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By B. J. Buys

Rock bolt integrity is a critical issue for the mining industry because of its influence on the safety of mining operations. Guided ultrasonic wave testing of the defects associated with resin-anchored rock bolts was investigated. Axisymmetrical and three-dimensional finite element models were built, one of a partially encapsulated bolt and the other of a bolt with a simulated local corrosion crack. Experimental bolts were then installed in a testing block and typical responses were compared to finite element models of different defect scenarios. Encouraging results were obtained for the smaller axisymmetrical and three-dimensional finite element models, as well as during the experimental investigation. It is recommended that software with energy-absorbing elements should be utilized to consider higher frequencies and longer bolts. Once the integrity of models such as these has been established, the models could in principle be used to train neural networks for use in commercial equipment to determine the integrity of the installed bolt.

Jan 1, 2009

By Dante Rodríguez Alvarado

El presente trabajo describe los logros del proyecto Ally Micuy “Buen Alimento” desarrollado por el Fondo Minero Antamina (FMA), donde se busca optimizar y reducir los índices de desnutrición crónica en la región Ancash y Huánuco. El proyecto se inició hace tres años con el apoyo de Caritas del Perú y ADRA Perú, donde participan el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Ministerio de la Mujer y Desarrollo Social y Ministerio de Educación, el gobierno regional de Ancash y los gobiernos locales.

Sep 12, 2011

By J. E. Rourke, O&apos

A wide variety of techniques and equipment are available for coring soft or poorly consolidated geological material. This report presents a comprehensive literature review and evaluation of these techniques and equipment. A potential user will find guidelines in this report to assist him in selecting sampling equipment. A bar chart shows what samplers have been used under what geological conditions, and gives the specific literature references. Two matrices rate the present techniques and equipment with respect to reported success for sampling specific materials, and with respect to several performance characteristics including complexity of use and core quality. These matrices are supplemented with tables of typical sampling equipment. and program costs. Near-term future developments are seen primarily in improved training of drillers, and in instrumenting the drilling operation to provide objective data on drilling characteristics. An extensive annotated bibliography, a catalogue of equipment suppliers including specifications and cost ranges, and a list of manufacturers and distributors are appended to the report.

Jan 1, 1978

By Albert L. Toenges, Theodore R. Jolley

"INTRODUCTION The construction of frame houses (fig. 1) in recent years instead of the conventional sod hut (igloo) (fig. 2) by the Eskimos in the villages along the Arctic Ocean has increased the demand for fuel in these villages. The frame houses, which are not insulated against extreme cold and are difficult to heat, are equipped with Goal stoves. The well-insulated sod huts were heated comfortably with whale-oil stoves. In some years whaling is Door, consequently there is a demand for solid fuel.The Eskimo villages usually are on the sand spits at the mouths of rivers and points of land near the best fishing and hunting grounds. These narrow necks of land usually are sand bars that are not underlain with coal, and coal must be transported to the villages. Lack of development of coal deposits in the Arctic has made it necessary to import coal from the States, generally from 'Washington, to supply these villages. This coal is imported by boat and is received once a year. Its cost is, high, and development of coal deposits in the Arctic to supply these native villages should result in a considerable saving to the Government-operated schools and hospitals as well as to the natives.Early traders attempted to establish coaling stations in the Arctic, and the Eskimos generally know where the coal deposits are situated. A. reconnaissance of a number of deposits in the Arctic was made in the summer of 1946 by engineers of the Coal Division, Fuels and Explosives Branch, Bureau of Mines, and this report describes the areas investigated and suggests plans for the development of some of these deposits."

Dec 1, 1947

By J. D. Ramsdell

To obtain information on the effects of cobalt on microstructure and tensile properties of titanium-vanadium-cobalt alloys, the composition ranges of 4 to 16 percent vanadium with 1 to 4 percent cobalt have been studied. The beta phase was not completely retained with vanadium additions up to 16 weight-percent or in the same alloys containing up to 4 percent cobalt.

