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By John W. Sweeney

Florida is blessed with some of the worlds greatest phosphate rock deposits, and doubly blessed in that those deposits are uraniferous. Until recently, the uranium con¬tained in phosphate rock had been ignored, but spot mar¬ket prices in the $40-per-pound range have spurred actions which will soon transform the state into a major uranium supplier. In 1978, two plants in Florida and one in Louisiana went it on- stream to recover uranium oxide from phosphoric acid, and construction began on three other extraction facilities. Together, these six plants will be cap¬able of recovering 1940 t/y (2140 stpy) of yellow cake from Florida phosphate in the early 1980s, equivalent to 15% of the projected US requirement. By the year 2000, Florida phosphates will have produced a projected 49 000 tons (54,000 st) of uranium oxide to fuel the nation's nuclear reactors.

Jan 9, 1979

NEW YORK SECTION Executive Committee DAVID H. BROWN, Chairman JOHN H. JANEWAY, Vice-Chairman F E. PIERCE, Secretary, 35 Nassau St., New. York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer LEWIS W. FRANCIS BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE At the meeting of the New York Section held at the Machinery Club on Dec. 8. 1915, the subject was "The Engineer in Modern Warfare, with Especial Reference to the Present European Conflict." Dr. Henry S. Drinker, who is Chairman of the Institute committee on the Engineer's Reserve Corps movement, opened the evenings' talk with a short statement of the aims and advantages of the Students' summer military camps, fostered by the Society of the National Reserve Corps, he being a member of the Advisory Committee of University Presidents. The speakers of the evening were Col. William M. Black and Col. John Biddle, both of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Col. Black is the

Jan 1, 1916

A. W. AMBROSE, Washington, D. C.-Did you make any analysis of the amount of emulsion at the well and after you flowed it through a lead line to the storage tank? E. A. TRAGER.-B. S. can be formed in passing through a lead line by the friction due to the roughness of the pipe and the irregularities at the joints. R. W. MOORE.-Did you find the percentage of water to be limited to the percentage of oil in the emulsion which formed? E. A. TRAGER.- Yes, the percentage is about 67 percent. water and 23, per cent. oil. R. W. MOORE.-If you added more water would the emulsion be permanent? E. A. TRAGER.-Yes, it would be permanent, but the excess water would separate out. THE CHAIRMAN. (C. W. WASHBURNE, New York, N. Y.).-Did you use hot or cold water in these experiments?

Jan 12, 1919

By Dongjie Zhang, Zeyu Liu, Shuxin Liu, Yang Liu

Lateral pressure provided by caving rocks plays an important role in keeping the stability of the sidewall rock mass and controlling the rock movement. Taking Xilinhot Fluorite Mine as an engineering background, we studied the control mechanism of the granular media lateral pressure on the rock movement by combining physical experiments, theoretical analysis, and field monitoring. The results indicated that with the increase of the granular media depth, the lateral pressure provided by the static granular media presented two stages of rapid growth and slow growth. The lateral pressure on the footwall was negatively correlated with the dip angle of the orebody, and the lateral pressure on the hanging wall was positively correlated with the dip angle of the orebody. Ore drawing only caused the granular media lateral pressure near the drawing point to decrease. As the granular media moved, the granular media lateral pressure outside the pressure reduction area further increased, and this part of the granular media would play a key role in limiting surface rock movement. On this basis, the improved calculation formula of GLMP was given, which could be better applied to calculate the GLMP and critical granular media column with different dip angles. The action mechanism of the GLMP in the control of the surface rock movement was clarified. The granular body in the collapse pit was mainly composed of three parts: the bottom loose granular media column, the middle compaction granular media column, and the upper critical granular media column. The critical granular media column was the most important area to control surface subsidence and rock movement. Finally, through field practice, after effective filling of the collapse pit, the surface vertical displacement of the hanging wall and footwall was decreased by 56.8% and 55.6%, respectively, and the control effect of surface rock movement was remarkable.

