraduate university program in terms of their far-reaching effects on later performance within the industry.

Jan 1, 2009

By AIME AIME

WTHIN the next month all members of the Institute will be given an opportunity to vote for a new President, two Vice-Presidents, and five Directors. All of the candidates nominated by the official committee are well known to certain groups of the Institute membership but a brief record of their professional lives will be given here for the information of those that will vote. Not since 1927, when Everette DeGolyer guided the destinies of the Institute, has a member of the Petroleum Division been a candidate for President. John Meston Lovejoy has been a Director since 1930, and a Vice-President as well for the last year: In the three years 1932-4 lie was also chairman of the Admissions Committee. Dir. Lovejoy graduated from the Columbia School of Mines in 1911, just before lie was 22 years old, and began his professional career as a copper miner at Chuquicamata. Chile. Silver and gold mining later claimed his % attention, and it was not until 1914 that lie gut into the oil business, as geologist for the Standard Oil Co. of N. Y. This took hint to China and he later worked for the company in Wyoming. In 1917 lie joined the Army where lie rose to be captain of Field Artillery. Upon his return to the United States he went to work for the Amerada Petroleum Co., of which he later became vice-president and general manager, with headquarters in Tulsa. Since coining to New York he has been president of the Petroleum Bond & Share Cu.. and is currently president of the Seaboard Oil Co.

Jan 1, 1935

By Roderick C. McDonald

Great Bear lake, the fourth largest body of water on this continent, comprises an area of approximately 12,000 square miles, and is set astride the Arctic circle, with a large portion of it witnessing both the Arctic winter night, and the Arctic summer day with its midnight sun. The very name itself, Great Bear, suggests an Arctic region. The seasonal contrasts at Great Bear lake are very marked by the cold and darkness of winter, and the warmth and brightness of summer. Signs of winter such as low clouds, snow, sleet, fog, and night frosts, generally appear the latter part of August, while ice forming on bays during the last two weeks in September ends boat travel on the lake about September 30th.Early in June the ice leaves the river mouths, during the last ten days of the month it disappears from small bays, and at some time during the last two weeks of July the main body of the lake becomes navigable. In 1916, the ice disappeared earlier than usual, and the lake was navigable on July 5th. Great Bear river generally breaks up about June 1st, but, on account of ice cliffs and floes, it is not navigable with safety until early in July. Even then, the traveller is confronted with the Charles rapids, but these might be overcome by a wagon or motor road, such as the one from Fitzgerald to Fort Smith: However, in 1931, Mr. A. W. Boland, Fort Norman, N.W.T., carried with scow and motorboat practically all freight between Fort Norman and LaBine point and Hunter bay, at the east end of the lake. During July and August, two types of clothing are required, for, although the days are mainly ones of warm sunshine, the nights are cloudy and cold. In the winter season, fur clothing is used exclusively. Considerable timber, mainly white spruce, suitable for fuel and building purposes, borders the lake and extends eastward to the Coppermine river. North of the lake, no timber is found except in the river valleys, but with oil and coal possibilities near Fort Norman, the fuel situation might be solved.

Jan 1, 1932

By Henry E. Reed

This presentation is about a small company, Industrial Mineral Products, that was formed in 1972 with one product and one customer and by a series of value-added changes avoided disaster and increased sales many times over. The principal of the company stopped by my office in Seattle looking for industrial mineral opportunities in the Northwest. We got together and went through all the minerals in Ladoo's "Industrial Minerals" from Abrasives to Zircon to see if we could find something available on the vast holdings of the Burlington Northern. At that time one of our lessees was operating a silica sand mine near Ravensdale, Washington and indicated that he might be interested in selling out. This sounded interesting to my client and within two weeks the transaction was completed.

Jan 1, 1990

By John W. Brown

During the summer of 1994 the mining industry experienced numerous accidents involving blasting related incidents. The Tri-State Chapter of Explosives Engineers planned a meeting to discuss three of these accidents.

Jan 1, 1995

By G. S. Bartlett

The theme of this Colloquium, survival strategies, not only conveys a sense of urgency but also takes cognizance of the fact that, as in the political arena, tough decisions have to be made and acted upon in the years to come. It is therefore appropriate that the SAIMM, as spokesman for the metallurgical industry, should be dealing with these issues at this time, and I wish to commend the organizers of this Colloquium for focusing on a mater as important as the future of this great industry. In view of this, I regard it as an honour and privilege to officiate on this occasion, where the best of South Africa's brain power in the metallurgical field will be harnessed with a view to moulding strategies for survival.

Jan 1, 1993

By O. P. Garg

"The Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) operations in Labrador and Quebec, in Canada, is among the largest openpit mining complexes on a world wide basis. Since the 1981-82 recession, IOC has embarked on a comprehensive cost reduction and productivity improvement program in order to survive in the world iron ore market.This paper will outline the approach used in prioritizing the cost reduction items.IntroductionMuch of the mining industry in North America is in a crisis state. Most producers are operating at production levels well below capacity, some have been merged or sold, while others have been mothballed or closed permanently. For many of us still operating, the future is uncertain. Despite the many cutbacks and closures, there is still an abundant supply of minerals in the world market and there is almost no hope for any relief on price pressures on most mineral commodities in the near future. The Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) operates an iron ore mine, a concentrator and a pellet plant known as the Carol Project located in Labrador City, Newfoundland. This concentrator and the pellet plant have the annual capacity to produce 20 million and 10 million tons respectively. A company owned and operated railway links this operation with the dock terminal facilities in Sept-Iles, Quebec.In the past decade the Iron Ore Company of Canada has been one of the largest producers of iron ore products in the world. Its pellets and concentrates as well as natural ores were sold in North America, Europe and the Far East. In 1981-82, sales, particularly in North America, went into a serious decline. For almost 30 years, the gospel IOC preached to employees was ""production, production!"" There were many innovations, and millions of dollars were spent on the biggest and best equipment, on research and development, on training and developing employees."

