Search Documents

By Rush Greenslade

THE oil and gas lease is the basic contract of the oil and gas industry; it is the foundation stone upon which the producing industry, particularly, is based. As the industry is precarious and highly speculative, the foundation contract should be of the utmost integrity and certainty. But right there an anomaly exists; the oil and gas lease is the most obscure, most uncertain, doubtful contract in the realm of law today. That is a condition that must be considered when taking oil and gas leases, and when buying, selling, and holding them. It may fairly be asked why should this industry rest upon so insecure a foundation. Why should not the oil industry rest upon the contract that is the basis of all industry, the warranty deed? There are many contributing reasons, but the principal one is business expediency. The Anglo-Saxon idea of ownership of land is that every land owner owns from the center of the earth to the sky all that is above and all that is below-consequently the oil and gas are owned by the person who owns the surface. That idea is not exactly true with reference to oil and gas, for many states have adopted the doctrine that oil and gas are like wild animals; they are fugacious and migratory and belong to the man that traps them. But, except for that doctrine, we believe that oil and gas are owned by the owner of the surface, wherein we differ from the Latin-American countries where the mineral rights are owned by the government. The United States was settled largely by homesteading. The owners of land were, in the main, farmers, who did not have the means or the faith to drill for oil or gas. The operators or speculators did not want to buy the land on the mere possibility of finding oil; hence a compromise resulted by which the land owner gave the speculator or the operator what he called an oil and gas lease, or a right to go upon his land and drill for oil and gas. What is supposed to be the first oil lease placed on record reads as follows: Agreed this 4th day of July, A.D. 1853, with J. D. Angier of Cherrytree township in the county of Venango Pennsylvania that he shall repair up and keep in order the old oil springs on land in said Cherrytree township, or dig and make new springs, and the expense to be deducted out of the proceeds of the oil, and the balance, if any, to be

Jan 8, 1924

By E. P. Williams

"Prince Edward Island, Canada's smallest Maritime Province, is located in the southwestern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Province is more or less centrally located in the Maritimes Basin, a large intermontane basin within the Appalachian orogenic belt. The Maritimes Basin is subdivided into sub-basins and uplifts which exhibit two dominant structural trends: east and northeast. The Basin is known to be petroliferous because of the seeps, shows, oil shales and albertite found in southern New Brunswick and northern Nova Scotia and the gas and oil produced from the Stony Creek field near Moncton, New Brunswick.Permian beds are exposed on the Island, mostly along sea-cliffs. A maximum thickness of about 5,000 feet of red beds -shales, sandstones and conglomerates -make up the sequence. Over most of the Island, the Permian section is much thinner. Four key wells (Mississippian tests) and several shallower tests have been drilled. The Pennsylvanian-Mississippian section thickens rapidly off the Port Hill Uplift at the northwest, where it is less than 4,600 feet thick, and continues to thicken to about 20,000 feet in the Cumberland Basin at the southeast. Geological and geophysical data combine to give us the structural picture of the deeper beds.Prospective reservoir rocks are primarily in the Missis-sippian Horton and Windsor groups. Prospects are:-1. on or over structural highs in the basement; 2. on anticlines or fault highs; 3. over or peripheral to salt domes or salt-core anticlines; 4. at truncation pinchouts of Mississippian prospective beds; 5. in basal sandstone or granite wash on the pre-Carboni-ferous basement; and 6. in facies traps at changes from sandstone to shale or porous to tight carbonate rocks."

Jan 1, 1967

By Link. Theo A.

Introduction Since the discovery of a major oil pool at Leduc, Alberta, on February 13th, 1947, the long spell of 'oil drought' in Western Canada is now being turned into an oil and gas flood which requires immediate action to obtain the optimum economic benefits. The Woodbend, Section 9, and Okalta extensions of the Leduc field itself have been established; the Redwater pool, lying thirty-seven miles northeast of Edmonton, has been discovered and is being drilled up, and the Imperial Schoepp No. 1 or Golden Spike discovery holds promise of something phenomenal in view of the 500 feet of oil-saturated coral-reef porosity whose areal extent is not known. Imperial Stanolind Barrhead No. 1, northwest of Edmonton, revealed the presence of oil in the Madison, and just recently Gulf N.J. Ellis No. 1, some sixty miles southeast of Leduc, found commercial production in the Leduc D-2 discovery zone. In addition to these Paloeozoic discoveries, gas and oil reserves have also been established in the Upper and Lower Cretaceous, which must be penetrated by all tests on the way through the geological column to the Devonian. If ever there appeared to be an index of 'things to come' in the oil industry, this is it. However, without these recent discoveries the picture in Western Canada does and always did, look very promising indeed. A brief survey of the geological setting in Western Canada is the object of this contribution.

