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WHOEVER has occasion to judge tin in its whiteness from the testimony of his eyes alone would surely believe it to be purest silver, or something that comes very near to it in nature. This is even more so when, on handling, it is found to be harder than lead, to which it can be said to have a greater and closer resemblance. But whoever has actual experience with tin knows that none of the other metals is less similar to it than silver. For silver mixes with every metal, as does gold; and they unite together, and the others do likewise; and except for their color they change their natures but little. But this metal tin, wherever it is found, acts like a powerful poison which envenoms and corrupts the others; and it does this not only with large quantities but also with every small amount; indeed just the trace remaining where it has been melted is enough to embrittle silver and gold as well as iron and copper. The greater the quantity of it in these, the greater are its effects. Speculators of natural causes say that this fact arises from its great wateriness, which is very subtle and poorly decocted and almost like that of quicksilver. This wateriness, then, by means of its subtlety which joins itself with metals, imposes itself into that unctuous and viscous material which renders them flexible, and thus deprives them of their toughness

Jan 1, 1942

By W. E. Hubbard

The Panhandle area of northwest Texas embraces the northern portion of the Permian Basin of Texas as well as a considerable portion of the western part of the Anadarko Basin of Oklahoma. For the purpose of this report it will include in addition to the 20 counties of the Panhandle proper the two tiers of counties lying to the south, a total area of about 32,000 square miles. Crossing the Texas Panhandle diagonally from northwest to southeast is the Amarillo Arch, related to which is all of the production discovered to date. Oil Production Up to Jan. 1, 1930, the Panhandle has produced about 125,000,000 bbl. of oil. The peak yearly production occurred in 1927, during which period 49,000,000 bbl. were produced. In 1928 the production fell to 25,000,000 bbl., but in 1929, on account of important discoveries in Gray County, the total increased to 31,000,000 bbl. To date Hutchinson County has produced 64 per cent. of the total. Table 1 shows the total yearly production by counties. The present production of the Panhandle is 100,500 bbl. from 1745 wells or an average of 57.6 bbl. per well compared to a production on Jan. 1, 1929, of 59,748 bbl. from 1468 wells or an average of 40.7 bbl. per well. The peak production of the year occurred during the week

Jan 1, 1930

By F. Julius Fohs

A comparative balance sheet for 1924 and 1925 follows: 1925 1924 Barrels Barrels Gross production..................................... 763,000,000 714,000,000 Imports of crude oil.................................. 62,005,000 77,776,000 Imports of refined oil................................. 16,263,000 16,470,000 Total......................................... 841,268,000 808,246,000 Surplus supply....................................... 25,000,000 30,246,000 Indicated domestic demand........................... 704,465,000 667,000,000 Exports crude oil.................................... 13,353,000 17,913,000 Exports of refined oil................................. 98,450,000 93,087,000 Total......................................... 816,268,000 778,000,000 Stocks, Dec. 31 (crude 410,654,000).................... 538,000,000 513,000,000 These figures show an increase of 49,000,000 bbl. in production and little change in oil imported; 37,000,000 bbl. greater apparent domestic consumption and actually greater utility in consumption, due to increased gasoline production by cracking; and 1,000,000 bbl. more crude and refined oil exported in 1925 than 1924, representing a total apparent increased demand of 38,000,000 bbl. The excess of demand over supply in 1925 was 25,000,000 bbl. The increase of stocks over those at the close of 1924 was 25,000,000 bbl. Of the stocks on hand at the close of 1925, about 82,000,000 bbl. in California were not refinable. Imports from Mexico and South America It would not be surprising if, by 1930, we should actually welcome the imports from Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Argentina and Trinidad. If these States produce 155,000,000 bbl. and use, perhaps, 30,000,-