Jan 1, 1987

By B. Caines

Much of the mining industry in North America is in a crisis state. Host producers are operating at production levels well below capacity, some have been merged or sold, while others have been mothballed or closed permanently. For many of us still operating, the future is uncertain. Despite the many cutbacks and closures, there is still an abundant supply of minerals in the world market and there is almost no hope for any relief on price pressures on most mineral commodities in the near future. The Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC)operates an iron ore mine, a concentrator and a pellet plant known as the Carol Project located in Labrador City, Newfoundland. This concentrator and the pellet plant have the annual capacity to produce 20 million and 10 million tons respectfully. A company owned and operated railway links this operation with the dock terminal facilities in Sept Iles, Quebec.

Jan 1, 1987

By Elmer W. Pehrson

The term "survival" in the title means the preservation of a society in which men are free from the political and economic restraints that characterize totalitarian systems, be they communist, socialist or facist. It means the ability to withstand the enemy's offensives in the fields of propaganda, commercial competition and, if necessary, war. The temptation to substitute "victory" for "survival" is great but a realistic appraisal of the creeping socialism and demagoguery that pervade our time indicates that we may have to be content with survival in status quo. "Mineral strength" means assurance that adequate supplies will be available to meet all the contingencies of cold and hot wars. The overall mineral position of the U. S. viewed in the light of these premises is far from secure. It is true that we are the leading producing and consuming nation of the world, but the Soviet Union is gaining and the Sino-Soviet Bloc confronts us with a sobering potential. The emergence of the Common Market in Europe as an economic and political unit places a third independent entity into the competition. Our total mineral output continues on an up- ward trend but the reverse is true in certain strategic commodities. Moreover, consumption is moving ahead faster than production so that there is increasing dependence on imports which has significant adverse geopolitical connotations. There is widespread belief that our resources can at least maintain present levels of self-sufficiency during this critical period in world history, but social dreamers, the labor monopoly, and trade and taxation policies have discouraged aggressive activity in exploration and development, and access to essential foreign sources is threatened by a variety of circumstances. Our stockpiles, belatedly built up to achieve minimum protection against shortages in time of war, are under. political attack and threatened with partial destruction on the basis of what are at best uncertain assumptions regarding the new: look of global warfare.

Jan 11, 1962

By Robert Pumpelly

During my nearly 30 years with ATF, (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives), I conducted hundreds of inspections. In many cases hours of time were wasted because the licensee or permittee, who had basically done everything right, was not prepared for the audit. In these cases, required documents were scattered, personnel were unprepared and no plan was in place. This paper will provide some simple steps to avoid these embarrassing delays. A list of common violations is also provided.

Jan 1, 2010

By John E. Tilton

Mining is one of the oldest human activities. It goes back at least to the Bronze Age and possibly even the Stone Age. The Romans mined copper in Spain and tin in England some 2,000 years ago. The writings of Agricola in the 16th century show that mining was important in the Middle Ages. Today, more mineral commodities are mined in greater tonnages than ever before. This long and fascinating history closely tied with the economic development of the human race is one of the charms of the mining industry. It also, unfortunately, gives rise to some widespread misconceptions. Old industries are generally considered stodgy with mature and stagnant technologies. Costs tend not to decline as in newer industries, and may even increase with real wages. Costs are particularly expected to rise in the case of mining as the best mineral deposits are depleted. Thus, mining is often thought of as a sunset industry, destined to decline over time as the resource base is depleted. These perceptions have several important implications. They argue against economic policies that rely too heavily on mining and mineral processing to foster growth and development. The best and the brightest young people, along with society's other valuable resources, should be encouraged to enter newer industries. There the technological opportunities and the prospects for growth are more promising. These perceptions also suggest that the ability to compete in the mining industry depends largely on the quality of a company's or country's mineral deposits. Mining will take place first in countries with the lowest-cost deposits. Once these are exhausted, mining will shift to countries with the next best deposits. From time to time, new discoveries may also produce a shift in the location of mining, [ ] and may even for a time keep the costs and prices of mineral products from rising. Over the longer term, however, rising costs and prices are inevitable, as the world is forced to exploit poorer mineral deposits.

Jan 1, 1997

By John E. Tilton

Mining is one of the oldest human activities. It goes back at least to the Bronze Age and possibly even the Stone Age. The Romans mined copper in Spain and tin in England some two thousand years ago. The writings of Agricola in the 16th century show that mining was important in the Middle Ages. Today we mine more mineral commodities in greater tonnages than ever before. This long and fascinating history closely tied with the economic development of the human race is one of the charms of the mining industry. It also, unfortunately, gives rise to some widespread misconceptions.

Jan 1, 1997