Jan 1, 1960

By Roberta Fernanda Machado

Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta desenvolvida internamente na Mineração Usiminas S.A. em Itatiaiuçu (MG), para o laboratório de análises químicas e físicas de minério de ferro, com os objetivos principais de consolidar os resultados, permitir a gestão das análises em um só local, promover maior rastreabilidade, aumentar a agilidade pelo lançamento automático no sistema SAP® e melhorar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos pelo laboratório através da realização de verificações automáticas nos resultados, utilizando-se de comparação com seus históricos e sinalização de resultados incoerentes antes da liberação final.

Oct 30, 2017

By David Bendersky

This report covers a technical and economic investigation of old electrical power systems, equipment and practices being used in the metal/non-metal raining industry. The principal sources of information were the MSHA District offices, visits to representa¬tive mines and mills, equipment manufacturers and the literature. A list of 85 mines and mills, submitted by the MSHA Districts as candidates for this study, is given and their characteristics are analysed. The electrical power systems and practices at the 10 mines and 9 mills which were visited are described. The principal areas which do not conform to standard electrical practices are discussed with emphasis on the safety aspects of these practices. The costs to update electrical power systems and practices in metal/non-metal mines and mills are given. The principal findings of the study are summarized and recommendations are submitted.

Jan 1, 1980

By H. Forster, F. H. Koenemann, U. Knittel

The greenstone belt developed along the Sandawana line, an anastomosing, transcrustal shear zone. The lode gold is concentrated in veins and along brittle-ductile shear zones and other faults. Gold contents of 200 rock samples were found to be well below economically significant levels, excluding purely syngenetic deposit formation. Average gold content of unmineralised banded iron formation decreases from 7.3 ppb in the east (Manica) to 1.6 ppb in the west (Odzi), where depletion reflects hydrothermal leaching. The mineralising fluids may have been generated during deep crustal deformation, metamorphism and magmatism. Gold was hydrothermally deposited during carbonatisation and sericitisation of ultramafic and mafic rocks and during hydrothermal overprinting of banded iron formation and felsic rocks. It is present in native form and as microscopic to submicroscopic inclusions in pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. Argentiferous galena and other sulphides are commonly observed. Rezende, which produced over 38 t Au, is hosted by a granodiorite stock. By-product gold was produced from Cu-Ni sulphides at Mundonguara. The deposits are related to the older, but not the younger, of the granitoids intruding the belt's supracrustal sequences; the estimated age of mineralisation is 2700-2600 Ma. Odzi district, with 61 mines, has produced only 3.5 t Au as its higher-level host rocks have apparently been eroded. Mutare (formerly Umtali) district, with 133 mines and 9 placers, has produced 68 t Au (65 t from Rezende and adjacent deposits), and Manica district, with 23 mines and 8 placers, 12 t Au. Estimated reserves for the Rezende area are 20 t Au and for Manica district 4 t lode Au and 19 t placer Au

Apr 1, 1996

By L. Vela

Panoro es una empresa de exploraciones canadiense con un portafolio de 11 proyectos de Cu-Au de gran escala ubicados en la provincia del Batolito de Andahuaylas-Yauri, en Apurímac y Cusco. El proyecto Cotabambas es el más avanzado de ellos y consta de un sistema de pórfidos de Cu-Au (Ag, Mo), a veces emplazado en un ambiente netamente ígneo y volcánico (Cluster 1) y otras veces en el frente de calizas y areniscas del grupo Yura (Cluster 2) donde además se genera mineralización tipo Skarn. Los Clusters 1 y 2 presentan trabajos de mapeo, muestreo de rocas y geofísica, sin embargo, fuera de ellos existen otros 4 prospectos tipo skarn que requieren más estudios.

May 1, 2008

By María Julia Ubillús Mellet

Los proyectos mineros relacionados con actividades extractivas requieren de exhaustivos estudios sociales, económicos y culturales del entorno donde se localizan. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos son incomprensibles para la población -en tanto utilizan un lenguaje especializado como términos y códigos técnicos. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala cómo la información cualitativa y cuantitativa requerida para los estudios sociales, económicos y culturales, se puede representar y analizar de una manera adecuada a través de la cartografía temática. Así, dicho lenguaje gráfico se convierte en el soporte necesario para la clasificación, jerarquización y representación de las variables, de forma que visualiza la información y mejora el entendimiento de cualquier proyecto para la comunicación con las comunidades involucradas.

