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By Laurence G. Trudell

Geology and oil-yield data are presented for a 58-square-mile area encompassing the U.S. Department of the Interior oil-shale leasing program tracts in the western Washakie Basin, Sweetwater County, Wyo. Lithology and oil yields of samples from three Bureau of Mines coreholes are evaluated and correlated with Kinney Rim surface sections measured and sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey. Minable sections of oil shale averaging up to 25 gallons of oil per ton crop out on Kinney Rim in the Laney Member of the Green River Formation. Thick oil-shale sections in the Laney Member that average 15 gallons per ton represent 155 million barrels of oil in place per square mile. In the lower part of the Green River Formation the Tipton Shale Member contains a 20-to 40-foot section averaging 15 gallons per ton. Beds of high-volatile C bituminous coal up to 6 feet thick are present in intertongued parts of the lower Green River Formation and upper Wasatch Formation.

Jan 1, 1973

By Robert Maes, Robert de Strycker

The Cu-Sn-As systeM was studied in the region near the Cu-42 and (214-As binary diagrams, where reactions in the solid state appear, resulting from the decomposition of the y(Cu-Sn) phase and from the formation of the 7 phase (Cu,As). The techniques used were microscopic observation, thermal analysis by dilatometry, and X-vay diffraction. The formation of the 7 phase gives rise to a ternavy pevitectoid veaction; the decomposition of the y phase gives rise to five transitional reactions. The temperatures of almost all these reactions could be determined; in the most favorable cases , the accuracy of this determination was of 11.5-C. The 7 phase is stabilized by tin additions, the arsenic atoms being replaced by tin atoms up to 35 pct; this has allowed the preparation of pure j) phase and the confirmation, by extrapolation, of the conrposition of this compound in the Cu-As diagram. In the first part of this work, the solidification reactions in the Cu-Sn-As phase diagram were studied. In the copper corner, the structure of the alloys presented the evidence of reactions in the solid state: on the one hand, all the alloys containing the y phase of the Cu-Sn diagram showed, under the microscope, that this phase had formed different decomposition products after complete solidification; on the other hand, the appearance of the 7 phase of the Cu-As diagram necessitated the introduction of a peritectoid formation reaction. The study of the decomposition of the y phase has been done by preparing about forty alloys that were homogeneous y at high temperature. The formation of the 7 phase has been studied by means of a few alloys with a composition near the homogeneity field of this phase at room temperature. The part of the Cu-Sn phase diagram of interest for this study is represented by Fig. 1, with the phase designation which will be used in the remainder of this paper; it is drawn after Hansen and Anderko.' The Cu-As diagram has already been presented in Part I of this work; the significant features of this study are the existence of the arsenides CusAs and Cu5Asz, and the formation of a compound CUEAS, designated as the 7 phase, by a peritectoid reaction at about 325°C. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The fundamental technique for the investigation of this part of the Cu-Sn-As constitution diagram was microscopic observation; the greatest part of the observed alloys has also been subjected to thermal analysis by dilatometry; a few selected alloys have then undergone an X-ray analysis by powder diffraction. Alloy Preparation. The alloys were prepared from the same products as in Part I of this study: cathode copper, arsenic with a purity better than 99.5, and tin with a purity of 99.98. The fusion of the ternary alloys was realized from

Jan 1, 1967

This publication is designed to be helpful in promoting health and safety in tunneling and related operations. The format has been selected and arranged to provide a condensed guide for safety personnel, inspection and investigative agencies, design and project engineers, and others responsible for the health and safety of workmen. All the precautionary measures recommended are based on actual conditions observed, from investigations of fatal or serious accidents, and from research conducted to find ways and means of alleviating hazards and unhealthful conditions. Many of the recommended rules are included in State laws and in the general safety requirements of the construction industry. Explanatory, descriptive, and qualifying information has been largely omitted in this publication to keep basic data in more useful and compact form. Included in the appendixes are special precautions for gassy (methane atmospheres) tunnels and tunnels where petroleum products are encountered.