Jan 1, 1949

By F. Julius Fohs

WITH portions of two coal basins within its borders and a few scattered fields already developed, the question arises: What is the future of Ken-tucky as an oil-producing State? Is the long list of failures due to lack of 'commercial pools, or unintelligent prospecting? A study of its beds and irregularities of structure points not only to a large waste of development money on unpromising areas, but also to the presence of a few structures well worthy of development. The surface rocks of Kentucky show in succession more than 4,000 ft. of Paleozoic sediments and more than 2,000 ft. of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and more recent deposits. Folding and erosion have brought these beds to the surface, where they have been observed and studied: in detail by my associate, James H. Gardner, myself, and others. This has given opportunity to observe the beds offering suitable reservoirs and having the proper impermeable covering; also the mapping of outcrops and outcrop lines, taken in conjunction with available well records, indicates that certain areas are worth testing, and with even greater definiteness shows areas which should be excluded, as devoid of possibilities. West of the Tennessee River, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary sediments occur so that all trace of ancient folding is obliterated, the sediments overlapping unconformably Mississippian rocks. This area embraces 2,000 square miles, or one-twentieth of the area of the State, the Paleozoic rocks covering the remainder. Since there is nothing upon which to base the location of tests for oil and gas in the Cretaceous-Tertiary beds of Kentucky, the Paleozoic area will be chiefly considered.

Jan 3, 1915

By K. BRUCE DAVIDSON

-The North Central Texas area includes the following counties in Railroad Commission of Texas District 7-B: Brown, Callahan, Coleman, Comanche, Coryell, Eastland, Erath, Fisher, Hamilton, Haskell, Hood, Jones, Lampasas, Mills, Nolan, Palo Pinto, Parker, S

Jan 1, 1946

By M. W. BERNEWITZ

DURING my recent extended visit to Australia and New Zealand, these notes on oil and gas prospecting in that part of the world were compiled from recent reports-press and government, from conversation with one of the financial leaders in the search for oil, and from personal observation of operations of the principal importers, blenders, and distributors of oil products; also from the astonishing testimony given by them to the Petrol Commission. Australia and New Zealand have practically no petroleum production beyond a few thousand gallons a year from wells in the latter Dominion. Everything is imported, Table 1. showing the quantities for 1929-30 in Australia and for 1930 in New Zealand,

Jan 1, 1934

By Arch J. Alexander

COAL is produced, in commercial quantities, in thirty-five of the sty-five counties of West Virginia. Oil and gas are produced, commercially, in forty-two counties. So, you may readily see that coal, oil and gas are closely related as to production areas. Many of the West Virginia coal mines are studded with oil and gas wells, as drilling has been done in thirty-two of the coal bearing counties. When the drilling of oil and gas wells was placed under the regulatory control of the Department of Mines on June I, 1929, it was estimated, by the State Geological Survey, that 64,000 wells had been drilled in West Virginia and that 34,mo wells were then being operated as oil and gas producers. No records of many of these remaining 30,000 abandoned wells exist and some of them remain a standing menace to safety as our coal extraction continues. Of a total of 13,100 new wells drilled since June 1929, approximately 5,200 have been drilled through coal measures. Approximately 7,000 wells, which were drilled through coal measures, have been abandoned in the same period of time. Many of these wells were drilled prior to the enactment of the oil and gas laws. Prior to the enactment of the Oil and Gas Law, which established the Oil and Gas Division of the Department of Mines in 1929, there had been several mine explosions attributable to cutting into un- charted wells and the improper plugging of other wells. The most serious explosion was that of Mines No. 47 and No. 49 of the Consolidation Coal Co. in Marion Co., when one of the so-called plugged wells leaked or seeped through some 80 ft of strata to the coal bed elevation, filling the mine with gas, the gas being ignited, killing a good many men and wrecking two coal mines. Legislation, to combat well hazards to coal mines, was slow in coming. In 1928, R. M. Lambie, then Chief of the Dept. of Mines, got sufficient support from coal, oil and gas interests to get the legislature to pass our present oil and gas laws. These statutes not only protected the coal industry but went a long way toward conserving the oil and gas resources of our state. Before drilling for oil or gas on any tract of land, known to be underlaid with one or more workable seams of coal, the well operator is required to submit a map of the area showing the location of the proposed well, and to send a copy to the Dept. of Mines and a copy to the coal operator. If no objections to the location of the proposed well are made by the coal operator within ten days, a drilling permit and a number for the well are then issued and work may proceed. If, however, the location of the proposed well is objected to by the coal operator, on the grounds that the location of the well will interfere with present mine operations, projected workings, or other- wise Cause a dangerous condition, the operator may file a written objection with the Dept. of Mines.

