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By B Bamford

High speed diamond cutting has extensive applications in civil and mining engineering. A project involving the diamond sawing of black granite is investigating the nature of the diamond cutting process. A sawing machine was devised to adjust the cutting load and measure cutting speed. Cuttings were collected for size distribution analysis. The surface produced by interaction between diamond. grits and the rock was subjected to microscopic investigation. Increasing load prompts the proportional increase in the cutting rate. But the mean size of cuttings shows little change. The photomicrographs of the cutting tracks indicate neither patterns of crack formation nor signs of the ductile behaviour of the rock. A diamond cutting model for hard rock is formulated on these observations. Diamond cutting is a process of surface failure, which advances in four stages. The polycrystalline characteristics of a hard rock and the action of high-speed diamond grits guarantee the creation of crack nuclei which develop into cracks in various directions. This network crisscrossing cracks enable the stripping of this surface layer from the rock.

Jan 1, 1992

By Palmer King

The increased emphasis on environmental protection, together with the exorbitant costs, or in many urban areas the complete unavailability of surface space, has resulted in a burgeoning demand for greater use of underground space. More and more, those considering new or expanded facilities are looking toward the possibility of utilizing underground space for communications installations, for transportation of people, industrial products, water, sewage and energy, and for industrial installations. Happily, this growing demand for use of underground space is accompanied by fast forward strides looking toward more efficient underground excavation techniques. The tunnel boring machine is already here and where ground conditions are suitable for its use it can greatly reduce the cost of underground excavations, savings of one-third or more often being realized. Research is underway involving excavation by use of laser beams, jetting, vibrations, improvement of tunnel boring machines to make possible the excavation of harder rock, and other advanced techniques. The Engineering Foundation estimated in 1973 that tunneling costs can be reduced as much as 30 percent by rapid excavation methods which are expected to be developed through ongoing research programs in the next few years. Your American Society of Civil Engineers reported in 1973 that $60 billion per year, or 15 percent of the gross national product, could be saved if facilities required to support life were located in the subsurface. Studies looking toward improved contracting practices are going on under the sponsorship of the National Academy of Sciences, and Mr. Al Mathews who is heading this program will address you during this session on the status of this project. I myself am a member of Mr. Mathews' study group and, considering the human element involved, it is too early to make predictions as to what can be accomplished in the way of savings in costs of

Jan 1, 1974

By R. H. King

This paper describes the results of an underground coal mine trial installation of a shielded trailing cable. The cable was a three conductor, round, type SHC-GC, and was installed on a shuttle car in a conventional room and pillar mining section. The purpose of presenting the information is to prepare mine operators for proposed legislation that will require shielding on low-voltage trailing cables. Specifically, machine modifications are required to cable reels, packing glands, and couplers. Cable splicing is not as complex as expected but additional materials are needed in the kit and splice training is necessary. Even though shielding will cause some problems for the mine operator, it can reduce the hazard of electrical shock to mine workers. This paper will present information that mine operators can use to solve most of the problems that will be encountered if they are required to install shielded cables. The in-mine evaluation was funded by the U.S. Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. H. King

This paper describes the results of an underground coal mine trial installation of a shielded trailing cable. The cable was a three conductor, round, type SHC-GC and was installed on a shuttle car in a conventional room-and-pillar mining section. The purpose of the study was to evaluate proposed legislation that would require shielding on low-voltage trailing cables. Such legislation would require machine modifications to cable reels, packing glands, and couplers; increase cable splicing complexity; and necessitate additional splicing materials and training. Furthermore, fault location might be more difficult. Even though shielding will cause some problems for the mine operator, it can reduce electrical shock hazard to mine workers. This paper presents information that mine operators can use to solve most of the problems encountered if they are required to install shielded cables. The in-mine evaluation was funded by the US Bureau of Mines; however, the views and conclusions in this paper are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing official policies of the US government.