Jan 1, 1968

By Robert N. Roby

Deposits of iron ore in Judith Basin County, Mont., generally referred to as the Running Wolf deposits, were examined by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines in August 1942. During the Summer of 1943 the Federal Geological Survey made a reconnaissance survey of, the Running Wolf Iron district and also made a detailed study and a topographic and geological map of the eastern end of the district. Two deposits of iron ore at the eastern end of the district were trenched and drilled by the Bureau of Mines during the fall and winter of 1943-44, This report presents the factual data obtained from the trenching and drilling' operations. The iron deposits of thy Running Wolf district are accessible from Stanford, Mont., by 14 to 16 miles of county highway and 2 to 3 miles of rough mountain road or trails (see fig. 1). No shipments of ore have been made from of these deposits. The ore is a replacement of Madison limestone at the contact with syenite porphyry. The contact can be traced for about 6 miles in a general northwest direction. 'At least five. deposits occur along this contact.

Jan 1, 1949

By H. B. Bell, P. C. Lidster

A study has been made of the use of ThO2-Y2O3 solid electrolytes to determine activity of chromium in Fe-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys in the temperature range 1300° to 1700°K. This method has been shown to give results which agree with the best vapor pressure measurements. SEVERAL investigations1"5 have been made of chromium activities in Fe-Cr alloys. Most of these have been made by vapor pressure measurements using knudsen cell techniques while one has been made using gas equilibration with H2/H2O gas mixtures. In the present investigation electromotive force measurements have been made on this system using a thoria yttria solid electrolyte. This system was -chosen to establish the technique of measurement at low oxygen potentials, before extending it to Fe-Ni-Cr alloys. The cell used was Pt Cr • Cr2O3 ilThO2 • Y2O3 llalloy • Cr2O3 IPt Since the oxygen pressure of the chromium-chromic oxide mixture lay in the range 10"19 to 1027 atm in the temperature range investigated, thoria yttria electrolytes were used. It was soon found during the investigation that considerable care was required to prepare satisfactory electrolytes and a study was made to find the best method of preparing pellets of TI1O2-Y2O3 solid solution of as near theoretical density as possible. Various compositions in the range 2 to 15 mole pct Y2O3 were studied but the experimental measurements were made with electrolytes containing 4 to 5 pct Y2O3. The method of preparation finally adopted was to use thorium oxalate and yttria as raw materials. The thorium oxalate was decomposed at 900°C for 6 hr to give a reactive powder. This powder was then mixed with the appropriate amount of yttria and ground in an agate mortar for about 4 hr. The powder was moistened with absolute alcohol as a lubricant and pressed in a metal die at a pressure of 7 tons per sq in. The pellets were then heated at 1100°C for 24 hr followed by 24 hr at 1250°C. After this firing cycle the material was reground and repelleted and again fired at 1100° and 1250°C followed by heating for 7 days at 1600°C. It was found in later experiments that a further firing of 4 hr at 2000°C improved the density further and gave pellets of only 2 pct porosity. After firing, the pellets were polished on emery paper and finally with the 2 µ diamond paste. The polishing was followed by a final firing of 24 hr at 1500°C. Investigation showed that this final treatment minimized reaction between the electrolytes and chromium oxide. It was believed that this was because of a lowering of the surface energy of the electrolyte surface. Two types of investigation were carried out to check that the pellets were satisfactory oxygen ion elec-

Jan 1, 1970

Mineral exploration and mining in New Zealand has had almost five years of new legislation. The requirement for different consents is a challenging, time consuming, expensive exercise but in most cases the new procedure is working, although the matter of obtaining access to land is still a major issue. Priority is critical. After lodgment of an application for a minerals permit there are many other matters to address such as identifying land owners, occupiers and administrators, preparation of access applications, consultation and preparation of various resource consent applications.