Sep 12, 2005

By J. A. Every-Brown

Case studies are presented of three derelict sites in Kent and Essex that provide a good cross-section of opportunities for second-generation commercial uses of former chalk, limestone, clay and gravel workings. A 240 ha abandoned chalk quarry at Grays in Essex, now known as Chafford Hundred, is undergoing mixed development to include leisure facilities, a range of housing and commercial areas and an enhanced environment. The 120 ha of Stone Marshes now comprises the Crossways business park and the Dartford international ferry terminal. Reclamation and servicing required more work than had been anticipated and the fact that the area was within the green belt added to the delays, but Blue Circle was eventually able to provide a comprehensive development of the entire area to a high environmental standard. Stone Pit 1 landfill, at Dartford in Kent, is a former chalk quarry 40 ha in area and with an original average depth of 35 m. Landfilling commenced in 1976 and during the period 1979-1984 the site operator designed, developed and installed a gas collection and flaring system. From 1986 a gas plant supplied up to 5 000 000 therm/yr of landfill gas to a local cement works and in 1989 a 1 MW power generation scheme, later expanded to 3 MW, was commissioned. Gas is currently also supplied to a metal refining company for use in internal combustion engines

Aug 1, 1994

"This paper reviews the chemistry involved in the recovery of gold from cyanide solution with anion-exchange resins, and also discusses the most critical aspects of the engineering of an effective resin-in-pulp (RIP) process. As far as the chemistry is concerned, the conclusions reached by a great many researchers, as well as the performance of the only operating RIP plant in the Western World, at the Golden Jubilee Mine in South Africa, support the view that the process is technically viable and, in many cases, could prove to be more attractive economically than alternative processes such as zinc cementation and carbon-in-pulp (CIP). On the engineering side, there is still a need for further development before larger scale ( > 50,000 tpm) RIP plants can be designed, built and operated with confidence. However, the experiences gained during nearly 3 years of operation of the Golden Jublee RIP plant indicate that the process can be engineered with confidence for smaller operations ( < 50,000 tpm), and this will probably be the scope of application of the first-generation RIP plants. INTRODUCTIONThe use of anion-exchange resins in gold processing has, for a number of years, been proposed as an alternative to more conventional processes such as zinc cementation and carbon adsorption, and detailed research programs that have been carried out at a number of laboratories have demonstrated the technical viability of the process. (Burstall et al, 1953, Davison et al., 1960, Tataru, 1973, Laskorin et al. 1978, Hosking, 1984, Riveros and Cooper, 1987 and Palmer et al., 1988)The main incentive for this work was the fact that resins have several characteristics that are quite different from carbon, which make them potentially more attractive substrates for the recovery of gold. The following are examples: -"

Jan 1, 1991

By P. A. Olubambi1

Representative samples of the hydrothermal vein deposits of the bulk complex sulphide ore deposit, 10 km south of Ishiagu, in Ebonyin State, South Eastern part of Nigeria were collected from two small scale mining companies. The samples were mixed and successively crushed in a jaw crusher and cone crusher, and ground in a rod mill. Characterization was carried out with SEM, EDX, XRD, XRF and ICP-OES. Mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of sphalerite, galena, siderite, pyrite, quartz and chalcopyrite. X-ray Diffractometry showed that sphalerite mineral in the ore occurs as sphalerite ferrous with varied percentage of Zn and Fe within the various sizes while chalcopyrite occurs as a chalcopyrite group mineral with chemical formula Cu2MnSnS4. Results of the elemental analysis showed variations in elemental composition within the different sizes.

Jan 1, 2006

By Doris M. Hyde

The economy of Belize continued to show a very slight but still positive growth during 1986. The gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated to have been about $164 million,2 almost the same as those of 1984 and 1985. Foreign investors looked favorably on Belize because it had remained isolated from the sometimes turbulent political and social strife elsewhere in Central America. Reportedly, in late 1986, Guatemala had decided not to pursue its claim to Belizean territory and to give full recognition to that country. Discussions were to be held regarding any matters of mutual concern. New investment possibilities were oriented toward agriculture or manufacturing endeavors. Except for some interest in petroleum exploration, the minerals sector remained limited to the quarrying of construction-related materials.

