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By Gordon Lovegrove, Jeffrey Leob, Dwayne Tannant

It has long been known that the combination of aluminum (AL) powder to ammonium nitrate (AN) / fuel oil (FO) can greatly enhance fragmentation or ultimately reduce the number of blast holes in a pattern. Decades of research have meticulously provided optimal AL:AN:FO ratios showing dramatic increases in energy output levels, yet widespread use of aluminized ANFO (ALANFO) has yet to replace the use of ANFO in the blasting world today. This may be due to the perception that the upfront, increased cost of materials deters the selection of this advantageously modified explosive. Researchers have explored this question and promote ALANFO by pledge of massive reductions in day-to-day operational costs. However, in these analyses there is a complete disregard for the external costs of the material; the environmental effects and sustainability considerations of the product. A holistic social cost-benefit analysis of ALANFO shows that an admittedly high-cost explosive does indeed provide an output which contains a wealth of operational savings in typical blast patterns. However, the immediate, on-site costs and savings do not define the limitations of this analysis. A complete comparison of the externalities including the environmental and sustainability considerations of the aluminum by-product life-cycle, and the environmental impacts of both the refinement of ammonium nitrate prills and the acquisition of sufficient fuel oil are also assessed. A savings of $216,000 / year through the use of ALANFO in one particular case study was recalculated to an increase in drilling and blasting costs of $188,000 when the external costs of aluminum, ammonium nitrate, and fuel oil are included analysis. The results of this analysis are intended to improve contractors? selection of explosives by providing additional societal and environmental factors into the equation, in preparation for an exponential global shift to greener business operations, while allowing them to remain competitive.

Jan 1, 2011

By Scott W. Hazen

This report describes the design, analysis, and results of a special experimental mine-sampling project conducted as part of the Bureau of Mines continuing program on sample-methods research. The experimental project was conducted at the Bureau?s Denver Mining Research Center and at the Climax molybdenum mine within the framework of a cooperative research agreement between the Bureau and Climax Molybdenum Co., Division of American Metals-Climax, Inc. The primary objective of the project was to investigate the interrelation-ship between sample volume, number of samples, the standard deviation of an assay distribution, and the precision required for an estimate of grade of ore, and to develop this interrelationship into a relatively simple method of application for use in mine sampling.

Jan 1, 1962

By Donald E. Steif

The Tower Mill is a vertical stirred mill using steel balls or pebble grinding media. This device is designed for fine grinding at significant power savings when compared to conventional tumbling mills. This paper describes the machine, its operation, application, and performance for wet grinding.

Jan 1, 1984

By Juliano Walter Silva

O rápido crescimento da indústria automotiva em meados de 1920 impulsionou de forma significativa o desenvolvimento dos processos de estampagem. Hoje, esse processo de fabricação está consolidado e abrange desde a produção de utensílios domésticos até a de componentes automotivos. O estudo realizado tem como objetivo comparar e mensurar a capacidade de lubrificação de três produtos lubrificantes que atuam durante o processo de estampagem. O material estampado foi uma folha de flandres convencional com quatro variações de acabamentos superficiais. O ensaio utilizado foi o ensaio de estampabilidade, o qual nos fornece como parâmetro final o índice de estampabilidade Erichsen (h). Pela comparação dos índices Erichsen de estampabilidade obtidos pôde-se estimar a eficiência de cada regime de lubrificação.

Aug 17, 2017

By S. D. F. Rocha, A. L. A. SANTOS, E. M. A. BECHELENI, R. M. Papini, P. R. M. Viana, F. P. C. Silvas

The kinetics of atmospheric sulfuric acid leaching from a Brazilian nickel laterite ore was assessed using distinct reducing agents and ore mineralogy. This transitional ore contains 1.63% Ni distributed as 1.27% in coarse size (− 500 + 150 μm), mainly as silicates (lizardite and chlorite—28.6%), and 2.06%in the fines fraction (− 75 μm), mainly as iron oxy-hydroxides (goethite and hematite—49%). The effects of temperature, acid concentration, reducing reagent type, and concentration were evaluated. The − 75 μm fraction limited the leaching efficiency and the use of reducing media with thiosulfate improved leaching and Ni-Fe selectivity. However, at constant Eh of 626–743 mV and a pH range between 0.2 and 1.1, no substantial rise in metals extraction, except for Co and Mn, has been observed. In order to determine the process control at 95 °C, two regions in the extraction curves were used in combination with the shrinking core model. Control by porous diffusion was observed and the kinetic constant was found to be in the order kFe<kNi<kMn<kCo<kMg for atmospheric leaching without Eh control. In reducing media for the first 15 min of leaching, the kinetic constant was found to be kFe<kNi<kMg≅kCo<kMn as derived from Ni disseminated into iron oxides structures.