Jan 1, 1948

By Warrillow C

Petroleum and mineral exploration share a common objective; to find and exploit commercial reserves of the desired commodity. Some exploration techniques are similar, others widely different.In peripheral matters such as permits, regulation procedures, land and compensation, there are many similarities. Despite this, the percep-tions and expectations of landowners and other interested parties reflect to a large extent the methodological differences between mineral and petrol-eum exploration. This can cause compensation demands and regimes to be vastly different in the two sectors.

Jan 1, 1994

Australia, with its fast-growing economy and high standard of a~ living, has a high and rapidly increasing per capita consumption of energyIn total terms, Australia's energy requirements are doubling every 15 years, and among mature Western economies Australia ranks behind only Italy-and Japan in the rate of increase of energy consumption.The use of energy is often accepted as a yardstick of development and on this basis Australia might well congratulate itself on its high energy consumption. However, it is less well recognised that the resources absorbed in the production of energy represent a real cost to the* community, and that just as we strive for industrial efficiency or farm productivity we should strive for economy in the use of energy fuels.Australians spend annually an estimated ú500 million.on all forms of energy, a sum which represents about seven per cent of the Gross National Product. In all, energy production and distribution absorb the employment of more than 100,000 persons. In addition, the annual capital investment by.the oil industry amounts to some E55 millions, by the coal industry about ú12 millions, and by electrical and gas authorities some E108 millions, in total representing more than ten per cent of annual investment in other than private motor cars and housing,

Jan 1, 1962

By Edgar Schach, Tom Leistner, Markus Buchmann, Urs A. Peuker, Martin Rudolph, Marius Kern

"In this study, the flotation characteristics of a cassiterite-bearing fine-grained and complex skarn ore from a deposit in the Ore Mountains is investigated. The tests are performed using an oil-assisted column flotation approach to process very fine ore fractions and avoid losses of cassiterite into the tailings. First, process parameters are obtained for a finely ground artificial mixture of quartz, magnetite and cassiterite, simulating the real ore. Thereby, magnetite is used, as iron oxides can have a detrimental effect on the flotation due to a similar flotation behavior. In addition, they can act as a source of multivalent ions, which are known to reduce the concentration of collector molecules, active for flotation. Based on the results, selected parameters are further tested for cassiterite skarn ore from the Hämmerlein deposit including a pre-conditioning and a water exchange step to remove ionic contaminants. The process response is analyzed in detail by XRF (X-ray fluorescence) and MLA (mineral liberation analysis) to get a better understanding of the behavior of the single ore components. Sulfosuccinamate type surfactant is utilized as the collector, emulsifier and to reduce the froth destabilization through nonpolar oil. Sodium hexafluorosilicate is added as the depressant.INTRODUCTION Complex skarn ore deposits containing considerable amounts of tin, indium and other metals are located in the Ore Mountains region (Germany). In this study, a skarn ore from the Hämmerlein deposit was investigated. Due to the finely disseminated nature of this ore, past beneficiation attempts failed, and the ore was considered economically unprocessable. However, increasing resource demands brings it back into focus (Schuppan and Hiller, 2012). Cassiterite is the main tin bearing mineral in this ore. Due to its high density (~7 g/cm³), the predominant beneficiation technique is gravity separation (Angadi et al., 2015). Tin ores from disseminated deposits have to be extensively comminuted to reach a sufficient degree of liberation of the cassiterite grains. As cassiterite has a brittle nature, it is preferable enriched in small size fractions, during comminution (Angadi et al., 2015). Gravity separation methods become more and more inefficient for particles smaller 40 µm (Falcon, 1982), causing tin losses of up to 30 to 40wt.-% (Angadi et al., 2015). Thus, froth flotation of cassiterite was first utilized in Altenberg in the Ore Mountains as an additional processing step to reduce the cassiterite losses into gravity separation tailings (Bulatovic, 2010; Gruner and Bilsing, 1992). Although the reported lower size limits for an effective cassiterite floatability are often smaller compared to other minerals, the flotation performance is in general decreasing for small particle sizes < 10 µm (Trahar and Warren, 1976). Therefore, different approaches have been already investigated for the flotation of such fine cassiterite fractions to overcome the limits in particle size. Bilgen et al. investigated the shear flocculation of cassiterite with a sulfosuccinamate collector (Bilgen et al., 1994). The agglomeration flotation of cassiterite has been tested by Schubert et al. (Schubert et al., 1966), in which the selective coagulation of fine hydrophobic particles and oil droplets leads to an increase of the effective particle size. Recently, Leistner at al. investigated an oil-assisted agglomeration flotation for ultra-fine cassiterite ore fractions (Leistner et al., 2016). However, a poor response due to an increased concentration of Fe and Ca ions, unselective oil/gangue coagulation and froth instability, that is caused by oil/frother interactions, has been observed."