Jan 1, 1927

By Wayne Anderson

Regarding the technical paper by Thomas E. Finch and Edward L. Fidler, "Recovery of Stray (Thin) Seams in Western Coal Mining." I would like to comment on this subject. In western Canada, most strip mines encounter thin seam coal or rider seams. Although the paper addresses the problems and costs associated with the recovery of this coal, it does not take into account what the savings are. Without looking at the savings, the "Total Objective" is of course not clear. I feel that in a stripping operation the mine can spend per ton (of the thin seam) up to their dragline stripping costs per ton to recover a rider seam or thin seam. The reasoning behind this is simply that this is the price the mine will have to pay to expose an equivalent amount of coal without the recovery of these thin seams. If the mine can recover a rider seam or thin seam for less than the dragline operating costs per ton, a savings will be realized. By recovering a thin seam or rider seam, the life of an ore body is extended by that amount of coal not thrown away. In addition, the cost of land acquisition, associated permits, capital, and reclamation will be reduced as more coal is delivered for a given area. When the above points are considered, the recovery of these thin seams can be very profitable and indeed worth recovering.

Jan 1, 1983

A group of prominent engineers and contractors of Chicago and vicinity have cooperated in forming a Joint Committee on Military Engineering. The founders are members of all of the leading engineering and contracting organizations of Chicago, including the local branches of the national engineering societies. The purposes of the Committee are to further military preparedness among engineers, contractors and their associates by the following means: (1) Courses of lectures; (2) assigned reading; (3) studies and practical instruction in military engineering;. (4) assisting engineers to qualify as officers in the National Reserve Corps of Civilian Engineers; (5) urging enlistment in and support for engineer troops of the National Guard and such other organizations as the Government may create; (6) furthering instruction in military engineering in training camps and the attendance in them of those qualified; (7) by such other means as from time to time may be deemed advisable. The Joint Committee has already prepared a program covering the vital points outlined. To date the program is practically complete for a period extending from April 20 to July 25. Something of interest will be taken up each week, including lectures by Lieutenant-Colonel W. B. Judson, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army; two lectures by Major P. S. Bond, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army; Lieutenant-Colonel Mason M. Patrick, Engineer Corps, U. S. Army, and several exhibition drills, terrain exercises and inspection trips under the direction and guidance of various officers of the Engineer Troops of the Illinois National Guard. Additions to the program will be made from time to time. '

Jan 5, 1916

The Fifth Annual National Exposition of Chemical Industries will be held in Chicago at the Coliseum and First Regiment Armory during the week of Sept. 22. It was decided to hold the exposition in Chicago, this year, for two reasons: The U. S. Army commandeered the Grand Central Palace Exposition Building in New York, immediately on the close of the last exposition and converted it into a receiving hospital, the use for which is now, happily, nearly ceased; and it was thought that the Exposition would succeed in bringing about a greater development of chemical industries in the Chicago district and the adjoining states. The Advisory Committee of the Exposition consists of: Charles H. Herty, Chairman, Editor Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry; Raymond F. Bacon, Director, Mellon Institute; L. H. Baekeland, Member Naval Consulting Board; W. D. Bancroft, President, American Electrochemical Society; Henry B. Faber, Industrial Filtration Corpn.; Ellwood Hendrick, President, The Chemists' Club; Bernard C. Hesse, Chemist, General Chemical Co.; A. D. Little, President, Arthur D. Little Inc.; Wm. H. Nichols, President, American Chemical Society; R. P. Perry, Vice-president, The Barrett Co.; H. C. Parmelee, Editor Chemical &; Metallurgical Engineering, G. W. Thompson, President, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; T. B. Wagner, Vice-president, U. S. Food Products Corpn.; M. C. Whitaker, President, U. S. Industrial Chemical Co.; and Charles F. Roth and Fred W. Payne. There is also added a special Chicago committee consisting of L. V. Redman, W. D. Richardson, A. V. H. Mory, Carl S. Minor, F. W. Willard, and Wm. Hoskins; the managers, as in the past, are Charles F. Roth and Fred W. Payne.