Sep 18, 2023

The American Petroleum Institute, 250 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. Lacey Walker, Secretary. A complete price list of publications will be sent upon application. The American Petroleum Institute issues a variety of publications; in addition to the Daily Oil Digest ($25 per year) and a weekly Statistical Bulletin ($12.50 per year to nonmembers), a Quarterly is published ($4 per year to nonmembers). Books published by the Institute: American petroleum supply and demand, $3; A series of "Petroleum facts and figures" for each of the years 1928, 1929, 1930 and 1931, $2 for each copy; Function of natural gas in the production of oil, $1; Bibliography of organic sulphur compounds, $4; and "Oil" (Oil Industry Series in one volume), 50 cents per copy. Volumes of the first six annual Meeting Proceedings are out of print, but the Proceedings for the 7th annual meeting in 1926

Jan 1, 1933

Dr J. P. Hugo, Pr. Eng., after obtaining a B.Sc. (Eng.) in Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1948, gained about 9 months' practical experience in a British steelworks, followed by post-graduate studies at Sheffield University, leading to a Ph.D. (Metallurgy) in 1953. Mr G. Y. Nisbet, Pr. Eng., holds a B.sc. (Min.) from the University of the Witwatersrand (1948) and a P.M.D. from Harvard University, U.S.A. (1966). On graduating, he was awarded the Chamber of Mines' Gold Medal. Professor D. G. Krige, holds a D.Sc. (Eng.) from the University of the Witwatersrand (1963) and a D.Ing. (H.C.) from the University of Pretoria (1981). Dr P. T. Wedepohl holds a B.Sc. (Hons.) from the University of the Witwatersrand (1953) and a Ph.D. from the University of Reading, England (1958).

Jan 1, 1984

By G. W. Healy

The smelting of calcium carbide has always been plagued by eruptions, too often with serious injury y or loss of life. To find their causes, the author calculated an internal energy balance using 1992 data for CaC2 and CaO, and older data for the remaining items. The heat content of the charge, and that of the hot gases formed at the reduction temperature, showed that only a fraction of its heat content can be supplied by these gases. Laboratory data on the electrical resistivity of fine mixtures of coke and non-conductive solids were extrapolated to a commercial carbide charge, and then used to calculate the heat produced by current flowing through the mix from the electrode surface to the hearth, which, under favourable conditions, sufficed to bring the charge to 1900 K and higher, at which temperatures reduction could take place.

Jan 1, 1995

By Edward Gridley

At the meeting of the Institute, held at Roanoke, Va., in June, 1883, I gave some facts in relation to charcoal pig iron of unusual strength, made from our carbonate ore taken from the mine at Amenia, N. Y. My object in again bringing the subject to the attention of the Institute, is to obtain, if possible, the solution of a prohlem in connection therewith. Our furnace is of the old type, stone stack 32 feet high by 9 feet 2 inches at top of bosh; bosh about 67O pitch; stone hearth; three tuyeres of 31/4-inch opening; fuel, a mixture of hard and soft coal; blast about & to # pound pressure, and heated to 400' to 600° Fahr. by iron pipe oven on top of stack. The analysis of the roasted carbonate ore, as before given to the Institute, is as follows:

Jan 1, 1884

By L. Price, R. Hortie

Movement of ore and waste from the Hilton Mines pit is accomplished by truck haulage. With the aim of reducing costs, a study of truck fleet replacement was initiated. The study included on-site short-term tests and longer-term rental purchase agreements for haulage trucks. The operation and maintenance characteristics of different trucks, along with projected haulage conditions, were used to prepare cash flows, from which the most advantageous trucks were selected. The results of the study and implementation of the recommendations gave a cost saving greater than had been estimated. The study also indicated areas where improvements could be made, and resulted in much more attention being paid to road conditions, the training of operators and mechanics, and the development of a practical preventative maintenance scheme.

Jan 1, 1971

By E. C. Lane

During the past 15 years the Bureau of Mines has made and published several hundred analyses of typical petroleums and has developed a system of interpreting the analyses and of classifying crude oils. In describing crude petroleum frequent reference is made to the "base" of the oil, a usage the petroleum industry has found convenient. As part of its general study of the characteristics of crude oils, therefore, the Bureau of Mines has developed a system of classifying them according to "base." This system as first published in 19274 was limited to four classes and in its original form is no longer considered adequate. Since the system was first published the Bureau has analyzed a large number of crude oil-, including representative samples from nearly every important producing field in the world, and has found that the system of classification could be revised and amplified to advantage. The revised system is presented herein. Bulletin 2916 states that many oil producers and refiners use the word "base" much as it is used in pharmaceutical work. For example, the "base" or "basis" of an ointment or salve is the fatty material (lard, petroleum, or lanolin) used as a vehicle or carrier for the active medicinal principles. Apparently many of the pioneers in the petroleum industry considered crude oil similar in nature to these medicinal products in that it consists of a semisolid, nonvolatile base and 1 volatile portion can be distilled off to make gasoline, kerosene, and other products. Many crude oils when chilled slowly deposit a waxy material (paraffin); this fact may have been one reason for the use of the term "paraffin base" in referring to such oils. Almost all of the petroleum first discovered in the United States was of this nature; not until the oil industry was extended to California and along the Gulf coast was petroleum found that contained no wax but apparently did contain asphaltic material Accordingly, these oils were known as "asphalt-base" oils. The use of this term, however, seems unfortunate, as better-grade oils of this type contain little if any asphalt; the descriptive term "naphthene base" now seems to be a more desirable term than "asphalt base." The term "intermediate base" is also used commonly in referring to oils intermediate in oharacteristios between those of paraffin and naphthene base.

