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By Donald J. MacNeil

THE opinion, based upon geological knowledge, that certain areas within the Province of Nova Scotia might yield commercial quantities of petroleum, is not new. It dates back to at least 1864, when the Pioneer Oil and Salt Company drilled some shallow holes in search of oil near lake Ainslie, Cape Breton. As a matter of fact, several companies were engaged in oil exploratory work near lake Ainslie at about that time; included among them were the Inverness Oil and Mining Company, the Victoria Oil Company, the American Oil Company, and the Cape Breton Oil and Mining Company. Oil exploration by these and other companies was conducted sporadically on Cape Breton island until 1914. In several instances, the depth of the test holes exceeded 1,000 feet; the deepest was carried to 3,260 feet. The Lake Ainslie area was selected because oil seepages were present along certain sections of the lake shore, but the tests that were drilled to tap the oil-bearing zone failed to yield anything of commercial value. Currently, there are three areas in Nova Scotia wherein active exploratory work is being conducted, namely, at Pugsley Siding close to Amherst; at Kennetcook, Hants county; and near Mabou, Inverness county. The Pugsley Siding test is being drilled by the Sun Oil Company, of Philadelphia; the work at Kennetcook is under the direction of the Nova Scotia Oil and Gas Company; two relatively deep holes were drilled by the Lion Oil Refining Company in 1944 near Mabou, and, as a result of the additional geological information derived therefrom, another test probably will be drilled by this Company in the same area. Aside from these activities in the search for petroleum, the oil possibilities of several other sections of the Province are being studied by means of surface geological mapping.

Jan 1, 1945

By Lewis Finch

Oil and .gas reservoirs exist under pressure within the pore spaces of rock structures or traps. Wells are drilled to produce these reservoirs. Under primary operation, the natural energy of expanding fluids in and adjacent to the reservoir forces or drives oil and gas to the wells. There are three basic sources of energy: dissolved gas, water, and gas cap. Typical recovery by primary methods is only 10 to 25 per cent of the oil in place for the dissolved gas drive but is generally higher for the others. Secondary recovery involves the injection of water or gas to supplement natural energy, thereby increasing recovery over that obtainable by primary operation alone. In many cases ultimate recovery with secondary methods is 1.2 to 2.0 times the expected primary recovery. The type programme adaptable in a field depends on its 'primary performance and on certain reservoir characteristics. In the United States, application of secondary recovery methods is becoming increasingly important. About 22 per cent of United States oil production now comes from fields in which injection projects are operating. In 1953, nearly 1.4 million barrels of oil daily came from such fields, more than double the amount in the early 40's. Ultimate primary recovery from known pools is estimated at roughly 73 billion barrels. Secondary recovery projects already in operation will increase this to almost 80 billion, an increase of almost 10 per cent. Unitized secondary recovery projects have been very successful. From unitized projects alone, industry reserves of oil in the United States have been increased by 3 1/2 billion barrels. In Canada, secondary recovery has not been so wide spread mainly because D-3 reef reservoirs which have held the major reserves are under water drive. However, appreciable amounts of water are being injected in the Redwater D-3, Leduc D-2 and Joarcum Viking reservoirs, and gas in the Golden Spike D-3. In both countries, possible achievements in increased recovery through secondary recovery methods now in use and by new ones which may be developed through research and field trial are a challenge to the scientist and the industry.

Jan 1, 1956

By Victor F. Hollister

Elemental sulphur occurs as aformational sedimentary deposit in Upper Devonian Wabamun evaporites near Coronation, Alberta. The deposit developed in a stratigraphic jacies-change lrap; it is assumed that petroleum reacted with anhydrite to form sulphur, calcite, hydrogen sulphide and other reaction products. The deposit contains about 362,800 tonnes of sulphur and lies at a depth of 1200 m. The Coronation deposit is expected to be geologically typical of such other native sulphur deposits as may be found in Wabamun Group sediments. Widespread sour gas sulphur production f rom the Wabamun suggests the possibility that additional native sulphur deposits will ·be found.