Jan 1, 1996

By W. R. Hardwick

This Information Circular describes copper mining and concentrating methods, practices, and costs at the Silver Bell Unit of American Smelting and Refining Co., Pima County, Ariz. It is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. The Silver Bell mining district, one of the older districts in Arizona, is in the western part of the Silver Bell Mountains in Pima County, about 40 miles west of Tucson and about 20 miles southwest of Red Rock, a station on the main line railroad of the Southern Pacific Co. The Oxide and the El Tiro open-pit mines of the American Smelting and Refining Co. are in the district (fig. 1. The principal ore deposits are in T. 12S., R.8E., Gila and Salt River base line, at an altitude of about 3,000 feet. The present town of Silver Bell, established in 1952, is reached by a paved highway, the Avra Valley road, that turns west from Highway 84 at Plata siding near Rillito and extends westward 25 miles to the townsite (fig. 2). The present town is about 5 miles southeast of the old town of Silver Bell that flourished from 1900 to 1930.

Jan 1, 1963

By W. R. Hardwick

This Information Circular describes copper mining and concentrating methods, practices, and costs at the Silver Bell Unit of American Smelting and Refining Co., Pima County, Ariz. It is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. The Silver Bell mining district, one of the older districts in Arizona, is in the western part of the Silver Bell Mountains in Pima County, about 40 miles west of Tucson and about 20 miles southwest of Red Rock, a station on the main line railroad of the Southern Pacific Co. The Oxide and the El Tiro open-pit mines of the American Smelting and Refining Co. are in the district (fig. 1. The principal ore deposits are in T. 12S., R.8E., Gila and Salt River base line, at an altitude of about 3,000 feet. The present town of Silver Bell, established in 1952, is reached by a paved highway, the Avra Valley road, that turns west from Highway 84 at Plata siding near Rillito and extends westward 25 miles to the townsite (fig. 2). The present town is about 5 miles southeast of the old town of Silver Bell that flourished from 1900 to 1930.

Jan 1, 1963

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS ?ARE ASSOCIATES. THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. *AARONS, J. BOYD, Vivian Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Harris, West. Australia. '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R., Cons. and Min. Engr., 214 Union Savings Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. '76 ?ABBÉ, MAX F., Prest., Abbé Engineering Co, 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 ? ABBÉ, PAULO., Secy.,Abbé Engineering Co., 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 *ABBOTT, AI ARTHUR Morococlia, Peru, So. America. '95 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE Chief EDgr., Iron Mines, Dic Tennessee Caol, Iron & R. R. Co., Bessemer, Ala. '04 *ABBOTT, JAMES W., Min. Engr: Ploche, Lincoln Co., Nev. '94 *ABE, MASAYOSHI, Prof. of Mining, Imperial University Kyoto, Japan. '05 ? ACKER, E. O'C., Supt., Treatment Dept., Bethlehem Steel Co., So. Bethlehem, Pa. '86

Jan 1, 1910

By Baker G

The detailed mineral composition of the lead-zinc ores at Captain's Flat was first studied in 1942 (Edwards, 1943).At that time the workings did not extend far below the 750ft. level. Since then development has been extended to the 1,390ft. level, and -at the request of the management of Lake George Mines Ltd., an examination of the ore from the deeper levels has been made as part of the research programme of the Mineragraphic Section of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.This account is. based on that examination (Mineragraphic Rept. No. ,537, C.S.I.R.O.)GENERAL GEOLOGYThe geology of the Lake George Mines has been described briefly in The Geology of Australian Ore Deposits (1953), and in much greater detail in an unpublished report by K. Glasson (1952). The area consists of fossiliferous Upper Ordovician sediments overlain by volcanics (Kohinoor VoJcanics), and by fossiliferous Silurian sediments. The volcanies comprise a series of· flows ranging in' composition from dacite to rhyolite, with interbedded tuft's and shale lenses.The region has been strongly folded. The regional strike is from 340° to 355°, and dips are from 75°W. to 75°E, A major syncline, pitching 200 N., occupies the centre of the area. The Kohinoor Volcanic'l outcrop as two bands which represent the east and west limbs of this syncline.The Volcanks in the western limb, with whIch the orebodies are associated, are more strongly sheared than those in the eastern limb.