Jan 1, 1935

By Gordon B. Brox, Joseph F. Mcaleer, Charles C. Goddard, Edward P. Shea, Robert G. Ingersoll, Lester G. Zeihen, George J. Burns, John M. Guilbert, Richard N. Miller, Charles Meyer

The Boulder batholith is a composite intrusive in which the Butte quartz monzonite is the dominant rock type. Quartz porphyry dikes intruded the quartz monzonite in directions which were subsequently followed by the eastwest- striking Anaconda system of veins, the earliest major veins in the district. Anaconda veins are faulted by northwest-striking veins of the Blue system, which are most prominent in the central third of the district. Anaconda veins are the major producers in the western third of the district and also in the eastern third, where the "horsetail" zones break off from them. Individual oreshoots are thousands of feet long as well as deep on both systems of veins, but they are generally more persistent and thicker on the Anaconda veins. Viewed broadly, the mineralization in the big veins is arranged in crudely concentric zones of zinc and manganese around a central zone of copper. Only slightly offset from these zones, but earlier structurally, is a zone in which quartz-molybdenite veinlets are prominent. This zone tops at about the 2800 level and widens downward. The pattern of distribution of Cu-Fe-S series minerals in the large veins of the copper zone is not symmetrical with respect to the metal zones. There is a fringe of chalcopyrite-bornite all around the copper front. However, within the copper zone, pyrite-chalcocite-enargitecovellite- digenite assemblages are prevalent near its eastern edge from the 3800 level to the surface, whereas deep on the large Anaconda veins in the western part of the copper zone, chalcopyrite is dominant. Here the chalcopyrite grades upward into bornite-chalcocite ores and eastward into the high-sulfur assemblages of the Leonard mine. Sericite-biotite-K-feldspar alteration envelopes, containing up to about 2 per cent copper as chalcopyrite, are present on some of the quartz-molybdenite veinlets at deep mine levels in the molybdenite zone. These envelopes contrast sharply mineralogically and chemically with the later sericitic and argillic alteration envelopes around Main Stage veins. K'0-Ar'0 ratios indicate that they may be older by about 4 m.y. Secondarily enriched copper ores are mined in the Berkeley pit in the southeastern part of the district. At the present time they account for about half of Butte's production of copper.

Jan 1, 1968

By Jie Zhang, Xi Zhang, Yu Wang, Wei Zhao

The study proposes a novel reagent scheme where adding a small amount of citric acid (CA) significantly improves the depression effect of sodium silicate on calcite and fluorite. The flotation results suggest optimal concentrations for CA and sodium silicate, achieving nearly complete depression of the minerals. Theoretical analysis indicates that CA dissolves calcium ions on the mineral surface, enhancing the adsorption of sodium silicate and preventing collector adsorption.

Mar 27, 2022

By R. R. Wells

An important activity of the Bureau of Mines is the continual search for new sources of minerals. As a part of the investigation of strategic mineral deposits in the United States, samples of mercury ores were submitted to the Ore Dressing sections of the Salt Lake City and Albany stations for metallurgical testing. This paper gives data summarizing the results obtained from laboratory beneficiation studies of mercury ore samples submitted during the period 1941 to 1947. Ores tested included three from Jackson County, Oreg., one from Valley County, Idaho, one from Storey County, Nev., and one from Sonoma County, Calif. In general, the ores from Oregon were not amenable to concentration by flotation because of intimate association of cinnabar with other minerals or because of extremely low grade. One Oregon ore was amenable to direct distillation provided lime was added to reduce corrosion of the retort.

Jan 1, 1950

By E. J. Matson

From February until July 1943 the Bureau of Mines conducted an exploration project at the Majuba Hill mine to determine tonnage aria grade of the copper and tin ore and to search for extension of the mineralization. The work comprised sampling, long-hole drilling, underground excavation, and ore-dressing test.