Jan 1, 1984

By CIMVAL

This Code for the Valuation of Mineral Properties (the “CIMVAL Code”) is the result of a review more than a decade after the release in 2003 of the “Standards and Guidelines for Valuation of Mineral Properties” (the "2003 Standards"). The purpose of the review is to update the 2003 Standards to reflect domestic valuation, international valuation, and regulatory developments. The CIMVAL Code was adopted by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum (the "CIM") Council on November 29, 2019. The CIMVAL Code supersedes the 2003 Standards. The 2003 Standards were dated February 2003 and were adopted by the CIM Council on March 9, 2003 as the first comprehensive set of standards for Valuation of Mineral Properties in the Canadian mining industry. The 2003 Standards followed recommendations of the Mining Standards Task Force of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the Ontario Securities Commission, where in its Final Report (January 1999), the CIM was specifically asked to form a committee of valuation practitioners to review and advise on standards for the Valuation of Mineral Properties. The Special Committee on Valuation of Mineral Properties ("CIMVAL") was created on May 5, 1999 with the mandate to recommend standards and guidelines for Valuation of Mineral Properties to be used by the mining industry in general. The CIMVAL Code is limited to the Valuation of Mineral Properties (including any interests therein) and does not cover valuation of corporations or other entities that hold Mineral Properties as assets. The CIMVAL Code does not cover petroleum and related assets. CIMVAL recommends that the CIMVAL Code be followed for all Valuations of Mineral Properties, including those required by securities administrators and stock exchanges. However, when a Valuation is required under the applicable rules of securities administrators or stock exchanges, such rules prevail to the extent of any inconsistency.

Nov 29, 2019

By F. W. Gray

A GEOLOGICAL study seeking to determine, for economic purposes, the value of the Sydney coalfield as a source of coal supply. Limitations of the coalfield come under two main heads: (a) Areal extent of the undersea coalfield. (b) The distance from shore at which coal can be mined at a cost of production permitting its profitable sale. Conclusions reached are that the areal extent of seams below the Phalen seam is of. small economic importance, and that non-persistence of these seams in full thickness and quality in the undersea extension of the coalfield will put an end to profitable mining before any limitations connected with distance from the shore-line become operative. With respect to the Phalen seam, non-persistence or deterioration of the seam will become effective in the western part of the coalfield, and less certainly in the eastern part of the coalfield, before operation of limitations by distance from shore. In the central portion of the coalfield, the seam probably persists in commercially workable thickness and quality to beyond the limit of mining set by distance from the shore-line. With respect to the seams above the Phalen seam between the Mountain fault on the extreme western boundary of the coalfield and the assumed termination of the deposition area on the eastern extremity of the field near South Head of Morien, there appear to be only such limitations as arise from engineering approach, distance from shore, sufficiency of strata cover between the sea-floor and the upper coal seams, and quality of the coal (with certain reservations as to the continuity of the upper seams under Sydney harbour and in the Sydney Mines-Little Bras d'Or district). Some of these seams have fragmentary land outcroppings from which their persistence seaward is assumed, and there may be other and still higher seams in the strata column which are entirely submarine.

Jan 1, 1941

By H. J. McQueen

Large-scale industrial production of pipe began with longitudinal hot pressure welding of wrought iron by passage of skelp (narrow strip with beveled edges) through a die or bell that curled it about a longitudinal axis until the edges were forced together. Such small to medium tubes could be reduced by rolling or drawing; with threaded connections, they were excellent for distribution of clean water and of illuminating gas for street, home and industrial lighting. Although steel lacks the fluxing slag for pressure welding it has hot strength similar to iron; hot-pressure bell welding was advantageously transferred to steel in long coiled strip with 50% higher cold strength. For pipe without weld-line defects, hot cupping followed by Pilger mill rolling produced tubing that revolutionized bicycle quality and high-pressure service for boilers and chemical processing. Mannesman hot rotary piercing produced long thick walled tube that permitted reduction or expansion by rolling to provide pipe sections up to 60 cm diameter and 12 m long. During 1910 - 1940, oil and gas pipeline technologies, notably welding evolved markedly as they proliferated in the United States, in response to far-flung petroleum fields, expanding industry consumption and the automobile revolution. In the Second World War combat pipelines were laid rapidly, such as: the Canol line through the Yukon to Alaska, and fuel supply lines across the channel and through liberated France. Perfection of welding techniques for both longitudinal and spiral weld large diameter pipe in combination with controlled-rolling of micro-alloyed steels made possible reliable Arctic pipelines. The development of pipe production and utilization in Canada is recounted. The fabrication techniques and metallurgical controls are explained.