Jan 1, 2018

By S. K. Nicol, A. R. Swanson, J. C. Day

Addition of oil to a suspension of hydrophobic coal particles can influence its dewatering characteristics. An agglomeration process occurs in which coal particles are held together by negative capillary pressure at particle/oil/water contacts. Consequently, the units round which flow can occur are enlarged and this improves dewatering parameters such as drainage rate, solids recovery, and equilibrium moisture content. This paper discusses processes which attempt to use this principle, in terms of metallurgical and economic efficiency. The discussion is augmented by results of recent experiments on the effect of oil addition to centrifuges and vacuum filters.

Jan 1, 1980

By H. G. Stephenson

Canada and the United states are both developed countries with economies which are extremely dependant on oil. Canada exports 37% of its production (to the United states) and imports 35% of its consumption (mainly into Eastern Canada), making the country self-sufficient in oil. Canada is attempting to increase its oil production so as to simultaneously reduce its dependence on foreign oil while producing more oil for export. The United states -imports no less than 50% of its total consumption of 17 million barrels/day. Canada&apos;s exports to the United states form only 7% of the United States total imports. The United States would clearly prefer to achieve self-sufficiency in oil. Consequently both countries are dependent on foreign oil. The united States is however in the sensitive situation of depending, for its imports, on countries which are susceptible to destabilizing political events. It is the author&apos;s hypothesis that recent developments in underground oil recovery from the Athabasca oil Sands of Alberta may well, for both countries, form part of the solution to these problems.

Jan 1, 1991

By Frederick G. Clapp

SINCE oil journals commenced to feature the progress of Iraq pipe-line developments and since newspapers undertook to follow the discussions between a certain large oil company and an Asiatic nation, I have repeatedly been asked questions that are only answerable by setting forth the essential geographic and historical facts of concessions in that part of the world. In so doing effort will be made to correct erroneous statements made in various quarters: and mistakes herein are being kept as low in number as possible. Perhaps the best-known concession in the Middle East is the one of the Iraq Petroleum Co., covering the greater part of the portion of the kingdom of that name- lying east of the Tigris River. West of the stream is the concession of the British Oil Development Co., which takes in all presumed petroliferous areas in western Iraq. No other important oil concessions exist in that country, except for the lands of the Khanikin Oil Co., which operates in "Transferred Territories" on the border of Persia. East of and continuous with the Iraq fields are those of Persia where the Anglo-Persian Oil Co. holds the well-known D&apos;Arcy concession comprising three-quarters of the country, omitting the five northern provinces. This is the only valid existing concession in Persia, so far as known, except certain old firmans that permit development at Semnan in central Persia and possibly also certain regional grants to a French banking syndicate in eastern Mazanderan Province.

Jan 1, 1933

By Joseph Jensen

CURTAILMENT of oil production in California began in 1922 and 1923 when certain of the major companies completely shut down some pumping properties. Efforts of this kind were generally carried on without coordination by individual companies until 1923. From May to August of 1923, oil production in the Los Angeles Basin was curtailed because of lack of pipe-line outlets. This work was handled by a small committee of executives and engineers of some of the pipeline companies without any established. Method such as obtains at present. Not all of the major companies participated in ibis curtailment and the effort was not well organized. The problem then was principally to move the oil. The crisis passed in September of 1923 from then on the major companies each on it own initiative, shut in additional production. At Domiuguez, in 1921, Shell, Union and Associated agreed to limit drilling to a 100-ft. zone for one Near. In the summer of 1925, operators at Ingde-wood agreed to limit developments to a 1300-ft. zone during the 1925 drilling campaign. In the summer of 1927, the Ventura operators cut back their production one-third and deft it thus for 90 day. Drilling in this field has always been at a slow and conservative rate.