Jan 1, 1953

The 53 countries that constituted Africa in 1992 accounted for a significant portion of total world output of a number of mineral commodities. However, the continent's total output for a number of major mineral commodities declined relative to the volume produced during 1991. (See tables 1 and 2.) The most conspicuous declines in mineral production from 1991 to 1992 were for cobalt and copper (declines of 28.6 % and 23.4 %, respectively), which could be partially attributed to mining and metal processing difficulties caused by political and economic disruptions in Zaire and for uranium (12 % drop), for which much of the continental production decline was ascribed to Namibian cutbacks in response to lower world prices. The severe regional drought also adversely affected the mineral industry in a number of sub-Saharan nations.

Jan 1, 1994

By Mahmud Esad Uluer, Seyed Hassan Amini, Aaron Noble, Matt Shigo

Airborne coal mine dust is an unintended and unavoidable result of coal extraction operations that raises notable health and safety concerns. Modern mining techniques utilize several dust mitigation strategies, and the flooded-bed dust scrubber (FBS) is one such technology used extensively on continuous miners. The conventional static panel filter, instrumental in most scrubber designs, is fundamentally limited in collection efficiencies due to a high clogging rate and a tradeoff between mesh density and airflow rate. To overcome these deficiencies, a novel vibrating mesh panel is proposed. In this study, a laboratory-scale dust scrubber unit was used to investigate the efficacy of concept as compared to that of a static mesh. A statistical design of experiments study was first used to determine the effective vibrational parameters and scrubber operational parameters on dust collection and clogging mitigation. Optimized results from this study were then evaluated against those of a static mesh to determine performance improvement while investigating the mechanisms controlling dust collection and particle department through the scrubber system. Results show that the vibrating mesh conditions and higher water flow rates led to an improvement in the collection efficiency of the scrubber system. Compares to a static-mesh, the vibrating mesh FBS showed a significant reduction in pressure drop across the mesh screen indicating lower air loss through the test duration. Overall, the findings confirm that vibrating filter mesh reduces filter clogging while maintaining high collection efficiencies. This research supports further technological advancement in mine dust mitigation technologies.

Dec 27, 2023

By Harold M. Smith

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of knowledge of the composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on two imaginative maps--one, the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere, depicts the hydrocarbons that have been identified in petroleum; the other, the Heterogeneous Hemisphere, shows the sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds that have been found. All compounds are placed on the maps according to boiling point. The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds. The possibilities of the Petroleum World of the future are discussed as a function of needed research,

Jan 1, 1966

By Harold M. Smith

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of knowledge of the composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on two imaginative maps--one, the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere, depicts the hydrocarbons that have been identified in petroleum; the other, the Heterogeneous Hemisphere, shows the sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds that have been found. All compounds are placed on the maps according to boiling point. The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compounds identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds. The possibilities of the Petroleum World of the future are discussed as a function of needed research,

Jan 1, 1966

By F. S. Crawford

The wide variation in the medical facilities, type of accident reports and provision for the welfare of employees, in addition to the compensation provided by the various State laws,- was -studi-eci, by the.. wri-ter in the Lake .. Superior_ r.egion . .. - -Several cDmpanies f~rnished. the information which follows. Names have been omitted , ~ut the information should be of .intere·st to companies desirous of improving t_his branch of thej..r accident-prevention work. : . . --Because a summary of the metho.ds used would merel:y: result in _ a.n a.ttempt to set _up an ideal, it was concluded that in preparing this paper a statem.ent .of_ tbe individual methods of -each company wou-l d .b-e .Qf .. the most inte-res.t, . and the.y h~ve . been .. li.steq with .no regard to the size of the company . . ··· -In the - appendix are -a -number of report. forms used by .various _operators for reporting accidents to t he company and .to the State. These are self- explanatory. and many a re mentioned in -the body of circu-1-ar-.