Jan 1, 2005

By Y. Chengxian, F. Yaorong, Xinzhe. L.

Many factors about the HIC (hydrogen-induced cracking) resistance of pipelines are discussed in this paper. The main factors that influence the ability of HIC are environmental and material factors. The chemical compositions, non-metal inclusions and microstructure are discussed in detail, while a group of tests on HIC resistance are done according to varying C, S, Mn and P contents in pipeline steels, different experiment time and different strength to the coupon. It is concluded that decreasing the amount of C and S can obtain good HIC resistance; the test time has an effect on the different microstructure of X70; microstructure is the most sensitive factor for the initiation processes of HIC.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. Hussain

PAPER NOT SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION

Jan 1, 1987

By Colin Harvey

The paper industry in the Pacific Northwest is a potentially large market for industrial clays. Current trends within the paper industry towards higher quality newsprint, filled and coated papers, offers an incentive for exploration in the region since the current supply of kaolin is mainly from Georgia in the southeastern U.S. Freight rates commonly exceed US$100 per tonne. The kaolin resources of the Pacific Northwest require expensive processing technologies to meet the industry specifications and it is doubtful that any large development of the local resources can be supported at the present time. Competition from high-quality regional resources of carbonates is another factor weighing against the development of local kaolin resources while there is a potential threat from shipments ofAsian and Brazilian kaolin in the early part of the 21st century.

Jan 1, 2001

By G. A. Vissac

METHODS of coal preparation have been greatly developed and improved during the past few years. Under the pressing competition from substitutes that have been displacing coal as a source of heat or power, the coal industry has been able, in many cases, not only to hold its own but to regain much of the lost ground, by offering better products of a higher value. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a brief and simple form, the principles of the latest methods and machinery used in coal preparation, in order to enable the coal operator t0 select methods and equipment capable of solving his own problems in the most efficient and economical way. The paper will deal, in the main, .with coal cleaning. It must be emphasized, however, that a complete coal preparation study covers many other operations, such as handling, screening, de-dusting, dust-proofing, and ash-conditioning. Handling Coal From the producing face to the railway car, coal must be handled with great care, t0 prevent degradation, because the coarser sizes are not only easier to clean than fines but, for our markets, they are often the more valuable. Generally speaking, such care is less important or is unnecessary in the Old Country, where conditions are different. The best way to minimize breakage is to avoid gravity methods in coal transportation. All chutes in a preparation plant should be shaken mechanically, and cleaning processes requiring large surge bins must be avoided. De-Dusting De-dusting of coal is accomplished by the use of vibrating screens, fans, or classifiers, or by a combination of these. Fines below 1/32-in. (or coarser than this, with some coals) can very seldom be cleaned efficiently. Common practice is to discard them immediately, if the moisture content of the coal allows this to be done. Otherwise, they are liable to give unnecessary trouble, either in the form of dust or sludge, which are difficult to collect or to settle. Flotation is the only process which will effectively clean fines.

Jan 1, 1937

By Elmer Palmer

As part of the Goldcorp Inc growth plan Minera Peñasquito SA de CV has developed its polymetallic deposit with a large ?state of the art? concentrator to process lead and zinc ores. The plant consists of two grinding lines including 38ft diameter SAG mills and 24ft diameter ball mills. During mid to late 2009 concentrator commissioning activities commenced. First concentrates were produced in October 2009 and now the plant is meeting its design basis of 65,000 mtpd per line. This paper describes the design and operational experience to date for its grinding circuit design, together with the recently commissioned HPGR crushing circuit.