Jan 1, 1948

By IRVINGC. ALLEN, W. A. Jacobs

Realizing the great importance and wide application of petroleum and its products for fuel,lighting and lubrication, and the absence of authentic and comprehensive information in the literature on the commercial value of American petroleums, the United States Geological Survey has for a number of years' been making analyses and other examinations of these oils and their products. In 1907 the technologic branch of the Survey began a study of certain economic problems having to do with the natural mineral oils. The prime object of the investigations was to determine the economic value of the petroleums and natural gases in the United States with special reference to the supplies in the public lands, and to ascertain how these resources could be utilized in the industries withleast waste and greatest efficiency. This work, which is now being conducted by the petroleum section of the Bureau of Mines under authority of the act of May 16, 1910, will include the collection at the wells and refineries of information as to the following details: Facilities for handling and storage at the wells. Facilities for transportation, whether by pipe line, rail, or water. Distance to the nearest port or center of industry and time necessary for delivery. Facilities for storage at such point of delivery. Suitability of the crude oil for fuel, or the treatment necessary to convert itmost economically into the best fuel. Best processes of refining or of converting the crude oil into its many products. The examination of these products. The utilization of the by-products and residues of the refineries. The collection of adequate and reliable samples, and the complete chemical and physical examination ofthese samples in the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1911

By O. V. Suvorova, V. G. Minenko, D. V. Makarov, A. L. Samusev, E. A. Selivanova

"Saponite is a valuable marketable product widely used foundry, metallurgy and construction, in the chemical, food and consumer goods industries, in medicine, and in agriculture.The feasibility of producing of high-quality construction materials with enhanced physical-chemical and decorative characteristics from saponite-containing products has been given a scientific basis and experimentally validated. The compressive strength of the samples in the sintering temperature range of 800-1000 ?? varied between 35 and 80.9 MPa; the bending strength 8 and 26.7 MPa, which is superior to the high-grade ceramic bricks of the M-300 brand. It has been established that the saponite-containing product obtained using the electrochemical separation of process water has a high sorption capacitance relatively the heavy-metal ions such as nickel and copper (40.7 and 99.8 mg/g, respectively). As a result of sintering at 750 ?? the sorption capacity of the sorbent for the nickel and copper ions increased to 194.2 and 212.8. Using the XRD and SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy studies, we diagnosed the metal-containing phases and validated the metal sorption mechanism.This study opens up the possibility of practical realization of the saponite-containing product as high-quality building materials and heavy-metal sorbents while addressing the issue of process water treatment. INTRODUCTION The Lomonosov deposit of the Archangelsk diamondiferous province accommodates 10 kimberlite pipes. The anticipated volume of diamond-bearing ore and dump rock to be removed before reaching the open-pit mining limit is 300 mln t (Karpenko, 2009; Bezborodov, etal. 2003). Rock in the deposit is almost completely displaced by clay minerals, predominantly saponite, amounting to 90% in the vent facies (Karpenko, 2009)."

Jan 1, 2018

By C. M. Diaz, P. J. Mackey

Since its inception, in 1987, the Copper-Cobre series of conferences has established itself as the prime world forum for discussing advances in copper process metallurgy, in particular copper sulfide smelting, copper recovery by leaching and electrowinning and copper electrorefining. All copper producing countries have actively participated in the pyrometallurgy symposia held in the framework of these conferences. In 1999 and 2003, the close to 100 pyrometallurgy papers that were presented had to be accommodated in two volumes. In the present paper, the authors firstly provide a brief historical sketch of the Copper-Cobre conferences and then focus on providing a retrospective look at the dramatic changes that have taken place in copper smelting in the last few decades, primarily as discussed in the Copper-Cobre and precursor conferences pyrometallurgy proceedings. Topics include: the development of autogenous, increasingly more intensive, environmentally sound and energy efficient smelting processes; significant improvements in Peirce-Smith converting practice and at the same time the commercialization of alternative continuous converting routes; the consequent expansion and modernization of smelters; the increasing compliance with strict government environmental regulations in most copper producing regions of the world; the realignment of the copper smelting industry throughout the world; and trends in copper smelting R&D. A look at the future closes these reflections on the contribution of the Copper-Cobre conferences to the advancement of copper smelting technology.