Jan 1, 1932

By Joseph Sinclair

THE Republic of Ecuador is situated partly in the northern and partly in the southern hemisphere. The equatorial line passes about 11 miles north of Quito, and. divides the country into two almost equal parts. Crossing the equator almost at right angles, and extending from Colombia into Peru, the Andes form a great upland that, in cross-section, resembles a truncated cone, the top of which is about 40 miles wide and about 10,000 ft. above the sea, while the base is about 80 miles wide extending from sea level, on the Pacific Coast, to the Amazon Plain, on the east. Superimposed on this upland are many active and extinct volcanoes, which form roughly two parallel chains of mountains, on the eastern and western boundaries, respectively, of the plateau. These are often referred to as the Eastern and Western Cordilleras of the Andes, although their parallelism is somewhat. questionable. The highest of these mountain, masses is Chimborazo, about 21,000 ft., above the sea; among the others is the volcanic peak, Cotopaxi, rising to about 18,000 ft. above the sea. The development of the petroleum resources of Ecuador is greatly affected by this Andean mass, not only .because of its composition and geological structure but because of the barrier it interposes between the lowlands on the Pacific side and whatever part of the Amazon Plain to the east is finally found to belong to Ecuador, for the eastern boundary of the Republic is still in dispute with Peru. To understand, therefore, the development of the petroleum reources of the Ecuador and the barriers to such development, we must bear in mind the three great physio-graphic divisions, viz., the Pacific Coastal region on the west, the Andean Plateau in the center, and the Amazon Plain on the east. The first important effect of the threefold physiographic division is that Ecuador has two sets of petroleum regulations: one for. that portion east of the Andes, and one for the Andean Plateau and the Pacific Coastal region although it is probable that the two sets of regulations are, in part, &apos;due to the boundary dispute with Peru.

Jan 3, 1924

By E. T. Dumble

THE development in the Gulf Coastal Plain for the year 1923 was entirely devoid of any spectacular feature and was considerably less than that of 1922. No large fields were discovered and the principal advances lay in the extension of the old fields and the finding of a new dome and other possible producing structures, which, however, so far, have given only small wells. While the production of some fields, such as those at Hull and Orange, was materially increased at times by comparatively large wells, the output as a whole shows a marked decrease over that of the preceding year. TABLE 1.-Production by Fields in Gulf Coastal Plain in 1923 FIELD BARRELS FIELD BARRELS Anse La Butte 16,942 Jennings 212,376 Barber&apos;s Hill 172,660 Markham 39,290 Batson 391,857 North D ayton 74,983 Big Hill (Jefferson County) 13,853 Orange 5,311,995 Blue Ridge 332,445 Pierce Junction 332,565 Damon Mound 822,355 Richmond (Big Creek) 17,545 Edgerley 176,964 Saratoga 700,661 Goose Creek 6,251,761 Sour Lake 2,091,961 High Island 19,018 Spindletop 309,315 Hull... 7,732,139 Vinton 2,134,430 Humble 2,449,744 West Columbia 6,598,589 36,203,448

Jan 3, 1924

By E. T. Dumble

THE development in the Gulf Coastal Plain for the year 1923 was entirely devoid of any spectacular feature and was considerably less than that of 1922. No large fields were discovered and the principal advances lay in the extension of the old fields and the finding of a new dome and other possible producing structures, which, however, so far, have given only small wells. While the production of some fields, such as those at Hull and Orange, was materially increased at times by comparatively large wells, the output as a whole shows a marked decrease over that of the preceding year. TABLE 1.-Production by Fields in Gulf Coastal Plain in 1923 FIELD BARRELS FIELD BARRELS Anse La Butte 16,942 Jennings 212,376 Barber&apos;s Bill 172,660 Markham 39,290 Batson 391,857 North D ayton 74,983 Big Hill (Jefferson County) 13,853 Orange 5,311,995 Blue Ridge 332,445 Pierce Junction 332,565 Damon Mound 822,355 Richmond (Big Creek) 17,545 Edgerley 176,964 Saratoga 700,661 Goose Creek 6,251,761 Sour Lake 2,091,961 High Island 19,018 Spindletop 309,315 Hull 7,732,139 Vinton 2,134,430 Humble 2,449,744 West Columbia 6,598,589 36,203,448