Jan 6, 1919

By D. S. Kingery, D. W. Mitchell

Experience in Europe indicates that the control of dust production and dissemination by water or foam systems is not successful except during undercutting. Cybulski, Dawes, and DeBraaf-respectively Director, Mines Research Establishment "Barbara", Katowice, Poland; Principal Scientific Officer, Safety in Mines Research Establishment, Sheffield, England: and Chief, Central Mines Research Establishment, Hoensbroek, Treebeek, The Netherlands-believe that wetted dust becomes readily dispersible and abatement measures should be considered only as a temporary means for reducing the health hazard. In an effort to reduce the health hazard, calcium chloride is used on the floor of main haulageways in Dutch mines and water infusion is practiced in Germany in mines where the coal is relatively porous. With respect to wet coal dust, the Belgians, British, Dutch, French, and Russians reportedly have accepted the results of research from the Polish and American experimental mines on the effectiveness of water as an inert in arresting explosion propagation. The Polish use the two test methods proposed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for evaluation of the adequacy of wetness of mine dust; they require that water be added to the wet dust to maintain a minimum of 50% moisture by weight if dependence is placed on water alone.

Jan 7, 1964

By P. K. Guerrero, Nathaniel Arbiter

The correlation of power consumed by a tumbling mill with the dimensions, speed, and load has been attempted by three principal methods. One of these, the torque formula, has been reviewed critically elsewhere. This approach, while analytical, disregards the individual motion and speed of the tumbling bodies and assumes that the gross geometry of the entire load is sufficient to establish the power requirement. A more general approach, using dimensional analysis, has been applied in this laboratory by the present authors, and more recently by Rose. This disregards the internal conditions within the mill entirely and in effect is an empirical procedure for correlating data. Finally, the complete analysis of tumbling mill dynamics as first made by Davis attempts to develop the power requirement from individual ball and rod paths and velocities. Although Davis' result is applicable only at a single speed for a given size and load it could be useful, since his optimum speed is at the upper limits of conventional tumbling mill practice. Where power values predicted by the Davis equation were compared with actual mill requirements, they were found too low for small mills and much too high for the largest mills. This suggested that the agreement with actual intermediate range requirements might be fortuitous, and the development of the equation was examined critically.

Jan 5, 1960

By William P. Blake

The attention of travellers, upon the desert bordering the Great Colorado of the West, is often arrested by broad stretches of pebble-covered plains, or mesas, glittering in the sunlight from the myriads of polished surfaces, giving, at a distance, the appearance of a sheet of water. It is not alone the well-rounded, polished surface of these pebbles which commands attention, but, in addition, their nearly black or darkbrown color; and, above all, their uniform distribution in a level sheet, covering the plain in a continuous layer or pavement like a vast mosaic without sand or soil. Hundreds of square miles along the lower Colorado, especially in Yuma county, Arizona, and on the borders of the Colorado Desert in California, are thus covered. It is evident that the former cxtent of such pebbly plains was much greater than now, for the continuity of the mesa is broken into by the numerous dry arroyos or " washes " formed during exceptional showers or deluging rains. In some places there is an underlying bed of pebbly conglomerate, a mixture of pebbles and sand; in others the pebbles rest on a sandy, earthy foundation. The rounded pebbles are distinctly alluvial in origin, and pertain to the ancient Colorado drainage system; but it is not comprehensible that such regular layers of polished pebbles could have been left by subsiding floods or river action. Attention was early directed by me to these remarkable plains, first examined in 1853, when exploring for the United States and seeking a practicable route for a railway to the Pacific coast.* The cut and polished surface of the pebbles