Oct 7, 2020

By Robert Hopler

Blasting powder is a slow-acting, black, granular explosive made of sulphur, charcoal and either potassium nitrate (saltpetre) or sodium nitrate. The blasting powder containing potassium nitrate is known as “A” blasting powder; that containing sodium nitrate, as “B” blasting powder. “A” blasting powder is a little denser, a little stronger and a little less hygroscopic than “B” blasting powder.

Jan 1, 2014

By Etiene Pereira de Andrade

Este trabalho avaliou a influência da deformação na formação de martensita e consequente resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304. O aço foi deformado em cisalhamento de 10%, 25%, 30%, 50% e 55% de deformação efetiva e em seguida mergulhado em solução contendo água do mar natural e artificial. As amostras imersas em solução de água do mar artificial exibiram aumento da massa enquanto as mergulhadas em água natural, redução. Esses resultados podem ser associados com a aderência inicial e estável de íons metálicos advindos dos cloretos, à superfície do material mergulhado em água do mar artificial.

Aug 17, 2017

By Wern-ping N. Chen

Pressure tunnel includes water-supply tunnels and tunnels for hydroelectrical power plants. Their design principles are different from those of water/wastewater/conveyance and transportation tunnels. Though theoretical pressure tunnel design guidelines exist, a comprehensive guide to summarize these guidelines to facilitate the planning and design of a pressure tunnel program is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to fulfill this need. It first provides key pressure tunnel design concepts in hard rock environment; then, it illustrates associated final lining design principles, including the design of un-reinforced concrete lining, steel lining, and reinforced concrete lining. Design diagrams and a flowchart for the reinforced concrete lining design are provided.

Dec 1, 2022

By Juliana Simões Chagas Licurgo

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito da incorporação de até 40% em peso de um resíduo gerado na forma de lama proveniente da etapa de lapidação da fabricação de vidros em cerâmica vermelha. Inicialmente o resíduo foi caracterizado pelo emprego das técnicas de fluorescência de raios-X, peneiramento e sedimentação e dilatometria ótica. A plasticidade das composições foi determinada pelo método de Atterberg. Corpos-de-prova foram obtidos por prensagem uniaxial a 20 MPa e queimados nas temperaturas de 900 e 1000ºC. As propriedades físicas a mecânicas avaliadas foram: retração linear, absorção de água e tensão de ruptura à flexão. Os resultados indicaram que o resíduo é apropriado para o uso em cerâmica vermelha em mistura com argilas, contribuindo para reduzir a absorção de água e aumentar a resistência mecânica da cerâmica nas temperaturas investigadas.

Aug 16, 2017

By G. Heinrichs

This paper is intended to provide information for one to be able to determine the slurry system head curve for pump applications. The slurry characteristics are the basis for what the size, material of construction, and critical carrying velocity of the pipe will be. The system head curve is adjusted by use of the pipe friction coefficient factor and slurry derate factors. An example using multi-staging of slurry pump curves is presented to compare the wear life relationship of pump parts for a tailing pipeline system head curve.

Jan 1, 1996

By Raphael França Assumpção

O aço inoxidável duplex (AID) vem sendo considerado uma excelente alternativa para aplicações que requerem alta resistência à corrosão e alta resistência mecânica. Portanto, a microestrutura e as propriedades dos aços dúplex permanecem como temas de grande interesse. Para este proposito, estudou-se o efeito da laminação a morno em um aço inoxidável duplex. O foco deste trabalho foi o AID 2205 que é um dos tipos mais comuns de AID. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o comportamento eletroquímico do AID 2205 laminado a morno no ambiente de íons de cloretos utilizando medidas de polarização potenciodinâmica. O aço inoxidável dúplex foi laminado a morno à 600°C para 60 e 80% de redução na espessura e submetido a testes eletroquímicos. As amostras apresentaram uma excelente resistência à corrosão em solução de NaCl 3,5%. Apesar da existência de certa similaridade entre os valores de potencial de circuito aberto e potenciais de pites obtidos para todas as amostras, o número de pites observado foi maior na amostra CF, seguida pelas amostras com 60 e 80% de redução.

Oct 30, 2017

By Maísa Villela Freire

Refratários MgO-C encontram-se entre os mais adequados para o uso na linha de escória de panelas para aço líquido. Seu comportamento, nesta aplicação, depende de fatores termodinâmicos e cinéticos. Métodos de cálculo termodinâmico para avaliar o potencial de degradação de refratários MgO-C por escórias e pela atmosfera são revistos brevemente. Tais métodos envolvem, em geral, premissas importantes sobre a quantidade de materiais envolvidos. Para avaliar um método mais simples, foram escolhidos dois tijolos MgO-C e duas escórias típicas do processo da CSN. Estes tijolos e escórias foram caraterizados, neste trabalho. O método apresentado consiste na realização de cálculos de equilíbrio em que a principal variável é a fração de escória em uma mistura hipotética com o refratário. Para a composição do refratário foram empregadas (a) composição média e (b) composição da matriz do tijolo. Os resultados indicam que é possível realizar previsões iniciais quanto à reatividade do refratário e determinada escória de forma simples. Os cálculos, evidentemente, não substituem testes cinéticos e testes em escala industrial, em vista da complexidade dos sistemas em questão.