Jan 3, 1924

By H. Hance James

SOME of the outstanding features of petroleum production in Illinois during 1923 were: (1) Sustained production from the older wells, due to cleaning and deepening; (2) good results from new drilling in a few localities; (3) large percentage of dry holes, many of which were ill advised tests, with a resulting high cost of the new production; (4) decrease in the number of productive wells in the state; (5) low average price of crude petroleum, a serious factor over the entire country. FIG. 1.-ANNUAL TOTALS OF ILLINOIS PRODUCTION. The total production of Illinois for 1923 was 8,710,000 bbl.,1 a decrease of 7.2 per cent. from that of 1922. Of this amount, it is estimated that about 8,500,000 bbl. were produced by old wells, many of which had been cleaned and deepened somewhat, and approximately 210,000 bbl. were obtained from the new wells drilled during the year. About 95 per cent. of the oil comes from the southeastern field in Clark, Crawford, and Lawrence Counties, where production is almost entirely from Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks. Extensions of the productive area were made in Clark, Wabash, Marion, and Jackson Counties. Some important gas development has been accomplished near Jacksonville, in Morgan County, and at Gillespie, in Macoupin County.

Jan 3, 1924

By James Gardner

IN 1923, Oklahoma took second place as an oil-producing state; whereas in 1922 it was the leader. California surpassed it, in 1923, by nearly 100,000,000 bbl. In 1923, Oklahoma produced, according to statistics of The Oil & Gas Journal, 165,013,685 bbl., or an increase of approximately 10 per cent. over the preceding year; the increase in California was approximately 90 per cent. The number of wells drilled in Oklahoma and the results of the two years are contrasted in the following table from data published in a preliminary bulletin by the U. S. Geological Survey. 1922 1923 Oil wells 4,149,68%. 3,515, 60% Gas wells 571, 9 %u 587, 11% Dry holes 1,428,23% 1,731,29% Total wells 6,148 5,833 The initial production from wells drilled in Oklahoma in 1923, according to The Oil & Gas Journal, was the largest in the history of the state, being 1,277,936 bbl. It has been 32 years since oil development began in the state, last year being the largest in the amount of production. The production of the past year would have been considerably greater were it not for the shutdown order in the Burbank field and curtailment of production in the Hewitt and Tonkawa pools.

Jan 3, 1924

By R. S. McFarland

OKLAHOMA, in 1924, recorded the largest single increase of any state; the total oil production for the year being 176,206,397 bbl. (Oil & Gas Jnl.), which gives an increase over 1923 of about 9 per cent. Oklahoma ranked second in total amount, California being first, and produced almost 25 per cent. of the total production of the United States. This gain in production is accounted for entirely by the rapid development, deeper drilling, and efficient management of productive areas known at the beginning of the year, for, due to the small number of wells drilled, few new pools were discovered and developed up to any important stage during the year. Three major pools, Burbank, Tonkawa and Cromwell, furnished 37 per cent. of the total production. Burbank led by a wide margin, having the largest production of any single pool; there was a steady increase in production until September. The close. development of the pools in Okfuskee, Seminole, and Hughes Counties, together with the new deep-sand production at Tonkawa and increased drilling operations in Osage County, accounted for the big increase shown during the year. In January, 1924, the shutdown movement and curtailment of production in Hewitt and Tonkawa, which had been effective during the year of 1923, were stopped. The shutdown movement and curtailment of operations in 1923 does not give a fair comparison with 1924, as undoubtedly a great deal more oil would have been produced in 1923 had it not been for these measures. The sensational developments during the year, which were certainly beyond the prediction of the oil industry, were the Cromwell field, which started the year with 10,478 bbl. for January and increased rapidly to 1,267,032 bbl. for. December, and the discovery of the Wilcox productions below 4000 ft. in the Tonkawa field in May, which by the end of the year had produced 11,650,000 bbl. In this connection, it can be safely said that 1924 was a banner year for the Wilcox sand series; it has been estimated that between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 bbl. of the production for the year came from this sand. Although numerous Wilcox pools were opened throughout the state, the big Wilcox production came from. the Tonkawa and Stroud pools. Oklahoma&apos;s deepest well, the Kingwood Oil Co. No. 1 Barnett in the northwest corner of the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Sec. 7 T. 7 N. R. 10 E., Hughes County, was abandoned in January, at 5281 ft. with numerous good shows recorded, which have stimulated-further drilling in the locality.

Jan 3, 1925