Jan 1, 1904

THE Institute assembled in the library of the Sheffield Scientific School at 8 o'clock, Tuesday evening, February 23d. Prof. G. J. Brush greeted the members present on behalf of the Government of the Sheffield School in a few words of cordial welcome, to which President Raymond responded. Dr. Raymond then delivered an address on the History of the Relative Values of Gold and Silver. The Council presented, through the President, a list of names of persons duly proposed for members and associates, with recom¬mendation for election. The following gentlemen were unanimously elected: *Prof. George J. Brush, - New Haven, Conn. *Prof. Oscar D. Allen, - New Haven, Conn. *C. Constable, - New York City. *Leven S Goodrich, - Oxmoor, Jefferson Co., Ala. *Charles J. Nourse, - Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. *J. W. Mickley, - Hockendauqua, Pa. *Hugh Alex. Crawford, - St. Louis, Mo. *General Ario Pardee, - Hazleton, Luzerne Co., Pa. †N. W. Lord, - New York City. †J. Holme Maghee, - New York City. *George E. B. Jackson, - Portland, Me. *Charles W. Watkis, - Salt Lake City, Utah. *Charles E. Hall, - Philadelphia. *Charles J. Duval, - San Francisco, Cal. †tJoseph Gorlinski, - Salt Lake City, Utah. *Alfred Wartenweiler, - Salt Lake City, Utah. †Wilmot J. Bowen, - Salt Lake City, Utah. *Joseph Stokes, - Trenton, N. J. †Jason P. Brown, - Boston, Mass. *William Davis Hartshorne, - Bethlehem, Hunterdon Co., N. J. *Henry Williams, - Spanish Bar, Clear Creek Co., Col.. *Robert Forsyth, - Chicago, Ill. *S. T. Wellman, - Cleveland, Ohio. *H. C. Walton, - Chicago, Ill. *Andrew Roy, - Columbus, Ohio. *James H. Rittenhouse, - Providence, Pa. * Members. † Associates

Jan 1, 1875

By J. L. Rodda

A large amount of time has been devoted to the microscopical study of the copper-zinc alloys, emphasis naturally being placed upon the commercially important alloys of the system. Suitable methods are available for microscopically recognizing the two phases richest in copper, but none appear to have been developed for the positive identification of the other phases. This is, however, accomplished, for the phases normally encountered, by an electrolytic method described in the following pages. Five phases of the copper-zinc diagram (Fig. I) are considered for the purpose of this paper: the solid solution of zinc in copper, alpha (a); the intermediate phases, beta (ß), gamma (?), and epsilon (e); and the solid solution of copper in zinc, eta (11). Beta prime is not considered a separate

Jan 1, 1937

By Steven Cordiviola, Richard Sergeant

The Kentucky Geological Survey(KGS) was established in 1854 as the official geologic research organization in the Commonwealth. Since that time the Survey has performed basic research in a number of geologic areas such as energy, applied geology, mineral resources, geologic mapping, and hydrogeology. Because of coal's importance to Kentucky, a significant part of the geologic data collected by the KGS is coal related. Coal-related data also occur in a variety of other KGS data sets such as the petroleum and water data files. To adequately respond to coal-related inquiries, the KGS maintains an inter- active, on-line data base in which various types of geologic and hydrologic information can be easily stored, retrieved, and manipulated. The KGS will continue to expand and update this data base through ongoing research, and by cooperating with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, U. S. Geological Survey, and University of Kentucky Institute for Mining and Minerals Research. Data in this comprehensive system is available to State, Federal, and local governments; industry; researchers; and the general public. These data facilitate coal exploration, mine planning and permitting, coal production, and research activities in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

Jan 1, 1983

PURPOSE OF STUDY The case study was initiated because of the very real need to provide the best mineral inventory block estimates possible for the relatively new Sacaton mine. Sufficient mining had been done and records kept whereby it was possible to test the various estimation methods against detailed blasthole samples taken during mining. Three estimation methods were selected for testing: (1) the polygonal method, (2) the inverse distance squared method (IDS), and (3) the geostatistical kriging method. The results of the comparative analysis was thought to have very practical application to the selection of extension functions for future estimation of grade for mineral inventory blocks. GENERAL GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION The porphyry copper deposit of the Sacaton open pit mine is related to small quartz monzonite intrusives of Laramide age which have been intruded into Precambrian granites. Both rock types act as host for the mineralization, which has been secondarily enriched sufficiently to constitute ore. The chalcocite enriched zone has been subjected to postenrichment oxidation processes with consequent partial destruction of the chalcocite blanket. Several mineralogical populations are represented in the total ore zone, but the blocks on the mine benches involved in the study were restricted to the top of the enriched zone. COMPUTATION OF MINERAL INVENTORY BLOCK ESTIMATES In order to make valid comparisons among the three estimation techniques, all of the inventories were prepared from diamond drill assay data used in the original engineering feasibility study. The data was taken from ex-