Jan 1, 2012

By Ben C. McLellan, Philip J. Bangerter, Andrew Murphy, Glen D. Corder, Damien Giurco

Sustainability now forms a critical part of metallurgical plant design. In addition to compliance with requirements and corporate principles, design engineers must also consider how community and societal responses to the metallurgical industry affect the way they design and build plants. Three broad areas to consider are: the design engineer’s contribution to sustainability through the design process and the relationship to the social license to operate (SLO)—the unwritten license communities give companies to safely and responsibly operate the plant and equitably share benefits; the realization of sustainability goals through methodologies emerging in the design activities; and the integration of design frameworks into a contemporary project design context and its investment objectives. This chapter explores sustainability in metallurgical plant design in the context of SLO, design tools and frameworks, and community and societal influences.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. H. Walsh

IN THE DEVELOPMENT of procedures for the separation of minerals, the choice of reagents for flotation is frequently determined by the extent to which a given mineral is wettable by water. Measurements of the contact angle of an air bubble on wet mineral surfaces are often used in the laboratory to estimate the wettability of the surface. For the results of these measurements to be reproducible, the surface of the mineral must be polished to a mirror-like smoothness and must be free from oily contamination. Elaborate procedures for preparing mineral surfaces have been developed by Wark ( 1) and Taggart (2), and these procedures have been generally accepted as adequate for their purpose. The polishing techniques, how-ever, have certain inherent disadvantages which make it impossible to assess the effects of polishing, entrained abrasive, and adsorbed gases on the wettability of the mineral surface.

Jan 1, 1957

By C. E. Baltzer, W. H. Harper

"This study has been developed to illustrate the trend and pattern of distribution applying to the quantities and costs of the fossil fuels used, and the related amounts of electricity generated, in the thermal segment of the Canadian electric utility industry.Traditionally, Canada's requirements for electric energy have been preponderantly met by hydraulic power. The need for augmented supplies of thermally generated power has mainly developed since the close of World War Il-in an era that has seen drastic decline in the production of indigenous coal and buoyant expansion in the supply of oil and natural gas. Although coal currently is faced with serious competition from the fluid fuels, the utility industry in particular promises an advancing market for coal, because of its abundant resource, at prices less likely to show sharp increase. For Canada as a whole, this trend has been progressive since 1959, and, unbelievable as it may now seem, the extent of the advance by 1975, particularly in Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, may well be as much, or even more, than the present rate of consumption for all purposes.The text and the tables and charts are arranged to focus attention on: the growth of thermal genera ting capability; the historical trend in consumption of fuel and the related production of electricity; patterns of distribution by types of fuel and thermal capacity; the relationship of steam to other sources of thermal capacity; and the quantities, costs and related percentages of electricity generated by types and kinds of fuel used, both regionally and provincially."

Jan 1, 1966

By J. D. Robertson

An in situ water sampling device has been developed to measure biologically-available or “labile” metals in natural waters and effluents. The active mechanism involves the use of a polyacrylamide gel layer to quantitatively control metal transfer to a trace-metal-adsorbing, gel-imbedded resin. Because the resin only adsorbs free metal ions (the gel sampler methodology is a kinetic speciation technique), and because metal bioavailability is related to the free-ion activity, the device provides a direct measure of the biological-availability of metals in the environment sampled. The prototype consists of a layer of ion-permeable polyacrylamide gel which separates the solution to be sampled from an ion exchange resin. Because approximately 90% of the polyacrylamide gel is water, mass transport through the gel is diffusion-controlled, and is therefore well defined. Metal ions are rapidly bound by the resin, creating a steep concentration gradient in the gel. The amount of labile trace metal that accumulates on the resin can be related directly to the concentration of the metal in solution, the exposure time and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the labile species. In addition, the passive nature of this device affords it the potential to address many of the limitations presented by conventional sampling methods, such as sample contamination introduced during collection or filtration and changes in trace metal speciation prior to analysis. Laboratory studies and limited field trials indicate that the sampler behaves as anticipated and illustrate that biologically- available metal concentrations in many environments are a small fraction of the total concentrations and often significantly less than the dissolved concentration. The implications of this on regulatory criteria are discussed. Additional field trials and correlation with bioassays are currently underway.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. J. Cheung, V. N. Kazakidis

