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By F. M. Waldie

THE 2,538-foot belt conveyor recently installed underground at the Sullivan mine hoists ore from the 3,350-foot level to the 3,900-foot or main haulage level, a vertical distance of 680 feet. The design and planning of development work, under the direction of Mr. R. H. Stewart, Consulting Engineer, was begun in the spring of 1941. Development work was started in July of that year from the 3,350-foot level, and headings were started on the 3,650-foot and 3,900-foot levels later in the same year. It was the intention at that time to keep three headings going on development work necessary for the installation of the system: two on the conveyor incline, and one on the 3,900-foot level. This programme was modified in 1942 when there was some doubt whether the material for construction could be obtained. This problem of supply was eventually solved and the development work was pushed to completion in December, 1943. Construction was started in December, 1943, "'under the supervision of Mr. G. H. McKay, Superintendent of Construction and? Maintenance, and was completed in November, 1944.

Jan 1, 1945

By A. S. Knight

THE breaking and handling of ore is obviously the most important consideration when the layout of a new mine is contemplated. The problem must be attacked with due regard to the claim area of the property, the dip of the orebody, the anticipated percentage of payability, the width of the reef, and the amount of dislocation anticipated by dykes, faults, or sills. Among these, as far as East Geduld is concerned, the three most important items are: Area. 2,640.5 claims. Average dip 12° (from flat to 35°) Average channel width 36 inches. We are fortunate on the Witwatersrand in 'chat there is usually sufficient information available from surrounding properties to determine, within narrow limits, the factors mentioned above. With this information avail-able, the choice of layout is not limited, and it will be found that on the Witwatersrand each group has developed its own technique to suit its individual requirements. On East Geduld, the layout of the property for handling ore is known as the endless-rope haulage system. Following is a brief description of the general principles followed.

Jan 1, 1942

By W. Standifird

"Cohesive fracture is a mechanical model widely used for modeling quasi-brittle fracture in rocklike materials. This work discusses use of this model to simulate quasi-brittle fractures generated by injection stimulation during the process of cuttings reinjection in West Africa. Cuttings reinjection is an engineering practice used for disposal of drilling waste. During this process, hydraulic fractures are created at the target formation and milled cuttings are injected with fluid. In practice, this process must remain in compliance with environmental regulations and zero-discharge policies. The purpose of this study is to determine the following factors of injection design for a field in West Africa: (1) pumping pressure capacity required to successfully perform the injection and (2) the injection rate for injection performance and the value of fracture width under injection.A simplified three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) was built. A poroelastic plastic damage model was used for simulation of the cohesive crack prorogation within the target formation. For simplicity, fracture development in both horizontal and vertical directions was simulated separately. In this way, the computational burden for one calculation was reduced to a reasonably low level, without losing accuracy of the model. Loads of the model include fluid injection and gravity, which balances the initial geostress field. Various values of injection rate were used in these calculations to determine the most reasonable value of injection pressure. The capacity of pressure of a pumping device was determined using this optimized value of injection pressure.Results in values of width and length of fractures created by the injection are presented. Injection pressures at bottom-hole (BHP) corresponding to each value of injection rate are also given. Numerical results for fracture generation and propagation in a horizontal direction were visualized. The pumping pressure capacity required to fulfill the cuttings reinjection work was determined based on the numerical results of optimized injection rates and pressure. The fracture width was determined using the given pumping pressure. The length and height of the fractures was determined using pumping pressure along with the required volume of cuttings waste to be disposed of into the formation.This work presents a case study of 3D finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing generated by cuttings reinjection. The results of the optimized injection rate and pressure provide a best practice and a useful reference for cuttings reinjection analyses in this region."