Jan 1, 1980

By T. M. Allen, W. H. White

THE Greenwood-Grand Forks area of southern central British Columbia, known as the Boundary District, has a long history of mining exploration and production. At the turn of the century this was the premier copper mining camp in the British Empire, its total production amounting to some 20 mil- lion tons. Most of this ore came from the great Granby mines at Phoenix, but the Motherlode mine at Deadwood camp, 6 miles to the west, and several mines in Summit camp, 5 miles north of Phoenix, made important contributions. The large deposits were exhausted in 1918 and the district since has seen only desultory exploration and salvage operations. The orebodies are mineralized skarn zones in limestone members of a thick series of Upper Paleozoic sedimentary and volcanic strata. Chalcopyrite is the primary ore-mineral. Copper carbonates and silicates occur sparingly in outcrops, but the oxidized zone generally is very shallow. Much of the surface is mantled by glacial drift which in most places ranges in thickness from 2 to 15 ft. In some of the hanging valleys, however, the glacial drift may be as much as 100 ft thick and may assume drumlin-like forms.

Jan 1, 1954

By H. M. Chance

THE present value of most coal properties resides largely in the coal remaining to be mined, which thus constitutes the most important asset. The object of this paper is to discuss methods commonly used in computing the value of mineable coal. To distinguish clearly between such coal values and the values of other property, the several kinds of property values may be divided into classes; this is necessary to avoid unintentional omissions of items of importance. VALUE OF COAL RESERVES Judicial decisions prescribe, and appraisers commonly accept, current sales value as the preferred means for determining the value of transferable property. With few exceptions a property is worth the sum that can be realized from its sale by a willing seller to a willing buyer, a sale in which compulsion urges neither party, and between whom there is no community of interest to fix a value; or it is worth at least as much as a responsible buyer will offer for it. Actual sales of like property or bids from responsible buyers for the property, or for substantially like property, are the best established methods for determining values. Only in the absence of such sales or bids can valuations by other methods be entertained, and only for reasons of weight can sales values be set aside. Sales of coal in the ground, as customarily carried out through lease, under royalty agreements, are therefore the most trustworthy means available for determining the value of coal reserves.

Jan 6, 1926

By Kent E. McElhattan

Selecting efficient machinery for an underground mining operation is a highly skilled art that still depends largely on human judgment and experience. In a coal mine, for example, there is no better way to predict the results of operating with a cutting machine or a continuous miner than to go underground with a sharp-pointed miner's pick. The trained eye can detect the depth of point penetration, cleavage planes, roof and floor strata, and many other conditions impossible to determine in a laboratory. Even so, however, an entirely new set of conditions may lie unexposed just a few feet behind the solid face. The candid truth of the matter is that practically nothing is known of the phenomenon of extracting a mineral from a solid. Consequently, the selection of mineral extraction machinery and systems must be based on results obtained elsewhere under apparently similar conditions. A recent study of the problem of equipment and system analysis was conducted in the coal mining regions of West Virginia. This state was chosen for study because it afforded representative sampling. The 172 coal mines investigated ecompassed seam heights ranging from less than 30 in. to over 84 in. and covered virtually all known coal mining conditions except two. The exceptions are the extreme pitch of coal seams in the western United States and British Columbia and the "bumps" encountered in the Rocky Mountains. Both of these extreme conditions are worthy of individual study.