Jan 1, 1982

As REVISED IN CONFERENCE FEB. 17, 1931 REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON MINE VENTILATION CODE OF A, I. M. E. COMMITTEE ON VENTILATION ALFRED W. HESSE, Chairman THOMAS G. FEAR GEORGE S. RICE E. A. HOLBROOK WILLIAM A. ROWE HOWARD ECKFELDT R. V. NORRIS CADWALLADER EVANS, JR. H..1. SMITH, Secretary REALIZING, from the safety and health standpoint, the need of furnishing air of good quality to workers underground and of diluting and carrying away dangerous and noxious gases, the following code is offered to unify regulatory measures in coal mine ventilation, so far as is practicable, in the United States of America.

Jan 1, 1931

By E. E. AGGER, Arthur Notman

THE proposal has been made in a bill introduced into Congress at the last session by Representative Jones of Michigan that an import duty of 6 c. per lb. shall be placed on copper. This action is urged after eighty years of prosperity for the industry in this country; during most of which copper has been on the free list, and during all of which a tariff would have been without real effect. To comprehend the general situation upon which this action would be imposed, we must refer to the past history of the industry and its trends at the present time. The following table supplies us with a picture of the physical growth of the industry in this country and its relation to that of the world as a whole down to Jan. 1, 1921:

Jan 1, 1925

By Meng-Cherng Sun, Fun-Den Wang, David M. Ropchan

A proposed technique for improving coal-mine roof stability by softening parts of coal pillars along the sides of entries developed from structural analysis is presented. This technique is based on the transference of the high stress concentration in the roof near the upper corners of a rectangular opening to the roof rock and coal over the solid away from the opening. This transferral is accomplished by softening parts of the coal pillars by drilling a series of parallel holes into the coal in the ribs and face of the entry prior to advance. The effectiveness of the pillar softening in terms of reducing the opening width (so that the stress in the roof near the corner is equivalent to that of a narrower opening) ranges from 3 to 5 ft for a 16-ft entry using a series of 4 to 5-ft-deep parallel drill holes of 3 to 6-in.-diam on a 1 to 2-ft spacing for a particular geology. Pillar softening should be highly effective in controlling roof where cutter-roof cave conditions exist, because this technique reduces the high stress concentration in the roof at the upper corners of the opening. It may also be effective for reducing tensile roof failure and coal rib sloughing for certain specific geological conditions. This technique appears to be a simple, effective, and practical method that can be used to supplement conventional roof support methods of roof bolting, timbering, roof truss, and other existing methods in underground coal mines. The authors consider the technique feasible and believe that it merits underground trials.

Jan 1, 1975

By Michael Altepeter

Big River Zinc Corporation, located in Sauget, Illinois, operates a neutral leach residue circuit. The residue produced in the circuit is sold to lead smelters for subsequent recovery of valuable metals. A research program was initiated several years ago to find a means of treating the residue at Big River Zinc to recover the valuable metals. The Ausmelt submerged lance reactor was selected as the best alternative for the first step of the process. Pilot scale tests were conducted at Ausmelt's facilities in Melbourne, Australia. Separations were excellent. 99%+ of the Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ag contained in the residue reported to the oxide fume. 99%+ of the SiO2,, Fe, Mg, and Ca in the residue reported to the slag which passed the EPA TCLP test. Subsequent leaching of the oxide fumes and purification of the leach solutions using conventional procedures produced solUtions suitable for zinc electrowinning and an upgraded lead sulfate cake for sale.

Jan 1, 1992

By Edgar Trask

EACH branch of engineering seems to depend on the cooperation and contribution of some other branches to enable it to produce more efficient methods and appliances for man to use. The purpose of this paper is to show approximately the gain in efficiency of self-propelled merchant ships when steel of greater elasticity is substituted for mild steel in some of the strength members and alu-minum alloy is substituted in some of the parts where strength is not essential. The new steel will have some greater strength and a much greater elastic limit in the as-rolled condition, and must be readily weld-able under ordinary conditions of shipbuilding. Naturally, its cost may be more than mild steel, but if the demand is great that excess cost may be reduced to an amount that will make its use more economical than that of the present mild steel. There appears to be a well defined axiom in engineering today that to use the least power to carry a given load the weight of the carrier must be reduced to a minimum. This minimum must be, of course, consistent with the necessary strength, rigidity and durability and it must not be attained at an excessive cost where the fixed charges of the carrier will exceed the savings in, operating the motive power. Recent railroad equipment is a notable example of this, and in these trains alloy steels and aluminum together with less weight per horsepower of the power plant are reducing the weight of the carrier and hence the total power required for moving the paying load. Before considering the application of these metals to shipbuilding, it is well to explain some of the fundamentals of ship design.