Jan 1, 2015

By Meifeng Zhi, Yuqing Niu, Xixin Chang, Fengqi Zhao, Weimin Qiu, Hao Wang, Zhenqian Wen, Zujun Shu

An applicable Eluex process was developed for acid in-situ leaching (ISL) uranium mine in Bayanwula. In this process, uranium was adsorbed with strong base anion resin from the pregnant solution, then the loaded resin was eluted by sulfuric acid. After D2EHPA extraction, the concentrated eluate was enriched, and the loaded organic phase was stripped by sodium carbonate. The yellow cake was obtained by sodium hydroxide precipitation at last. The uranium concentration in the loaded strip solution was 52.8 g/L. Parameters of the process were determined, and the impact of the Eluex process in underground leaching was also investigated. In industrial design, 95% of raffinate went back to elution and 5% back to in-situ leaching. No significant effect on uranium leaching or resin adsorption was found.

Jan 1, 2020

By Yulin Zhou, WenFeng Li, Wen Chen

"In this article, with the help of the X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), a modern test method, all the characteristics of the chlorite,and adsorption collector A6 on the surface of chlorite have been studied. There exist abundant carboxylic C-O and C=O structures in the Carbon XPS atlas with strong adhesive ability after the reaction between new collector A6 and chlorite, which indicates that the ring structure and ether-base functional groups can strengthen the reaction between collector A6 molecule and chlorite surface. The results of XPS analysis indicate that the photoelectron spectroscopy peaks of Mg2p and Al2p moved towards low energy after collector A6 absorbed on chlorite surface, which indicates that chemical bonding through electron cloud transfer happened between collector A6 and Mg, Al ions of chlorite surface. The chemical reaction promoted the adsorption of A6 on chlorite surface and eventually improved the ability of A6 to float and collect chlorite.INTRODUCTIONThere are a large amount of iron-bearing silicate minerals such as chlorite in different types of gangue minerals in iron ore from different areas besides quartz (Yingyong et al, 2012; Qiang et al, 2009). There always exist Mg2+, Al3+ Fe3+ and other metallic ions due the isomorphic replacement among the irons of this kind of minerals. The dissolution often occurs on the surface of minerals with abundant metallic ions during grinding process, and some ions are exposed on the surface, such as Mg2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Si4+, which can increase the surface electrical behaviour of iron-bearing silicate minerals (Wanzhong & Chuanyao, 2002; Yuping et al., 2007), making it easy for the surface to react preferentially with the depressants such as causticizing starch which making it impossible for the surface to reach with conventional anionic fatty acid collector (Mowla et al, 2008). Thus, the beneficiation efficiency is dramatically decreased and the improvement of concentrate grade becomes very difficult. The conventional aliphatic acid collector has some defects such as poor selectivity, poor low temperature resistance, sensitive to water hardness, etc. Thus, the addition of synergist (Liu, & Yu, 2015) or other compound reagents (Zhou et al, 2015) can promote the adsorption of reagents to mineral surface, and improve the collecting capacity and selectivity of aliphatic acid collector to minerals. The addition of polar group to nonpolar group in aliphatic acid can improve the water solubility, dispensability and hard water resistance (Tian et al, 2013). The nitrogen atoms in amid ate aliphatic acid collector can adsorb on mineral surface by itself and supply coordinate electron which can form chelating keys to improve the collecting capacity of collector. There exist coordinate electron in oxygen atoms of ether acid collector, which, along with the oxygen on carboxyl compose chelate with metal (Luo et al, 2015). There are also exist some opinions that the ether acid can arrange into similar crown ether structure which can absorb on mineral surface. A new alicyclic unsaturated ether acid compounds collector A6 is adopted in this paper, the structural formula is listed in Figure 1. The A6 has a strong collecting ability to chlorite with strong water solubility and low temperature resistance."

Jan 1, 2016

By N. E. Izatt

Molecular recognition technology (MRT) has a wide range of applications in the hydrometallurgical and chemical processing industries for the selective removal of iron as well as various other impurities from a variety of streams, including aqueous solutions through a wide pH range, as well as organic solutions. An example of a commercial application is provided for the removal of iron from an aluminum chlorohydrate stream. In this example, MRT has a selectivity for iron relative to aluminum which is significantly higher than that of ion exchange resins. A discussion of MRT capabilities for other impurities and streams is also provided.

