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By Donald J. Worth

When Eugene Bailey asked me to contribute to this session on "Canadian exploration - 1976", it took a little coaxing before he got me to agree. My immediate reaction was, what could i say about Canadian exploration that already had not been said a hundred times in the past few years; secondly, why include a banking person in such a discussion? Everyone knows banks only come into the picture after the discovery has been made and feasibility well established and validated. Rather than wrestle with these misgivings, I decided to take the easy way out and go on blind faith in Eugene - that is, he asked me so he must think that I could come up with some useful thoughts and at least touch upon some of the pros and cons of exploration in Canada. The object of the whole exploration exercise is to Find economic deposits, once they are found, one cannot really move them elsewhere to mine them. It follows, therefore, that we should really be speaking about the pros and cons of mining In Canada and my treatise will eventually lean in this direction. In any event and before getting down to the pros and cons, let us take a quick look at the history of mineral resource development in our country since the end of world war II. At that time, we were producing well under one billion dollars worth of mineral products including hydrocarbons.

Jan 1, 1976

By R. M. Brick

EDUCATIONAL benefits for veterans of World War II have largely removed one of the two former barriers to a college education for everyone, namely financial means and intellectual capacity. This latter limita¬tion has not kept privately endowed institutions from increasing 50 to 100 percent in size of student body, even after applying moderately rigid entrance standards. Growth of some land-grant universities, which cannot well exercise such restrictive judgements, has been even greater. After a weary board of admissions, subject to student, alumni, faculty, and even political pressures, has admitted double the former number of freshmen, the university's worries really begin: to find laboratory, classroom, and instructional facilities. If this were a one- or two-year problem, the answer would be simple: double up, hold night classes, particularly of laboratories, rent space, and have instructors work 24 class or contact hours a week instead of twelve (it takes usually two to three hours of outside work by the instructor for one hour in class). However, most engineering school faculty men are worn out now from four to five years of "accelerated" (frequently downward!) programs and they couldn't continue teaching in a way satisfactory to their own consciences on

Jan 1, 1947

By Jorge A. Rivas López

El presente estudio señala la organización de la sección del carbón, sistema de operación y la experiencia adquirida en algunas campañas realizadas. El proceso de prospección sigue una línea de afloramiento usando guías litológicas y estructurales. Sin embargo, no hay un método general de prospección ya que depende de factores versátiles y de la topografía propia de cada región. De otro lado, la necesidad de localizar yacimientos de carbón en terrenos cubiertos por terrenos agrícolas, dio origen a la creación de campañas de prospección como el "Goal Prospecting Section" que fue creada en la División de Carbón de la Corporación. El tipo de organización de la Sección, es de Línea y Plana Mayor. Para ell sistema de operaciones se realiza perfiles en lugares donde los afloramientos de carbón y las rocas son nítidos. Dichos perfiles permitirán localizar los puntos de afloramiento en otros sitios por correlación, obteniendo conclusiones geológicas

Jul 20, 1960

By Henri Carrat

La prospección geofísica tiene por objeto la aplicación de leyes, teorías y técnicas de la Física para el descubrimiento de yacimientos minerales y petroleros, aguas subterráneas y el estudio del subsuelo, el cual es requisito indispensable para la construcción ciertas obras de ingeniería civil. En ese sentido, el presente texto describe el proceso de la prospección física y los métodos geofísicos utilizados en dicho proceso. Estos métodos geofísicos se clasifican de acuerdo a los parámetros físicos estudiados y son: los métodos gravimétricos, magnéticos, sísmicos, eléctricos, prospección radioactiva, magnético, polarización reducida y los métodos diversos.