Mar 1, 1932

By N Strong

Cracow is a high-grade; low-tonnage underground gold mine located approximately 500 km north-west of Brisbane in Central Queensland. It is a steeply dipping, narrow vein, epithermal gold and silver deposit that is accessed via a decline from surface. Cracow is owned by joint venture between Newcrest Mining (70 per cent) and Sedimentary Holdings (30 per cent). The orebodies are 5 m wide on average and the ore is extracted via sublevel open bench stoping. Stopes are extracted to a strike of approximately 25 m before being backfilled with waste. Prior to the introduction of electronics, the mine would remove a small amount of the previous backfill out to create a void, and then begin blasting two to three rings at a time, with the ore being extracted between each blast. This method caused the ore to be blasted onto the waste backfill resulting in dilution of the high-grade ore. It also meant that the extraction of each stope took a number of weeks and numerous blasting events. In the fourth quarter of 2005, the mine struck a geotechnically sensitive stope, where all 20 rings had to be extracted in a single shot or risk possible geotechnical problems that could sterilise the ore. Due to the limitations of NONEL« delay detonators the mine could not fire all the rings in a single shot and needed to use an electronic detonator system to extract the stope. Some unexpected benefits to the mine were increased fragmentation, reduced vibrations, reduced dilution, improved efficiency and improved hanging wall and footwall conditions. After the success of this first electronic shot, the mine has since moved to firing all their stopes with electronic detonators. With electronics the mine has been able to fire much larger blasts, and has in fact moved to firing their blasts in the opposite direction, firing towards the draw point instead of into the waste backfill, thus reducing ore dilution.

Jan 1, 2007

By Ellis S. Hertzog

The data published in this retort cover only one phase of a special study of tile physical and chemical properties s of only Alabama coals made by the Bureau of Mines. In addition to determinations of friability, the survey included determinations of grindability, B.t.u. value, and ash-fusion temperature. Assay distillation tests, both for high- and low-temperature carbonization, and proximate and ultimate analyses were made also. However, this preliminary paper is concerned only with the results of friability tests and is issued to expedite the release of this information to the public. The friability, test measures the liability of a coal to break into smaller pieces when subjected to repeated handling, as occurs in the mining, preparation, and transportation operations. Friability depends on many physical characteristics of the coal that vary not only between different seams but also in the same seam. The laboratory methods of determining friability have been developed to give a practical means of estimating degradation of size. So far as is known to the authors, no data on the friability of Alabama coals have ever been published. This caper makes available for the first time fairly comprehensive3 information on this subject. Because the procedure for the tumbler test for determining the friability of coal is relatively new to the coal operators, the authors Lave included a, complete description of it in this report.

Jan 1, 1938

By L. N. Plein, J. W. Paul

"The United States Bureau of Mines, in the interest of the prevention of injuries and fatalities in coal mines, has engaged in a study of the circumstances and conditions under which falls of roof and coal contribute to coal-mine accidents, and this publication is devoted to the result of a study conducted in mince developed in the Pittsburgh or No. 8 coal in eastern Ohio.To emphasize the need of this study a statement of the fatalities which have resulted from falls of roof is presented, followed by a brief description of the field and its geology. The mining methods, regulations, and timbering practices are presented and discuss, as well as supervision and discipline, all of which are important factors in the control of the roof and the prevention of falls of roof material that are liable to result in injury to the underground workmen.During the five-year period, 1924 to 1928, there were 10,820 fatalities in the cool mines of the United States, of which number 5,573 or 51.5 per cent resulted from fells of roof material, such as draw slate or roof coal, and of coal from the fact or sides. These fatalities generally occur singly, consequently they are given little publicity compared with major disasters consulting from explosions which, during the same five-year period, amounted to only 17.8 per cent of the total fatalities.Seven,mines in eastern Ohio, each typical, of mines in its locality, have been carefully studied, and the result of this study is herein presented so the information may be and beneficial to all who may be operating mines having,similar natural or physical conditions.In general, it will be found that measures taken to prevent injuries or fatalities from falls of roof as well as other safety measures, will have the effect of increasing the efficiency and economy in mining operation. The result of the study so far made on the falls of roof problem indicates that such features as mine management, supervision, inspection, discipline, character of roof, timbering methods, and blasting have a direct bearing on any scheme that may be evolved to prevent injury or loss of life by falls of roof."