Jan 1, 2006

By John A. Allan

The subject chosen for this paper is not a new one, but the subject matter is so extensive that something new can always be said .about it. We are just beginning to realize how little is actually known about the character of Alberta coal, except for a few general facts. The object of this paper is not to explain that our previous information, in whole or in part, on the coal resources of Alberta, has been incorrect, but rather to present some new facts obtained as a result of recent study in the field and in the laboratory. As field investigation continues the problem of determining the character of a coal seam for any great distance laterally becomes more and more complex. Our present knowledge of Alberta coal deposits should not be discussed before due reference is made to those great pioneers who blazed the trails for later geologists, by recording their observations on the general geology of Alberta. Geologists, to-day, particularly those of us who are striving, year after year, to unravel the mysteries of stratigraphy, palaeontology, and structure, in so far as these are related to the coal resources of Alberta, fully realize our indebtedness to those three trail-makers, Dawson, McConnell, and Tyrrell. Had these geologists not recorded their observations correctly, nor interpreted the broad geological facts contained in Nature's book, with still uncut pages, how much slower would have been the progress of our coal knowledge in the succeeding years. It is true that many of the interpretations given to observations by these pioneers have had to be changed as a result of closer studies, but we must also expect that the geological interpretation from present day observations will be changed by future workers, as Nature's book is read and re-read.

Jan 1, 1925

By Chris Harris, Kamal Adham

The use of HCl acid is gaining momentum among hydrometallurgical processes. However, the issue of environmentally efficient and economically viable ways to regenerate HCl acid (from various metal chloride intermediate products) remains a technology and operational challenge. The authors provide a state-of-technology review based on Hatch’s years of testing, design and commissioning experience with high-temperature units (fluid bed and spray roasters), plus the recent efforts in the area of low-temperature HCl regeneration.

Jan 1, 2014

By Peter A. Adcock, Rob Fraser

Interest in monitoring nucleation overpotential in electrometallurgical processes dates back some 40 years or more. Conversely, remarkable progress has been made in recent years on describing in detail the processes involved in the formation of thin films by electrodeposition. The newer body of work underscores a need for greater clarity in speaking about the role of nucleation and in the acquisition and interpretation of nucleation overpotential measurements – the aim of this paper. In electrometallurgy, it is generally desirable to form deposits that remain smooth, compact, and relatively fine-grained while the deposit grows to a thickness on the order of 5-10 mm, about 100 times thicker than technological thin films. Hence, we distinguish two kinds of nucleation that can result in formation of new grains:- (1) initial nucleation (onto the substrate surface) of islands that coalesce into growing deposit, and (2) ongoing nucleation of new grains on the deposit surface long after the substrate has been covered and ceases to have a direct influence. Nucleation overpotential of the first type should be measured on an electrode surface truly representative of a real industrial substrate. The second type requires judicious choice of electrode material – an “ideal foreign substrate”. In general neither the industrial substrate nor native metal to be deposited is suitable for measurement of the second type of nucleation overpotential, because of interference by other processes. For the future, clear terminology is needed to distinguish these two types of nucleation potential. The second is the one for which the type of plot dubbed by Moats and Derrick as an “Adcock plot” and by us as a “Kerby-Adcock plot” was first conceived and correlated with relatively thick zinc electrodeposits. The data of Moats and Derrick showing trends for copper electrodeposition on stainless steel and on copper electrodes are interpreted within this framework.