Jan 1, 1988

By M. Abzalov

"Control of analytical data quality is usually referred to in the mining industry as Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC), and involves the monitoring of sample quality and quantification of analytical accuracy and precision. QAQC procedures normally involve using sample duplicates and specially prepared standards whose grade is known. Numerous case studies indicate that reliable control of sample precision is achieved by using approximately 5% to 10% of field duplicates and 3% to 5% of pulp duplicates. These duplicate samples should be prepared and analyzed in the primary laboratory.Bias in the analytical results can be identified by inclusion of 3% to 5% of the standard in each sample batch. Several different standards are used, with values spanning the practical range of grades in the actual samples. A blank (a sample in which the concentration of metal of interest is below detection limit) should also be included. Standard samples alone cannot identify biases introduced during sample preparation, and therefore approximately 5% of the duplicate samples (coarse rejects and pulp) should be processed and assayed at another, external, reputable laboratory.This paper discusses techniques used for estimation of errors in precision and accuracy, and overviews diagnostic tools. It is shown that one of the most commonly used methods, the Thompson-Howarth technique, produces consistently lower results than other methods. These results reflect the nature of this method, which relies on the assumption of a normally distributed error, and thus produces biased results when errors have a skewed distribution. This study concurs with the suggestion of Stanley and Lawie (2007: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 16, p. 265-274) to use the average coefficient of variation (CVAVR(%)) as the universal measure of relative precision error in mine geology applications: Le contrôle de la qualité des données analytiques est habituellement désigné sous l’appellation d’Assurance et Contrôle de la Qualité (ACQ), elle implique le suivi de la qualité des échan¬tillons et la quantification de la reproductibilité et la précision analytiques. Les procédures des pro¬grammes d’ACQ impliquent habituellement l’usage de duplicata et de standards analytiques dont la teneur est connue. Plusieurs études de cas indiquent qu’une bonne fiabilité du contrôle de la précision des échantillons est atteinte par l’usage de 5% à 10% de doublons sur le terrain et de 3% à 5% de doublons de pulpe. Ces duplicata devraient être préparés et analysés au laboratoire principal.Un biais des résultats analytiques peut être identifié par l’inclusion de 3% à 5% d’échantillons standard dans chaque envoi d’échantillons. Plusieurs standards sont utilisés, avec des valeurs couvrant l’étendue des teneurs habituellement rencontrées dans des échantillons réels. Un blanc (un échantillon dans lequel la concentration d’un métal donné est sous la limite de détection) devrait aussi être inclus. L’emploi exclusif d’échantillons standards ne permet pas l’identification de biais résultant de la préparation des échantillons, de telle sorte qu’environ 5% des duplicata (rejets grossiers et pulpes) devrait être traités a un autre laboratoire indépendant et fiable.Cet article passe en revue les techniques utilisées pour évaluer l’erreur liée à la précision et a la reproductibilité, et effectue aussi un survol de divers outils diagnostiques. Il ressort de cet examen qu’une des techniques les plus fréquemment utilisées, la méthode Thompson-Howarth, fournit des estimés systémati¬quement inférieurs à ceux provenant des autres méthodes. Ces résultats sont un reflet de la nature de cette méthode, laquelle assume une distribution normale de l’erreur, biaisant ainsi les résultats lorsque l’erreur présente une distribution asymétrique. La présente étude recommande de privilégier l’usage du coefficient moyen de variation (CVAVR(%)) en tant que mesure universelle de la précision relative de l’erreu"