Nov 1, 1962

By Orlando Orbegozo

"El objetivo del texto radica en prospectar de forma integral las áreas comprendidas entre las formaciones Nito y San Miguel, así como la mineralización del depósito de Alpamarca hacia el extremo de la mina. El método utilizado fue el pirosulfato de potasio, el cual determina el contenido total del zinc puesto que está presente en cantidades dominantes en todas las formaciones del yacimiento una vez probada la asociación entre la mineralización del zinc y la del plomo. El uso del método permite delimitar la extensión de la mineralización en las diferentes zonas conocidas y de esa forma planificar las exploraciones -desarrollo, a través de los elementos directos y auxiliares de la prospección."

Nov 20, 1972

By Luis Enrique Vargas

Las técnicas estadísticas multivariantes (análisis factorial y el análisis cluster), permiten establecer el grado de interdependencia y la relevancia de las correlaciones múltiples entre las variables estudiadas (46 elementos traza), características que no se pueden determinar con los métodos descriptivos tradicionales. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo aborda la investigación realizada a la cuenca del río Huaura, Lima, donde se efectuó un muestreo de sedimentos activos de corriente en 393 estaciones representativamente distribuidas. Dichas muestras han sido tamizadas con la malla 200 y analizadas por el método ICP-MS, previa digestión con agua regia, con el objetivo de determinar elementos traza distintivos en sedimentos activos, de acuerdo al ambiente geológico del cual provienen, mediante su comportamiento multivariante, dispersión y distribución geoquímica secundaria y así identificar elementos traza de interés minero, relacionados a los elementos traza distintivos previamente definidos.

Sep 14, 2009

By G. Florez

Durante los años 1968 a 1970 al Servicio da Geología y Minería el Servicio de Geología y Minería desarrolló un programa de Prospección Geoquímica regional en el Norte del Perú, abarcando desde Cajamarca hasta la frontera con el norte en el Ecuador. El objetivo fue descubrir nuevas áreas mineralizadas con probable interés económico a través del muestreo de sedimentos de quebrada se recolectaron 1,600 muestras y se realizaron alrededor de 12,000 determinaciones por cobro, molibdeno, zinc, plomo y plata. En ese sentido, el objetivo del presente texto es revisar los últimos estudios geológicos y químicos (1970-1971) realizados en las áreas con mayor anomalía en la zona. Así también describe la ubicación, geografía, el muestreo regional, la comparación de dispersión entre Michiquillay con otros depósitos cupríferos y la orientación regional de mineralización.

Nov 20, 1972

By María Jesús Ojeda

El presente texto describe la aplicación de los principios de exploración geoquímica en un sector de la faja aurífera Nazca -Ocoña correspondiente a la mina "Las Agripiinas". El objetivo es determinar anomalías de oro en base a un muestreo sistemático de afloramientos y niveles ya en desarrollo y así ubicar nuevas áreas favorables para la realización de labores mineros que conduzcan a aumentar las reservas de la mina. La exploración por oro se realizó en rocas metamórficas esquistosas con vetas de cuarzo-pirita, intrusivos granodioríticos y volcánicos andesíticos caracterizados por procesos de dispersión primaría. La dispersión secundaria se determina en óxidos, producto de la alteración de los ferromagnesianos y sulfuros.

May 1, 1986

By Eder Villarreal, Jorge Chira, César Vilca

Este presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar que el Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico, ha tenido un papel muy importante en el descubrimiento de yacimientos minerales. Referirnos a estos descubrimientos es remontarnos a las décadas de los 60, 70 y 80; en ese entonces, el Servicio Geológico del Perú (ahora INGEMMET) realizó una serie de convenios internacionales con los gobiernos de Japón, Francia, Alemania e Inglaterra, para estudiar Áreas de No Admisión de Denuncios

May 1, 2008

By J. Caliza, M. Ayamamani, E. Calizaya

"Los estudios se localizan en el extremo noreste sobre la margen derecha del rio Ocoña, próximo al poblado la Barrera, enmarcado por el batolito de la costa. El yacimiento PAITITI, emplazado por rocas Igneas plutónicas del Cretácico pertenecientes a la Súper Unidad Incahuasi, cortadas por estructuras filoneanas preferentemente de rumbos NE-SW con mineralización económica de Oro (Au). El objetivo principal es conocer las características geológicas, estructurales y los eventos de relleno en el yacimiento PAITITI, relacionada con la mineralización Aurífera depósito. "