Jan 1, 2016

By Mi, Dong Liang, Jingyuan Bai, Victor Zhou, Xujun

Squirrel cage induction motors are the mostly used motors at present. Currently, the rotors of the squirrel cage induction motors are produced by aluminum die casting technique with the advantages of low cost of rotors. It is well known that the copper’s electrical conductivity is around 40% higher than that of aluminum. If copper is used to replace the current widely used aluminum in rotors, the total loss of motors will be reduced, hence increasing the overall motor efficiency. Copper rotors can be used to produce high efficiency and even super premium efficiency motors without enlarge the motor frame size. Considering the huge quantity of motors, the die casting process is the best solution to produce copper rotor with economic cost. Because of the characteristics of copper, it is difficult to produce copper rotors by casting similar to that done in aluminum rotors. In order to improve the die casting quality of copper rotor, a new tooling structure was developed and the casting process of copper rotor was simulated and analyzed by Any-casting software. The filling process, solidification process, inner gas distribution and residual melt modulus were analyzed. It was found that the design of symmetrical runner and inner runner on both sides was helpful to reduce the impact of molten copper to the cavity surface during the filling process. The use of Slag traps array can reduce die casting defects inside the end rings. That will be helpful to improve the rotor quality. INTRODUCTION Squirrel-cage AC induction motors are most widely used in the world. In 2017, the total installed capacity of AC motors in China has reached more than 1.2 billion kW, and the annual power consumption accounts for about 60% of the total national electricity consumption. To improve the efficiency of squirrel-cage motor will be helpful to energy conservation and environment protection. There are several ways to improve efficiency of induction motors, using copper rotor is one of the most effective solutions. It is well known that the copper’s electrical conductivity is around 40% higher than that of aluminum. If copper is used to replace the current widely used aluminum in rotors, the total loss of motors will be reduced, hence increasing the overall motor efficiency. Copper rotors can be used to produce high efficiency and even super premium efficiency motors without enlarge the motor frame size.

Jan 1, 2019

By A. Varma

Successful technology commercialization occurs when a company is focused on creating shareholder value by providing a reliable product at a price point attractive to the market, while at the same time maintaining strict control of its internal cash burn rates. Developing a technology platform and a market platform are equally important in the commercialization of new technologies such as fuel cells. This paper will discuss some of the key barriers that may prevent successful market entry for emerging and disruptive technologies, such as: R&D priorities, supply chain / manufacturing issues, materials, cost reduction strategies, customer needs, developing a market pull strategy, institutional barriers such as existing regulatory/approvals processes and/or current design/purchasing practices, product reliability and resilience, and finding the right path to market. SDTC is an arms length foundation that aims to financially support the successful market entry of emerging and disruptive technologies that can provide significant environmental benefits to Canada. The fuel cell industry, which represents one such technology, is at a critical point in its evolution where market receptivity and the technology platform are converging to potentially create significant customer advantages for fuel cell products being developed today. Since its inception in 2001, SDTC has received over 850 business cases from which it has identified successful strategies to overcome the noted barriers to commercialization. While maintaining commercial confidentiality, the SDTC database will be mined to: Identify specific success stories that have overcome various barriers and discuss their strategy; Identify specific fuel cell related industry experiences that hinder successful market uptake. The general attributes and trends of successful technology developments identified in this paper will hopefully provide guidance to technology developers and prepare them to successfully tackle the next set of hurdles on the path to commercializing their technology, once they have proven their technology works in the laboratory.

Jan 1, 2005

By T. H. Patching, M. W. Mikhail

"Data from a standardized procedure for measuring methane desorption rates from samples of Western Canadian coals gave a good correlation (0.994) with the percentage of fines (-0.6 mm) found in the corresponding run-of-mine coal. The correlation was independent of the mining method and the top size of the samples. It is suggested that both methane desorption rate and the production of fine coal sizes are functions of the fissuration of the coal being mined.This relationship, in conjunction with established data of degradation by unit process equipment, may be useful in predicting the amount of fines that will be produced from new seams of coal and by planned new washeries. It also could be a valuable guide in modifying existing washery processes to minimize production of fines."

Jan 1, 1980

By I. A. Kovalevska

Considered problems: elaboration and implementation of resource-saving technologies, low-cost support systems improvement, openings security and support, based on wallrock condition control with supreme implication into the rock pressure occurrence counteraction work. Results of analytic and underground investigations using computer simulation of the finite elements in order to calculate stressstrain state of the multivariable geomechanical systems are presented. Solutions of concrete objectives are found using spatial geomechanical model of solid motion around openings, considering real geomechanical parameters formation of support forms with proper conditions of their contact and real mechanical characteristics. Ultimate solutions of resource-saving technologies implementation based on the analysis of multivariate vertical, horizontal, and reduced stresses components calculation and also near-contour rock, support bearing components and security constructions movements are found. Results of experimental investigations of combined supports and security constructions, which increase openings' stability in difficult conditions of flat coal seams are presented.