Jan 1, 2008

Factual data about the sedimentation in the Newcastle Coal Measures are presented. Data concerning the total coal measure sequence (isopachs, sand/shale ratio, and total coal thickness variation), data about three coal seams (Borehole, Dudley, and Victoria Tunnel) and data about interseam conglomerate units are discussed.From this data conclusions are drawn about the coal measure environment. The western edge of the coal basin, the Lochinvar Dome, although a high feature, was apparently stable during coal measure time. Despite its height it apparently supplied little sediment to the basin.The northern and north-eastern edge, which was unstable, supplied most of the coarse detritus (including the conglomerates) to the basin. The conglomerates show patterns of fluvial origin but after a period of &quot;normal&quot; variations in pattern they become restricted to two parallel zones evidently tectonically controlled. Deposition of conglomerates is episodic and separated by periods of coal formation when deformation was apparently slight. Formation of each of the three seams considered followed a rather similar pattern- each show development of thick coal around the basin edge and poor thin coal in the &quot;axial&quot; region of the present synclinal structure.Evidence of ill situ formation of some areas of the seams is discussed and periodic deformation of the basin during coal measure time is postulated.The unusual character of this coal basin, in particular the very coarse units, is stressed, despite the presence of many &quot;normal &quot;coal basin features.

Jan 1, 1970

By Sune Eriksson, Stig Peterssonsune, Christer Fridfeldt

"Boliden Metal Corporation has developed a technique to treat complex copper concentrates containing large amounts of lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony and bismuth which cannot be treated in conventional smelters due to the impurities.Tests were carried out to treat such complex copper concentrates in the TBRC. They were performed in a pilot-plant TBRC with charges of 5 tons. These tests resulted in a new method to treat complex copper raw materials and produce a blister copper low in impurities. The background and data from the test work are presented as well as a flowsheet for a full-scale process.IntroductionThe Ronnskar Works is situated on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, 40 miles east of the Boliden Mine. Smelting began at Ronnskar in 1930 to process the complex ore extracted from the Boliden Mine. The Ronnskar Works has subsequently developed into a relatively integrated smelting plant.Copper and lead sulphide concentrates from Boliden&apos;s own mines as well as purchased copper raw materials are processed. The main products are refined copper and lead, but full utilization of the raw material also yields other metals and some metallurgical and chemical by-products. The products include gold, silver, zinc clinker, white arsenic, arsenic salts and arsenic metal , selenium and selenium compounds, nickel sulphates, sulphuric acid and liquid sulphur dioxide."

Jan 1, 1981

By J. Baird

The Sappington Bridge, a steel arch span bridge constructed in 1904 over the Meramec River, was demolished due to its advanced state of deterioration. The demolition was a project to benefit Crawford County, Missouri, the U.S. Army, the Missouri Department of Transportation, and the University of Missouri – Rolla (UMR) was conducted jointly by the UMR Rock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center (RMERC) and the UMR Center for Infrastructure Engineering Studies (CIES). By arrangement with Crawford County, a 55-foot span of the old bridge was brought to the University Structures Laboratory in Rolla, while the longer, 200-foot span of the bridge was demolished using preburning and explosives. Originally, the longer span was to be blown up by C Company of the 5th Engineer Battalion (from Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri) under the supervision of personnel from UMR. Unfortunately, permission for the operation from the Department of the Army could not be obtained in time to meet permitting requirements for the demolition. Therefore, a commercial demolition contractor was employed to perform the demolition, and to remove the scrap.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. T. McLendon

As part of its research project in developing improved refractory materials for metallurgical applications, the Federal Bureau of Mines obtained hot modulus of rupture data at 1,500°,1,550°, and 1,600° C on samples of 13 refractory periclase materials produced from seawater, lake brines, and natural magnesite. The periclase samples also were characterized to establish chemical and mineralogical composition and microstructure. The results indicated that a high MgO content does not necessarily assure good hot strength and that an optimum and varying CaO-Si02 ratio exists for each individual periclase sample.

Jan 1, 1979

By John C. MacCartney

In the Pennsylvania anthracite region, the principal source of U.S. anthracite, refuse disposal problems are common since cities and towns are located over the anthracite measures. The Bureau of Mines surveyed refuse banks in the area, determining that 863 banks containing aver 910 million cubic yards of material occupy a total area of about 19 square miles. The vast bulk of the refuse is located within 2 miles of the traffic centers of incorporated c unities which have a total population of 625,000. Twenty-seven banks are burning, causing considerable distress in a number of communities.

Jan 1, 1969