Aug 17, 2017

The Bureau of Mines, in an effort to improve resource conservation, mine planning and development, is currently investigating the loading behavior of pillars in multiple-seam developments. The simultaneous mining of two or more coalbeds may cause instability between room-and-pillar operations resulting in an interaction known as pillar load transfer. Although pillars may be adequately designed for single-seam mining, the development of a second seam may complicate loading conditions in both operations. If pillars are not adequately designed to contend with this load transfer, failure of the mine structure may result. To improve multiple-seam development and pillar design, the Bureau studied the loading characteristics of pillars in three separate multiple-seam operations. In all three cases, instrumented pillars recorded increasing pressure after development of the second seam. Increases in the average pillar pressure ranged from 7 to 110 pct over predicted overburden loads. An analysis of pillar loading before and after second-seam mining indicates that the ratio of overburden to innerburden thickness is a critical factor influencing load transfer. Based on this relationship, safety factors for case study pillars are calculated and alternative design considerations are discussed.

Jan 1, 1988

By Z. Rogovin

In order to develop more accurate procedures for scale-up and design of semi-autogenous-grinding mills through detailed mathematical models, a better understanding of the charge motion and rock/ball segregation is needed. To achieve this a 0.61 m (2.0 ft) diameter x 0.305 m (1.0 ft) length plexiglas mill was constructed as a scale model of a commercial SAG mill. Rock motion in the rotating mill was simulated using various sizes of ceramic balls. Quantitative measurements of dynamic angle of repose, water and slurry motion, holdup and size segregation of the charge were taken. In addition, a video-presentaiton (available to the public) was prepared to elucidate charge and water motion at various mill speeds, charge volumes, rock size distribution and flow rates.

Jan 1, 1985

By Mateus Sotelo Menezes

A família de aços avançados de alta resistência – AHSS contempla uma variedade de materiais que são utilizados principalmente na indústria automotiva. Os aços bifásicos incluem-se nesta classe e são assim denominados devido a sua microestrutura composta por ferrita e martensita. Apresentam alta resistência mecânica associada à ductilidade, o que permite a aplicação de grandes esforços em pequenas áreas sem que ocorra fratura. Este trabalho visa verificar, através de caracterização metalográfica, ensaios de tração e anisotropia, as propriedades mecânicas do aço DP600 para trabalho a frio. A curva tensão-deformação de engenharia para este aço foi estabelecida através de ensaios de tração até a ruptura do corpo de prova. Foram obtidos valores médios de 330 MPa para o limite de escoamento, 589 MPa para o limite de resistência à tração e 20% de alongamento. Os índices de anisotropia também foram verificados através de ensaios de tração. Estes resultados foram comparados com valores encontrados na literatura. De um modo geral, as chapas ensaiadas resultaram em uma diferença de valores de aproximadamente 10%, possibilitando sua utilização a frio.

Aug 16, 2017

By Hou Xilun

Three production methods of rapid cold bonding and low temperature bonding pellets using sponge iron powder as a binder have been successfully developed. These methods differ from ordinary bonding method by no addition of salt and other catalyzers, no corrosion of equipment and no pollution of environment. Mechanism of pellet bonding is studied. Experiment shows that these pellets have good metallurgical properties. A semi-industrial test has proven the laboratory results, with the production of metallic pellets continuous and stable. These methods are substituted for traditional high temperature firing of oxidized pellets in direct reduction. As a result, the plant for oxidized pellets can be saved and substituted for grate in the grate-kiln system. Thus, 20% of the investment could be saved. Production cost may also be decreased. The production of cold bonding pellets does not need additional area.