May 1, 2008

By Oscar Concha

El presente texto describe la exploración, geología, controles estructurales, mineralización y los tipos de alteración hidrotermal del yacimiento minero Cuajone, situado al sur de la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes y en el flanco Andino de Moquegua. En 1937, se inicia su exploración a través de una campaña exploratorla de la empresa Cerro de Pasco, donde se determina la zona como un proyecto potencial de cobre porfirítico de baja ley. Posteriormente en 1942, se inicia la primera campaña de perforación diamantina exploratoria y en 1969, se inicia la etapa de construcción y desbroce de material para preparar la mina. De otro lado, se ha desarrollado un modelo de la evolución del yacimiento desde las rocas preminerales del Grupo Toquepala, de las cuales la andesita basáltica fue una gran receptora de la mineralización de cobre originada por la intrusión de un primer pulso de latita porfirítica.

Apr 26, 1999

By Katsukiyo Marukawa, Mashamichi Sano, Shigeta Hara

"Various subject of studies are discussed to develop ·innovative refining processes in the 21st century for cost reduction, production of high quality steel and environmental conservation. The future refining reactor should have abilities of highly efficient mixing and separation of different phases. It is stressed ·that applications of electromagnetic and ultrasound energies, and control of flow fields rate required to create the highly efficient mixing I separation reactor.IntroductionIn recent years, it seems that the research and development in the field of steelmaking has shifted its emphasis to the solidification I ingot-making process in which continuous casting plays the leading role. From a long-range point of view, however, the need for continual development of the refining process will probably increase but is very unlikely to decrease. In order to meet such demands, it is required that problems and issues of the present process should be clearly grasped and that there must be rapid progress in process elements, such as highly efficient mixing and separation of different phases.Applications of electromagnetic and ultrasound energies and flow field control will become important options for resolving the above-mentioned problems. By efficiently and skillfully incorporating these new technologies into high-efficiency mixing/separation reactors, the innovative refining process will be established in the early 21st century."

Jan 1, 2000

By A. E. Moss

"IntroductionTHE WORLD-WIDE search for iron ore has been vastly accelerated during the past fifteen years .and Canada is playing a most prominent role in this prospecting boom. During this period, the search for .and development of iron ore deposits in Canada bas proven eminently successful and there is every indication that exploration will continue to be active for many years.This paper has been prepared primarily for the information of those who have bad little or no experience in iron ore exploration. For convenience, it is divided into three parts: ( 1) a brief discussion of the marketing of iron ores, with special reference to Canadian production; (2) a summary of the main features to be considered when prospecting for or evaluating a potential iron ore deposit; and (3) an outline of the methods and procedures used in the search for the direct-shipping iron ores in the Quebec•-Labrador iron ore field.The Iron Ore MarketDue to the tremendous tonnages of high-grade direct-shipping iron ore indicated in the iron ore fields of the Quebec-Labrador and Steep •Rock areas, it might be assumed that there would have been a sharp decline in iron ore prospecting in this country. On the contrary, the development of these two major fields, which must be classed among the world's greatest, has been responsible for much of the current activity. The search for high and medium grade magnetite deposits is being• conducted in many parts of the country and a number of these have reached the development stage. Production is being expanded from the known fields, such as Wabana in Newfoundland and Michipicoten in Ontario."