Jan 1, 1936

By Sidney Cornell

THE technical- advantages of adding oxygen to air and producer gas, or using it as a reactive agent, producing 400 B.t.u. gas instead of. the present 150 B.t.u., with higher flame temperatures and a reducing flame possible, with a smaller volume of gases passing through a furnace, will result in quicker melting, sharp working, and the production of a higher quality steel. Probably electric-furnace quality steel can be produced in an open-hearth furnace using oxygen. A modern, standard, 100-ton open-hearth furnace, with all equipment, costs from $350,000 to $500,000; there are about 1000 open-hearth furnaces in this country. When considering the use of oxygen in the open-hearth furnace, it is necessary to study: (1) The use of oxygen in the present furnaces, such that modification of existing furnaces and equipment cost the minimum, although the full advantages of oxygen are not thus obtainable. (2) The use of oxygen in a furnace designed for its use, producing quality and quantity steel at the lowest possible cost. This entails the junking of approximately one-half the value in existing equipment-writing off $250,000,000. The basis of such an estimate is the present cost of manufacturing open-hearth steel. Objection may be taken to some of the unit prices here given, but while some companies obtain their ores for much less, the prices quoted are -market price. They are used to show the maximum economy obtained by oxygen at that point.

Jan 11, 1924

By N H. Jansen, H L. Bridgwater

Field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and near infrared (NIR) instruments are proven technologies in the minerals industry. The in-field results of these instruments can add value early in the project life, leading to cost-effective decision-making compared to their equivalent laboratory based techniques. However, in order to add value to a project, it is crucial that the instruments are employed correctly.Orientation studies should be carried out prior to initiating a sampling program to achieve the highest level of quality assurance and control for the results. Hence, an appropriate sampling workflow begins with considering what outcomes are required, including level of precision, accuracy, reliability for elements and minerals of interest, and sampling errors. The workflows proposed include soil sampling and reverse circulation and diamond drilling sampling techniques, and laboratory based techniques. They are practical and flexible workflows using available portable XRF and NIR technologies that can be applied to current sampling and drilling methods.The combined technologies have the ability to create large, integrated geochemical and mineralogical data sets that can provide cost savings for every stage of the mining chain from exploration to prefeasibility, mineral processing and environmental remediation.CITATION:Jansen, N H and Bridgwater, H L, 2017. Proposed workflows for portable X-ray fluorescence and near infrared instruments for soil and drill hole sampling, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 219–228 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

The development of research activities at Risdon and the implementing of a policy of instrumentation in plant processes have, in recent years, entailed a considerable increase in research staff and created an urgent need for more space and modern laboratory facilities. The existing laboratories have been in use for 25 years and are now inadequate. New buildings have been authorized.The new buildings will comprise, firstly, a laboratory building of three floors giving a totai .floor space of approximately 11,000 sq.ft., and a pilot plant building as an annexe to the laboratory building, of approximately 4,900 sq.ft. The laboratory building will accommodate from 20 to 22 research workers, and additional plant operatives will be used for the control of processes in the pilot plant building. The new buildings are designed to provide facilities for three principal functions; the investigation and improvementof existing processes, the development of new processes up to the pilot plant stage, and the control and maintenance of instruments.LOCALITY AND ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGSThe site of the buildings is elevated ground on the eastern side of the main plant, near the main entrance and general office building. There will be no obstruction to sunshine at any time of the day, and the laboratory building will command views of wide radius from wooded hills across the River Derwentto the open sea on the south-eastern quarter.The buildings are located to provide space for future extensions. The main laboratory building faces approx...