ABSTRACT Seismicity and rockburst problems in hard-rock mines negatively impact safety and profitability. The authors propose a design risk methodology as a relative risk assessment for underground excavations vulnerable to rockburst damage. It considers rock mass conditions relating to mininginduced stress, geological structure, rock mass properties, and mining influence. Application of the methodology to rockburst cases involving seismically active fault zones at the Craig mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, demonstrates that design changes can reduce exposure and economic risks. Mines with high geotechnical risk can use the design risk methodology to evaluate design alternatives as a risk management strategy.

Jan 1, 2014

By L. D. Roper

"This paper introduces novel comminution flowsheet concepts involving a novel apparatus, eccentric-high-pressure-centrifugal-comminution (eHPCC), and forthcoming advantages to the international mineral processing community. eHPCC is one-machine synergising high-pressure-rolling surfaces, high-intensity-attrition and centrifugal classification. eHPCC has demonstrated: an absorbed power- intensity of 4 MW/m3; receipt of lump feed whilst producing 80% of product particles less than (p80) 120 µm (choke-fed, dry, open circuit without grinding media; an inert comminution environment); tramp metal tolerance, and a minimum embodied-free-energy saving of 15% as compared against conventional comminution (this comparison withstanding 133-times difference in throughput). Furthermore, this paper introduces: process design and operating characteristics of eHPCC (wet, dry, with and without grinding media); reline considerations (vertical-lift without confined-space). The international mineral processing community is invited to consider eHPCC as an alternative to conventional comminution circuits and/ or complimentary so as to enhance existing process flow sheets.INTRODUCTIONEccentric-high-pressure-centrifugal-comminution (eHPCC) was conceived in 2013 (Patents pending) and has the potential to eliminate the in-efficiencies and complexity of conventional tumbling mill circuits. During the development and testing phase eHPCC demonstrated improved energy efficiency and sustainability offsets.eHPCC will compliment any upstream feed source, be it run-of-mine (ROM), primary crushed rock, or any other conventional comminution stream such as tumbling mill oversize. Another novelemerging technology, Conjugate Anvil-Hammer Mill (CAHM) (Nordell and Potapov, 2011), receiving ROM, will be a complimentary open-circuit feed to eHPCC for very high throughput flow-sheets.eHPCC may compliment downstream process requirements through selective mineral liberation. Selective mineral liberation is entirely feasible as the ore is comminuted upon itself (autogenously) in the high pressure zone caused by the synchronous rotating components."

Jan 1, 2016

By B. K. Mishra, P. Patnaik, B. C. Tripathy, I. N. Bhattacharya

Cobalt is an essential metal considering its numerous industrial applications. The demand for the metal is increasing due to its wide range of use in, for example, rechargeable batteries and as an alloying element in super alloys. Cost effective production of Co is critical. Electrowinning from aqueous sulphate solutions is the preferred technology available for the production of Co. Attempts are being made to produce uniform, smooth and bright deposits of cobalt metal. Use of organic additives in the electrolytic bath improves current efficiency and deposit morphology of the metal. We investigated the effect of quaternary amines TEABr, TPABr and TBABr during cobalt electrowinning from aqueous sulphate solutions. Among the additives studied, TEABr yielded the best results. Smooth and bright deposits of cobalt were obtained at low concentration of TEABr (10 mg/L) maintaining a very high current efficiency of 99.6%. X-ray crystallography indicated that (100) is the most preferred plane of crystal growth.