Jan 1, 1955

As a result of the world depression and the consequent heavy fall in the price of tin, Malaya joined with other great tin producing: countries of the world in a restriction scheme that heavily restricted production from its individual mines. This condition, together with the knowledge that it was becoming more and more difficult in, Malaya to acquire further areas and so prolong the existence of a specific company's activities, induced Mr. H. G. Scott, managing director for the Siamese Tin Syndicate Ltd., to consider other possible sources of production. Mainly because of the conditions that obtained in Tasmania, he turned his attention to that country, where, not only could mining be carried on without restriction as to output, but where the incidence of the exchange position created favourable conditions for operation. The district selected for examination was that of St. Helens, on the East Coast of Tasmania, which district had behind it a long record of successful tin mining operations.PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS OF SIAMESE TIN SYNDICATE LTD. AT ST. HELENS.First of all the district was examined, and there was no lack of evidence to show that tin existed, although it was impossible to get down to quantities and values without an extensive prospecting campaign. For one thing, the physical features of the country seemed to be all wrong. There were no extensive alluvial flats such as a mining engineer...

Jan 1, 1934

ONE of the fundamental reasons for the extreme rapidity with which the Porphyries developed after the trail had been blazed at Bingham was the amenability of the deposits to prospecting and proving of the ore either by churn-drilling or by diamond-drilling. At Ray churn-drill data formed the principal basis for early calculations of ore reserves; and in 1913, Inspiration floated its first bond issue for $6,000,000 on the strength of the estimate of 45,000,000 tons of sulphide ore assaying just over 3 per cent copper. The money was obtained in spite of the fact that no one ever had actually laid eyes on more than a minute fraction of that ore. The customary method of developing a copper deposit before the Porphyry era had been to sink shafts or drive adits and then to follow and expose the veins or lodes with horizontal and vertical underground workings-drifts, crosscuts, raises, and winzes. The excavated material sometimes was sampled in bulk; but always the walls of the openings would be channeled at intervals to obtain small samples representative of the ore left in place. This process was known as "blocking out" ore. It was costly and it required a great deal of time to prove the existence of immense tonnages. The early development at Utah was done in this way; likewise, at Miami. This fact helps to explain why only 3,000,000 tons of ore was reported as being developed when J. Parke Channing wrote the report on which the original Miami financing was based in March, 1908. Fortunately, his 3,000,000 tons averaged 3'per cent copper. At Ray, Seeley W. Mudd estimated 3,000,000 tons of ore in June, 1908, developed principally by underground working; but by the end of 1909, Henry Krumb was able to report 50,000,000 tons as the fruit of a little more than a year of churn-drilling.

Jan 1, 1933

By J. P. Norrie

The presence of copper-bearing rocks in the Coppermine River area of Arctic Canada has long been known. Word of this was probably circulated along the Arctic and Hudson Bay coasts by the Eskimo, who no doubt traded articles made from native copper among themselves. It is not known whether any of these ever reached the southern shores of Hudson bay. The Indians, also, knew of the occurrence of copper here, as they served as guides to Hearne when he made a successful trip over land from Hudson bay to the Coppermine river. The possible commercial importance of these copper deposits was early appreciated by the Hudson's Bay Company, who on December 7th, 1770, despatched Samuel Hearne from Fort Prince of Wales, now Fort Churchill, to investigate them. He reached the then unnamed river at a point forty miles from its mouth on July 14th, 1771, and after surveying the river to its mouth and naming it the Coppermine, he retraced his steps to Fort Churchill by an overland route. Hearne's expedition was probably the most remarkable and arduous ever attempted in Arctic exploration, but the actual value derived from the trip was entirely out of proportion with the hardships he must have suffered. He verified the occurrence of native copper, but his astronomical and other observations were of little value. Until 1912 no concerted effort was made to obtain any definite information as to the geology and economic value of the Copper-mine deposits.

Jan 1, 1931

Ocean environmental factors are an intriguing new set of parameters to be dealt with in the prospecting and exploration phases of resource development for both the continental margins and the deep ocean. While information and data gathering programs for ocean minerals would parallel onshore procedures, their costs generally run higher. Commercial Prospecting-Identification of Mining Sites Two modes of prospecting can be identified-commercia1 prospecting (in which the ultimate objective is to define potential mining sites), and scientific prospecting, which is conducted with different objectives in mind. For ocean exploration, both types of prospecting are carried out prior to the obtaining of any exclusive rights to explore and exploit a specific deposit. Deepsea's John Flipse adds: "Any commercial prospecting program should by its very nature require the freedom to search wherever minerals might occur with maximum flexibility."