Jan 1, 1949

By Fabiano Della Libera da Silva

Este artigo propõe uma heurística de sequenciamento para a retomada de pilhas de minério (entendidas como tarefas a serem sequenciadas) nos seus respectivos pátios através de um índice de priorização de pilhas (IP). Tal índice apoia-se em fatores importantes para as operações de pátios de estocagem, como capacidade das recuperadoras (máquinas), qualidade do minério, tempo de residência e tempo de deslocamento das recuperadoras entre pilhas (setup). O método proposto foi aplicado em dois pátios, duas máquinas recuperadoras e doze pilhas e a sequência de recuperação sugerida pelo método foi considerada coerente por especialistas de processo da empresa mineradora.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodrigo Costa dos Santos

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma proposta de metodologia para auxílio na fase de planejamento de um projeto de manutenção, objetivando a redução de falhas no mesmo. Tal estudo possui relevância, pois quando se trata de manutenção preventiva o custo é sempre considerável para qualquer empresa, uma vez que para realização as máquinas devem ser paradas e recursos humanos e materiais devem ser disponibilizados, desta forma o planejamento deve ser feito de maneira que sejam utilizados apenas os recursos necessários e suficientes para manter a qualidade dos equipamentos. A metodologia se embasa na teoria geral de projetos e utiliza de maneira sequenciada e estratégica ferramentas já aplicadas no mundo da manutenção para determinar as oito fases personalizadas para um evento de manutenção. A aplicação da metodologia facilita o trabalho do planejador o que consequentemente viabiliza a sua entrada no meio industrial, posto que a metodologia é altamente simples e sequenciada, o planejador não precisa conhecer com detalhes a teoria de projetos para utiliza-la. Portanto, com objetivo de facilitar e sequenciar o planejamento da manutenção afim de reduzir falhas, a metodologia trabalha de maneira forte a análise e gestão de riscos e definição de cronogramas em projetos.

Oct 30, 2017

By Fabio Andre Brand

As empresas de classe mundial, para atingir a excelência, buscam inovações para maximizar a utilização dos seus ativos. Para estas empresas, os departamentos de manutenção assumem uma função estratégica e a utilização de metodologias como a Manutenção Centrada em Confiabilidade (MCC) tem contribuído muito para a obtenção de um desempenho positivo em seu sistema produtivo. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens da aplicação da MCC, identificou-se uma oportunidade de melhoria nesta metodologia, na etapa de aplicação do diagrama de decisão para escolha das tarefas de manutenção. Pois é dentro deste contexto que se insere o presente trabalho, que busca consolidar o processo de implementação da MCC, com a introdução de melhorias na etapa mencionada, voltadas principalmente para a sua utilização na indústria siderúrgica. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma abordagem sobre os conceitos e métodos empregados na MCC tradicional. Em seguida, as melhorias propostas foram detalhadas junto com um estudo de caso, onde a MCC, já contendo os métodos elaborados neste trabalho, foi aplicada em uma empresa siderúrgica, sendo que os resultados obtidos demonstraram a adequação desta proposta às necessidades deste ramo industrial.

Oct 30, 2017

By Gisele Ferreira de Lima

Magnésio e suas ligas são promissores para armazenagem de hidrogênio devido à alta eficiência, boa reversibilidade, baixo custo e segurança. Entretanto, hidretos à base de Mg apresentam cinéticas de ab/dessorção lentas, temperaturas de operação muito altas, e alta reatividade ao ar para aplicação práticas. A moagem de alta energia (HEBM) combinada com o uso de catalisadores têm produzido nanocompósitos à base de Mg com cinéticas mais rápidas. Recentemente, processos termomecânicos e de deformação plástica severa (SPD) têm sido investigados para produzir nanocompósitos em volume com melhor resistência ao ar (processo de ativação) e que podem ser facilmente fabricados em escala industrial. No presente trabalho, amostras 2Mg-Fe foram misturadas com CNT (0-5%p.) por HEBM, e em seguida processadas por extrusão a quente (termomecânico) a 300oC e/ou laminação a frio (SPD) a temperatura ambiente. Pós com 0%p a 5%p. de CNT mostraram padrões de DRX muito similares indicando similares nanoestruturas. Todas as amostras puderam ser laminadas, mas somente amostras com menos que 2,0%p. de CNT puderam ser extrudadas, e submetidas pela combinação de extrusão-laminação. As propriedades cinéticas, medidas pelos métodos Sieverts e DSC, foram piores para as extrudadas, intermediárias para as extrudadas/laminadas e melhores para as somente laminadas. Nessas últimas, os picos de Bragg mostraram baixa intensidade e textura favorável ao longo de (002) no Mg, que possivelmente explicam esses resultados. Quanto maiores foram as quantidades de CNT melhores foram as propriedades (cinética e temperatura de dessorção).