Jan 1, 1980

By Mahmut Altiner

This study aimed to produce magnesium oxide (MgO) particles with different properties from dolomite ore using an experimental procedure comprising four stages: sample preparation (S1), HCl leaching (S2), precipitation (S3), and calcination (S4). Three different base sources (NaOH, KOH, and NH4OH) were used as precipitant in the third stage to obtain magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] from a leachate solution, which was obtained in the second stage. Next, Mg(OH)2 particles generated by different alkali sources were calcined at various temperatures from 600–1000 °C for different durations (1–5 h). The effect of these base types on the properties of each product was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and wet chemical analyses. The experimental results indicated that each product was identified as periclase (MgO) mineral, which was produced with a specific surface area (SSA) of 4.49–44.54 m2 /g depending on the production conditions. The surface roughness of the MgO particles increased with increasing calcination temperature. SEM analyses showed that MgO particles produced at a temperature of 600 or 800 °C were amorphous, indicating that the process was not influenced by the base type, but MgO crystals were smooth when the calcination temperature was 1000 °C. Finally, it was determined from all experimental findings that MgO particles produced via the addition of NaOH have superior properties (such as higher SSA and lower surface roughness) compared with MgO particles produced with KOH or NH4OH as the alkali source. These properties led to great improvement of its usability in industry.

By E. Chin

Under the seventh 5-year plan (1986-90), the Chinese Government continued to implement reform and to open the country further to the outside world in order to accelerate the growth of its national economy. As a result of expanded foreign economic exchanges and domestic achievements in education, science and technology, and cultural and public health undertakings, the national economy was strengthened. In 1988, there was impressive growth in the Chinese economy. The gross national product (GNP) grew by 11.2070 reaching $373.4 billion; 2 the national income grew by 11.4070 to $310.9 billion. The major problem in the Chinese economy was the imbalance between high demand and insufficient supply. Chronic shortages resulted in price increases and high inflation, which averaged 19% for China as a whole and about 30% in urban areas. Macroeconomic stability took precedence over market-oriented reform initiative. Because of rapidly growing inflation, the Government re-imposed price controls and rationing in major cities in the fall of 1988. China continued to be a major world producer of minerals, metals, and fuels. Output of the principal commodities continued to rise. The largest in-crease in production was salt which rose 24% in output in 1988; followed by sulfuric acid, 14%; cement, 12%; soda ash, 9%; caustic soda, 7%; and steel, 6%. For fossil fuels, the increase in output of natural gas was 14% in 1988; followed by coal, 3%; and crude oil, 2%. The output of electricity by thermal-fired powerplants rose by 9% while that for hydroelectric power-plants rose 7%. Although China&apos;s overall energy output has increased annually since 1980, the growth in demand continued to outstrip the supply.

Jan 1, 1990

By Xiaojing Li, Yueyuan Zhou, Shengyao Ma

The paper presented the acnalysis of field intensity of rare-earth permanent magnet with high BH product and the research of magnet configuration with narrow pole pitch on open magnet surface, both using ANSYS. The possibility to separate micro-disseminated feebly magnetic minerals by improving the field intensity and the capture line distribution rate on open magnet surface were verified. The research on the method to pile up magnets to increase peak value of field intensity on the open magnet to 1.0T was done through correlation analysis between shape and dimensions of magnetic material and field intensity. And the research on technology method to improve capture line distribution rate in the separating field to 1.25×105/m2 was done through optimization design of magnet configuration of the open magnet with narrow pole pitch. Laboratory tests were performed with hematite sample from ore dressing plant such as Hainan mine, Qidong iron ore, etc. The separation results acquired were at the same level as using the electromagnetic separator, verifying the possibility to separate micro-disseminated feebly magnetic minerals with open magnet. The research suggested a new idea about the development of magnetic separator with high efficiency and low costs to separate feebly magnetic minerals and non-magnetic gangues.

Jan 1, 2014

By Renzon Daniel Cosme Pecho

O consumo do carvão mineral no mundo se encontra em aumento nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento dos preços dos combustíveis fósseis. No caso do Brasil, o carvão mineral é de baixa qualidade contendo, por exemplo, elevado teor de cinzas. Desta forma, o beneficiamento do carvão mineral gera uma quantidade grande de rejeito (RJ) que em contato com a água da chuva é responsável pela conhecida formação da drenagem acido. Alguns trabalhos vêm sendo propostos para contornar este inconveniente, alguns voltados para o aproveitamento do enxofre contido, outros pensando na geração de um possível condicionador de solos ou ainda na obtenção de absorventes para tratamento de efluentes. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho estuda uma possível utilização do rejeito de carvão mineral do sul de Brasil através da extração de Ácido Húmico (AH) e a subsequente utilização deste no tratamento de efluentes. O trabalho reporta o uso da eletrooxidação do RJ seguido da caracterização do AH obtido por analise elementar e espectroscopia de 13C RMN CP/MAS. A etapa de aplicação do AH foi conduzida através de uma avaliação sobre a remoção de Pb+2 contido em uma solução sintética. A extração do AH consumiu cerca dos 12% da massa do RJ e a sua caracterização indicou um componente aromático de 54%, seguido pelos grupos alifáticos (34%). A proporção de grupos contendo oxigênio foi relativamente da ordem de 6% de O-alquilo, 3% de COO- e 3% de C=O.

Aug 8, 2018