Jan 1, 2007

By K Evtiminova, G Jobson, M Nolte, S Meik

Chelopech Mining EAD (CMEAD) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dundee Precious Metals Inc (DPM) and operates the Chelopech underground mine and processing facility located in Bulgaria. The final product sold is a flotation concentrate containing copper minerals with associated gold and silver. The increase in production from 0.6 to 1.0 Mt/a by 2009 occurred with the original (1975) secondary/tertiary crushing, and primary/secondary ball mill circuits. As part of the mine/mill upgrade project to 2.0 Mt/a, a new single stage semi-autogenous (SAG) mill and ancillary equipment was installed, replacing the original circuits, with commissioning occurring during the first half of 2011. Aspects of the design, commissioning and operation of the new comminution facility are the subjects of this paper.An extensive program of comminution characterisation test work was completed in 2004/2005, which indicated moderate hardness and competency characteristics. The characteristics were considered suitable for a range of comminution approaches which were assessed with respect to power requirements and capital and operating costs. Retention of the existing primary crushing facility, and installation of a new single stage SAG mill located within the existing mill building, was selected as the design for the expansion.An extended ramp-up schedule for the overall concentrator upgrade turned out to be necessary as the comminution and flotation circuits were completed prior to several downstream unit processes (concentrate filtration and tailings thickening), which were required to reach the design mill feed throughput rate on a sustainable basis. This resulted in the opportunity to gradually increase the SAG mill ball charge as necessary, to obtain the throughput corresponding to the various downstream processing constraints.A relatively fine cyclone overflow stream particle size distribution is a feature of the Chelopech comminution circuit that has not been fully overcome with increasing ball charge conditions. However, design throughput has been met even under the finer product size conditions and will be consistently achieved following the commissioning of two further process improvement projects scheduled for late 2012.CITATION:Jobson, G, Nolte, M, Evtiminova, K and Meik, S, 2012. The modernisation and upgrade of concentrator operations at the Chelopech Mine, Bulgaria - Design, installation and operation of the 250 tonnes per hour comminution circuit, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 325-332 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

By Will H. Coghill, F. D. DeVaney

"Many of the iron ore deposits on the western end of the Mesabi Range Minnesota consist of the so-called ''wash ores."" Because of their high silica content these ores must be washed or concentrated to make them merchantable. Washing plants have been in operation for 20 years, during this period large quantities of tailings have accumulated in tailings ponds. These tailings contain the aggregate millions of tons of iron oxides which, if recovered, would greatly to the available tonnages and to the revenues of the mining companies. It the purpose of this paper to outline give results of concentration tests on tailings.In order that the reader may understand more clearly the type of material under consideration, a short description of the characteristics of the wash ores of the Western Mesabi Range and a brief resume a washing methods that have been are now being employed will be given. Appleby and Newton4 In their description of the district and of the ores say:The Western Mesabi district embraces the territory west of the town of Nashwauk in Itasca County. The territory to the east of this dividing line is known as the Central and Eastern Mesabi district. This subdivision is rot wholly arbitrary. While the ore bodies in the two districts resemble each other in. shape, size, and general structure, there is a marked and very important difference in the character of the respective ores. For purposes of comparison, the western deposits have been called washable ore bodies, and the central and eastern, standard ore bodies. The latter ores are the result of natural concentration processes which have teen carried far enough to produce a large proportion of high-grade ore Wet can be marketed direct; the Western Mesabi ores present a lesser degree of natural concentration and are as a rule of too low grade to admit of marketing without preliminary treatment. In many cases the grade can be improved by washing, hence the material is called washable ore. Exceptions to thin general rule may be noted in both districts. Many of the Western Mesabi ore bodies contain quite a proportion of merchantable ore. There are also portions of central and eastern Mesabi ore deposits which are of low grade and which can be improved by washing."

Nov 1, 1930

By R. Hamilton

"Louvicourt mine began operation in 1994. It is located in northwestern Quebec, 20 km east of Val d’Or. The mine is owned by Aur Resources (30%), which operates the mine, Teck/Cominco (25%) and Novicourt (45%). By the end of 2002 there were approximately 280 employees working on the site, including contractors. Production averages 4300 tons per day, working a massive sulphide body located between 415 m and 920 m underground.Maintenance expenses represent 27% to 29% of the operating costs, and the maintenance personnel represents 34% of the total workforce (including electrical, mechanical and concentrator maintenance staff). Considering these figures, in addition to capital costs and indirect costs, such as energy (electricity, fuel, gas, etc.), it is worthwhile to pay attention to how things are done in order to protect such investment. Every task performed to help understand the impact of Louvicourt’s practices must to be seen as an investment in the reliability of its operation."

Jan 1, 2003