Aug 8, 2018

By Orlando Guerreiro Meira

A utilização de revestimentos com aços inoxidáveis superausteníticos em substituição às ligas a base de níquel na indústria de óleo e gás pode ser uma alternativa interessante, uma vez que é possível a manutenção de bom desempenho e corrosão com um menor custo. O presente trabalha avalia as propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais de revestimentos depositados com a liga AISI 904L sobre o aço carbono ASTM A 516 pelo processo eletroescória, tanto na condição de como soldado quanto após tratamento térmico de alívio de tensões. Após a soldagem, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos e metalográficos para verificar o efeito do ciclo térmico de soldagem nas propriedades do revestimento. O ensaio de dobramento não mostrou indicação de defeitos, sendo considerado aprovado. Os ensaios de microdureza apresentaram valores inferiores a 300HV0.5, em decorrência da microestrutura austenítica com baixo percentual de fases secundárias no metal de solda e de bainita na ZTA. O tratamento térmico de alívio de tensões não provocou mudanças significativas nas propriedades do revestimento

Aug 17, 2017

By Camila Pereira Alvarães

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa das propriedades de revestimentos soldados com a liga INCONEL 625 sobre o aço ASTM A516 grau 70 obtidos pelos processos eletrodo revestido e arame tubular. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de mecânicos, metalográficos e de corrosão nos revestimentos obtidos. A análise metalográfica evidenciou a presença de precipitados ao longo do metal de solda obtido pelo processo arame tubular, não sendo verificada esta ocorrência para o processo eletrodo revestido. Os ensaios mecânicos mostraram resultados satisfatórios para ambos os processos. Os ensaios de corrosão realizados em conformidade com a norma ASTM G48 não evidenciaram a ocorrência de pites e a perda de massa foi satisfatória para ambos os processos. Baseado nos resultados obtidos pode-se inferir que ambos os processos de soldagem se mostraram adequados para a deposição de revestimentos com a liga INCONEL 625.

Aug 16, 2017

By Anna Carolina Cerqueira Neves

Fibras naturais estão cada vez mais sendo empregadas como fase de reforço em materiais compósitos com matriz polimérica, pois estas apresentam vantagens ecológicas e econômicas quando comparadas as fibras sintéticas. São fontes renováveis de matéria prima, são biodegradáveis e utilizam menos energia para sua produção. Foram avaliadas propriedades de tração de compósitos de matiz polimérica epóxi reforçada com altos volumes correspondendo a 40% e 50% de volume de fibras de juta contínuas e alinhadas. Os testes foram realizados na maquina universal Instron. A resistência à tração apresentou um aumento crescente com a adição da fase de fibras de juta na matriz.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jean Igor Margem

Nestes dias materiais ecológicos como compósitos com fibras naturais em matriz polimérica estão chamando a atenção de pesquisadores científicos, devido ao seu bom desempenho na substituição de materiais como madeira, polímeros à base de petróleo e outros. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as propriedades de tração de compósitos de matriz epóxi reforçados com diferentes espécimes de fibras lignocelulósicas. Compósitos reforçados com até 30% em volume de fibras longas, contínuas e alinhadas de malva, sisal e bambu foram testados em uma máquina Instron a temperatura ambiente. A fratura foi analisada por SEM. Os resultados mostraram alterações significativas nas propriedades mecânicas com a quantidade dessas fibras. Estas propriedades mecânicas foram comparados com outros resultados em compósitos testados em ensaio de tração. A análise da fratura revelou uma fraca interação da interface fibra / matriz, o que poderia ser responsável por um maior desempenho de algumas propriedades.

Aug 17, 2017