Jan 1, 2014

By W. A. Jones

Purpose of Paper Geophysics is a highly developed science which has found a wide use in industry. Perhaps the most spectacular application has been in the field of oil exploration. It has been estimated that, up to the end of 1939, geophysics was responsible for the discovery of five billion barrels of oil. In 1944, the sum o $40,000,000 was expended for geophysical work in the search for new oil deposits. Although the metal mining industry has so far made comparatively little use of the science, it is becoming increasingly common for the exploration engineer or geologist to be required to co-operate with the geophysicist. Many papers dealing with applied geophysics have been published but in most of them advanced training in physics and mathematics on the part of the reader has been assumed. It is difficult for the average engineer to obtain a ready understanding of the equipment, field procedure, and scope and limitations of the science from the literature. The present paper attempts to describe briefly and in simple terms the principles underlying magnetic, self-potential, and electrical resistivity methods and their application to a field problem. Introduction Geophysics is concerned with the study of gravity, magnetism, natural earth currents, earthquakes, vulcanism, and many other natural phenomena. The methods, originally devised for the measurement, for scientific purposes, of the forces associated with such phenomena have been adapted to the search for buried deposits of economic value. If the body sought has large dimensions and distinctive physical properties, geophysical measurements may reveal associated, and in some cases quite characteristic, anomalous features. However, in many instances the mass cannot be indicated directly but has a common association with geological features which can be defined by physical measurements. Although such surveys cannot specifically identify oil, metalliferous minerals, or other commercially valuable substances, it is possible to delineate anomalous sub-surface physical features which, with the help of geological information, can be assessed as possible or probable indications of the body or structure sought. The nature and extent of the material causing an anomaly, and its economic importance, can only be determined by further exploration, such as drilling.

Jan 1, 1947

By Iwueze Anaekperechi Rose

The International Labor Organization has declared mandatory adequate provision of safe workplace and safety for all workers in all occupations including the mining sector. Early scientists like Agricola (1559) who studied the health of Miners, found that there are peculiar health problems associated to their work and working environment. This unsafe working condition was one of the major factors that resulted to the Industrial revolution in England and eventually led to the establishment of regulations and laws guiding operations in all workplaces and workers in England and all over the world. Recent studies by Heinrich suggested chains of events of safety issues in the mining sector. Occupational injuries, accidents and ill health have huge social and economic implications on workers, their families and communities. Top mining top issues are respiratory diseases, noise, explosives, ventilation, fire, and explosion. However, one of the principal mechanisms for achieving Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) goals and mapping the future is government regulations of employers. In Nigeria, the situation is not different; mining operations are equally hazardous and have far reaching implications. In 1995 the Ministry for Solid Minerals was established to focus on the development of other categories of mineral products ranging from gold, coal, uranium, and tantalum deposited across the country. Prior to this an Act of Parliament Act Cap 121 of 1946, was in place to regulate amongst other contents mining safety. This was subsequently reviewed following the incidence of Lead poisoning resulting from small scale miners processing gold ore highly contaminated with lead in Zamfara state (northern Nigeria). Hundreds of children died as a result of exposure to lead poisoning, it was clear that the regulations were not sufficient (details to be discussed). However, advances have been achieved in mining engineering since then. A review team was constituted to provide a more stringent law to regulate mining operations in Nigeria. The strategies for mapping the future of OHS in mining engineering will employ amongst others setting and adopting ISO/ILO standards and enforcement; providing technical assistance; and establishing sustainable developmental structures as surveillance and compensation. The management systems approach was also developed as a result of cases of accidents. The accepted international standards guidelines and requirements will be proposed. Furthermore in mapping the future for Mining Engineering, it is suggested that most countries have their own management strategies and legislation to improve safety of workers through greater consistency and efficiency of OHS programs. Some American researchers came up with the Safety Engineering Model. The Australian Mining Council of mineral and petroleum resources after the Catastrophic Maura Disaster developed the National Mine and Safety Framework. In Canada, after the Hillcrest mine disaster in 1914, Allan shaft coal mine catastrophe in 1918, Westray mine explosion in 1992 and other disasters, Occupational Health and Safety Act R.R.O 1990 was sufficiently developed to provide adequate safety conditions and standards. In Nigeria after the disastrous Zamfara lead poisoning, which claimed the lives of hundreds of children due to exposure and lack of appropriate safety measures, stringent measures were developed by the federal ministry of Justice to address and regulate mining process in Nigeria.

Aug 1, 2013