Mar 1, 1931

By Ma Fangyuan, Li Min, Xu Bing, Xian Yushuai, Zhao Tonglin

The study explored a new combination amine collector (XK-28) that can obtain better flotation index and defoaming rate for magnetic iron ore. A pure quartz mineral test indicates that dodecylamine, XK-I, or XK-II has good collection effect on quartz and their best flotation pH is in the range of 6–7. The experimental results of a combination collector (XK-I:XK-II = 2:8.) show that the separation effect for quartz and magnetite is better than that of a single collector. The single factor for actual mineral test shows that when the combined reagent is used as the collector, the best conditions are pH = 7, 90 g/t dosage, and XK-I:XK-II = 2:8, which is consistant with the pure mineral test. The difference for dodecylamine as a collector is that the optimal dodecylamine dosage is 60 g/t. Under the best conditions of actual ore test, dodecylamine and XK-28 are respectively used as the collector to compare the flotation indexes. Study results indicate the magnetite grade using XK-28 as the collector is higher by 3.02% than that of using dodecylamine, recovery is increased by 1.92% over that of using dodecylamine. Based on the measurement results of zeta potential, uses of XK-28 can slightly increase the zeta potential difference of quartz and magnetite to enhance the flotation effect. The mechanism of action between the XK-28 collector and the actual ore from the Gongchangling plant is physical adsorption, and this adsorption also has hydrogen bond formation. Contact angle results shows that XK-28 improves the hydrophobicity of quartz better than dodecylamine. Compared with dodecylamine, XK-28 is more sparsely arranged on the surface of the foam. The foam produced by the XK-28 collector has better air permeability and it is more likely to merge and disappear with bubbles.

Jul 21, 2021

By Charles A. Anderson

Arizona and western New Mexico contain 17 of the 25 leading copper mines in the United States. Production of molybdenite, lead, zinc, and by-product gold and silver is important. Precambrian ore deposits are largely limited to the Yavapai Series in central Arizona and most of the metal production has come from massive sulfide deposits, dominantly pyritic but containing different amounts of chalcopyrite, tennantite, sphalerite, and galena. Their origin has been interpreted by some geologists as hydrothermal replacement of schist, and by others as syngenetic deposits later metamorphosed. Most of the important ore deposits are of Mesozoic and early Tertiary age, dominated by the porphyry copper deposits spatially related to stocks, plugs, sills, or dikes of quartzbearing porphyritic to granular rocks. Host rocks for these deposits include the associated intrusive rocks, Precambrian schist and granitic rocks, Paleozoic limestones, Mesozoic(?) porphyritic andesite, and Mesozoic arkose and siltstone. Chalcopyrite and pyrite are the dominant hypogene sulfide minerals in the porphyry copper deposits, accompanied by minor molybdenite. The Questa deposit in New Mexico is largely molybdenite. Supergene sulfide minerals are chalcocite and minor covellite. Some ore bodies consist largely of hypogene sulfides, some are dominantly supergene sulfides, and others are mixed hypogene-supergene sulfides. Supergene oxide-copper minerals locally are important. Intense hydrothermal alteration accompanied the metallization in all of the porphyry copper deposits; five types are recognized, ( 1) propylitic, (2) argillic, (3) potassic, ( 4) quartz-sericite (without clay), and (5) lime silicate. The origin of the closely spaced fractures that contain ore minerals in intersecting veinlets is debatable; some geologists favor tectonic forces and others suggest cooling of magma or shrinkage due to alteration. Breccia pipes, veins, and limestone replacements account for some important deposits of Mesozoic and early Tertiary age, and presumably these are genetically related to the various intrusive rocks of this age. The St. Anthony deposit of Cenozoic age in southeastern Arizona is unique, consisting of a lead-zinc vein associated with later molybdenum and vanadium oxide-minerals. Cenozoic manganese deposits in western Arizona are an important resource in the Artillery Mountains, but the extent to which they may be exploited is a metallurgical and economic problem.

Jan 1, 1968