Aug 1, 2013

By C. A. Grandison

The economic evolution from an agrarian society to an industrial and service-oriented economy is apparent to most students of history. The long-term trend is almost taken for granted, it does not require explanation — it is accepted as the nature of man to improve his standard of living. However, there are fluctuations around this trend line which have provoked a great deal of thought. The ability to understand and control these fluctuations would yield many benefits, it would eliminate economic waste and public hardship, and would no doubt make a few fortunes. I f it is not possible to control or eliminate these fluctuations, then a reasonable forecast of the tinting, rate of change and magnitude of the fluctuations would be invaluable to industry and government.

Jan 1, 1976

By Phillip Mackey, Elmira Moosavi-Khoonsari

L'industrie du cuivre traverse une période passionnante, marquée par une forte demande, de bons prix et l'ouverture de nouvelles grandes installations. L'année 2022 a battu des records de production de cuivre, ce qui laisse entrevoir un potentiel de croissance supplémentaire. De grands projets sont en cours, comme la technologie Double Flash à Manyar, en Indonésie, qui peut produire plus de 500 000 tonnes de cuivre par an. À Munda, en Inde, on a construit la plus grande usine de cuivre du monde, qui produit plus de 1 000 000 tonnes de cuivre par an en combinant deux phases. De plus, l’installation de cellules de flottation de dernière génération au Mexique, au Chili et dans d'autres pays témoignent de la volonté de l'entreprise d'utiliser les technologies les plus récentes [1]. L'importance du cuivre dans la transition énergétique est évidente, l'accent étant mis à la fois sur la croissance et sur la protection de l'environnement. Cela se traduit par le développement d'usines de premier ordre dédiées aux pratiques durables.

May 2, 2024

By D. T. A. Symons, M. M. Kapnistos

"Gravity profiles were established over five known Middle Silurian pinnacle reef s in Lambton County, southwestern Ontario. The profiles were approximately 3 km long, with stations every 60 m. Four fairly recent technological developments were used which now make the gravity method relatively efficient and inexpensive compared to the techniques available two decades ago. These are: (1) a La Coste-Romberg model G gravimeter to measure the gravitational attraction with a sensitivity of 0.01 mgal; (2) a Sokkisha model B-2 semiautomatic engineers level to measure the station elevations with an accuracy of 0.5 cm; (3) a Huntec FS-3 hammer reflection seismograph to determine the overburden thickness to an accuracy of ± 7%; and (4) a modern microcomputer to process the data sets and mathematically filter the gravity values. Thus, two men can measure and analyze approximately 1 km of profile per day and obtain the residual gravity profile to an accuracy of ± 0. 05 mgal. Positive gravity anomalies of 0.17 to 0.72 mgal were observed along all five profiles that approximately delineate the dimensions of the known pinnacle reefs, which have an average height of 120 m, diameter of 1500 m and depth to top of 575 m. The relative ease of the gravity survey method makes it a cost-effective technique for hydrocarbon exploration in southwestern Ontario. IntroductionPinnacle reefs are important sources of oil and gas. Although the pinnacle reefs in southwestern Ontario are small, they may contain commercial pools of oil and gas because of their proximity to refineries. They are also useful for subsurface storage of gas to meet the winter surge in gas demand.At present, geophysical exploration for new pinnacle reefs is done primarily by relatively expensive seismic methods, which are also limited in southwestern Ontario by prohibitions on blasting. Gravity methods of exploration were attempted more than two decades ago in this region. (Pohly, 1954); however, the level of technology at that time made the method marginal in sensitivity and quite expensive. Several subsequent developments- gravimeters with greater sensitivity and operating ease, ""self-levelling"" levels for elevation control, hammer seismic reflection units for determining overburden thickness and portable microcomputers for efficient data analysis-have significantly improved the precision and cost effectiveness of the gravity method. Five known pinnacle reefs were selected in Lambton County, southwestern Ontario (Fig. 1), to test the effectiveness of integrating these developments to locate and define additional reefs. Isolated reefs were chosen to avoid the problem of the gravity effect s of one reef interfering with those of a neighbouring reef. The surveys were facilitated by choosing reefs with a concession road passing directly over them ."