Jan 4, 1975

By Arthur Dwight

WE NOT have to go so very far back, when measured in actual years, to what may be considered the beginning of the industrial era of the great West, the discovery of gold in California in 1848, just 74 years ago. By a strange coincidence, this event occurred within a few days of the signing of the treaty with Mexico which ceded California to the United States. Needless to describe the mighty wave of humanity that hurled itself toward the setting sun in response to that call. The single thought in every one's mind was gold. The gold as they found it in placers or ledges could be so easily worked, and the product was so readily transportable, and available immediately as money, that practically no attention was paid to deposits of the base metals, in the treatment of which cheap transportation was a paramount con-sideration; consequently little progress was made in anything but gold mining until after the Civil War. The next great step was accomplished when East and West were united by the successful construction of the Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha across the great plains and through the Rockies to meet the rails of the Central Pacific coming eastward across the Sierras. The industrial history of our great West really dates from the day when those two hands of steel were joined, on the shores of the Great Salt Lake at Prom-ontory Point,. May 10, 1869. That seems a long time ago when we think of the enormous changes that have been wrought since that day, and when we regard the rich empire that has sprung up in that western land. Into the new empire thus made accessible, by this first thread of steam transportation, flocked a new brood of adventurous spirits from the older communities of the East. This way walked Fate; and as she, went, flung far the line of destiny, That bound an untracked continent to brotherhood from sea to sea; That long gray trail of dream and hope, marked mile by mile with graves that keep On every barren hill and slope some stout heart lost in dreamless sleep. Patience and faith and fortitude were willed to it and justified; Stern, homely virtues, plain and rude, eternal as the sky and wide. Nor ever sea-king dared the sea in sterner mood than these who went Strong armed to wrest from Mystery their birthright, half a continent.

Jan 4, 1922

By J. F. Wright

INTRODUCTION Eighteen years ago about half a dozen experienced prospectors moved from northern Ontario to northwest Manitoba to prospect 'greenstone' areas shown on geological maps of .parts of northern Manitoba prepared by J. B. Tyrrell, D. B. Dowling, and Wm. Mclnnes. Gold-bearing quartz was soon discovered by these men in this new field, and in succeeding years many more prospectors entered the district. A number of the pioneers are still prospecting, and since 1913 mineral deposits have been discovered each year in widely separated areas of the large district extending 150 miles eastward from the 102nd meridian and 60 miles north of latitude 54°30'. The majority of the discoveries, however, have been made near Schist, Elbow, Wekusko, and Kississing lakes. One hundred or more mineral occurrences of some merit are known, the main types being sulphide replacement bodies containing nickel-copper or copper-zinc and gold-bearing quartz veins. Some underground exploration or diamond drilling has been completed on 25 or more of the prospects. Up to the present, three ore-bodies, namely, Flin Flon, Sherritt-Gordon, and Mandy, have been proved. Of these, Flin Flon, the largest, is estimated to contain from 16,000,000 o 19,000,000 tons of copper-zinc ore carrying some gold, silver, and lead. Next in importance in regard to tonnage is Sherritt-Gordon, with a calculated reserve of nearly 5,250,000 tons of copper-zinc ore carrying less than $1.00 combined gold and silver.

Jan 1, 1931

By S. H. Ward

An account of a new method of investigating the electrical .properties J the earth's crust is presented. The method, called AFMAG, employs, as a source, natural alternating magnetic fields of audio and sub-audio frequencies. Measurements of the distortion of these fields caused by geological features are made with the aid of search coil detectors at several discrete frequencies. Many results of field surveys made with the method are presented and they illustrate its advantages and limitations when applied to the search for massive sulphide mineralization. The advantages far outweigh the limitations and in fact indicate that a major breakthrough in geophysical exploration technique and instrumentation has been made.

Jan 1, 1958