Jan 1, 1980

By Donald MacFadgen

Since 1950, a total of 164 miles of levels and rooms have been roof-bolted in the collieries of the Dominion Coal Company. Roof bolting is an efficient and economic method of sup-port where heavy timber sets or steel booms are necessary for temporary roof support, or where conventional methods of support interfere with the passage of mechanical mining equipment. This paper discusses present roof bolting practices and special bolting applications. THE practice of roof bolting in be collieries of the Dominion Coal Company dates from 1950, when preliminary studies and experiments were carried out in a mechanized room and pillar section of Dominion No. 20 Colliery. These studies were made in close liaison with members of the United States Bureau of Mines who were conducting similar studies. Following the successful application of roof bolting in No. 20 Colliery, this method of roof support was introduced into other collieries

Jan 1, 1963

By Olivia Gamache

When working in remote and extreme environments, projects are faced with new challenges for engineering and project execution. This is heightened when also working in countries with a developing environmental regulatory framework, small skilled workforce available for recruitment, and minimal infrastructure such as power, roads, and water. There is an increasing realization that social and environmental aspects need to be built into project execution. Giving proper attention to these issues during project development and execution, and maximizing opportunities is an ongoing challenge.

May 1, 2013

By V. Polotski

Initiated and financed by the Canadian Space Agency, Micro-Rover Platform with Tooling Arm (MRPTA) project has targeted the development of a robotic system with remote control and autonomous navigation capabilities for testing a large variety of analogous planetary missions. Although developed for planetary exploration, the navigation system is highly suitable to such areas of application as construction and in mining. Autonomous navigation system is capable of moving the platform to predefined position(s)/orientation(s) while continuously mapping the terrain, assessing its traversability and choosing most appropriate path to follow. Designed according to the JAUS (Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems) framework, the system consists of several interconnected components. Following components are of particular importance: Pose Estimator (PE), Terrain Evaluator (TE), Map Manager (MP), and Path Planner (PP). The PE uses a minimal sensor configuration consisting of an azimuth gyroscope, inclinometer and wheel odometry. The PE provides reliable pose estimates in spite of pronounced slippage by employing extensive use of fused data. The TE uses a nodding laser scanner which continuously sweeps the area in front of the platform and constructs a ?traversability grid? (TG) of the surrounding area. Multiple TGs are constantly constructed along the platform motion path are combined into a terrain map maintained by the MP. The PP uses this map to compute a motion path Obtained path is executed by the motion controller and remains current until it is contradicted by the most recent map ? at which point it is re-planned. This paper addresses integration issues, lessons learned and also outlines the possible applications for construction and mining.

Aug 1, 2013

By C. Kim

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) data with infrared thermography has received much attention for its potential use as input data for building energy simulations. Therefore, researchers have proposed methods to integrate 3D data with infrared thermography obtained by different sensors. These studies show the potential of the integration of 3D data and infrared thermography using various systems. However, these studies have ignored property aspects of infrared thermography, such as the low resolution of infrared thermography and external environmental influences. Thus, their proposed methods to integrate 3D data and infrared thermography are inadequate because these problems can affect the resulting building energy simulation. This research proposes a framework that integrates infrared thermography and 3D data while accounting for the resolution and shadow effect of infrared thermography. The proposed framework consists of three steps. In the resolution enhancement step, bi-cubic interpolation is proposed. In thermal data correction from the shadow effect, the shadow area is detected from the visible image, and then the shadow effect is removed from the registered infrared thermography. Finally, enhanced infrared thermography is mapped to the 3D data obtained by a laser scanner. The performance of the proposed framework was evaluated using test images obtained from a building in operation. The experimental results show that the proposed framework provides a 3D thermal model that is useful and accurate in simulating building energy. It is expected that the 3D thermal model can be used for accurate energy simulation of existing buildings. In addition, the proposed framework can be applied in defect detection for buildings. Furthermore, this novel approach enhances infrared thermography using visible images.

Aug 1, 2013