Jan 7, 1969

The failure of finely-divided sulfide particles to respond to flotation has resulted in a significant loss of our natural resources. As mentioned by Professor Arbiter, the overall recovery of copper from porphyry copper ores is generally between 80 and 85 percent. The recovery of copper sulfides from these ores is about 90 percent, the difference in these recoveries being due to failure of oxide copper minerals to respond to flotation. The 10-percent loss of sulfide copper has not been studied. Losses are known to be in the fractions finer than 74 microns, but the sizes that are not responding to flotation have not been established. In the case of molybdenite, however, it is known that particles finer than about five microns are not recovered. Work in other systems, notably the hematite-quartz system, has shown that good flotation of very fine particles from natural ores is possible (1, 2). The size distribution of one ore that was researched is given in Table 1, and as shown, approximately 50 percent of the ore was finer than 10 microns. Flotation experiments were conducted with this ore, which contained 45 percent iron, utilizing octyl hydroxamate as collector and without any desliming (1). The results of these experiments are presented in Table 2. From the standpoint of mechanisms of collector adsorption, similarities exist between those occurring in the hydroxamate-hematite system and many xanthate-sulfide systems. .This is, multilayers of ferric hydroxamate are present on hematite under flotation conditions (1,3).

Jan 1, 1979

By Heinrich Siemes, Christa Hennig-Michaeli

The effect of temperature and orientation on the plastic behaviour of an impure titaniferous magnetite from Palabora (South Africa) has been investigated. Prismatic specimens were axially compressed along [001], [110] and [111]. The strain rate was about 3.10-6 s-1. Trace analyses of glide lines revealed a plastic anisotropy due to glide on several non-equivalent crystallographic planes. At 200 °C {111}<112> twinning, {111}<110> slip and {100}<011> slip have been operative. At 400 °C {111}<110> slip and {100}<011> slip are primary glide modes. {110}<110> slip seems to be a secondary glide mode in the [001] specimens at 400 °C. {III}<112> twin glide generates isolated sharp lamellae. {111}<110> slip produces smooth surface striae. {100}<011> slip is characterized by coarse and partially wavy slip bands. {I10}<110> slip displays faint remarkably equidistant glide lines. The critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) decrease with rise of temperature. The CRSS ratio of slip on [100) to slip on {lll} increases from 1.1 at 200 °C to 1.4 at 400 °C giving rise to a distinct flow anisotropy of the magnetite at 400 °C.

Jan 1, 1982

By V. R. Garflas, J. W. Ristori, R. V. Whetshel

Preliminary estimates indicate that world consumption of petroleum products and related fuels in 1937 shattered previous records with a figure of 1,920,000,000 bbl.; that is, 124,000,000 bbl. more than the 1936 total. The writers, as in previous years, have been unable to account for all the available supply in 1937. This "unaccounted-for" supply, which formerly was thought to go largely into storage in foreign countries, was close to 53,000,000 bbl. in 1933; 93,000,000 in 1934; 111,000,000 in 1935; 75,000,000 in 1936 and 148,000,000 in 1937. As this discrepancy between supply and demand continued year after year, it became evident that other reasons than additional foreign stocks were responsible for it. It can now be stated that the "unaccounted-for" supply (see Table 1) goes to take care of: (1) consumption of petroleum products and related fuels for military purposes, the figures of which have been and are kept confidential by foreign countries, (2) additions to stocks to be consumed for military and nonmilitary purposes in foreign countries on which likewise no information is available, (3) errors incurred in the conversion of figures of production of crude oil, its products and related fuels from "weight" units, as used in Russia, for instance, to their American or "volume" equivalents and vice versa, and (4) to the lack of reliable statistics on production and consumption, particularly from Russia, the

Jan 1, 1938

By William Glenn

Early in the last century, Isaac Tyson, Jr., of Baltimore, was a miner of ores of chromium, iron and copper, and a manufacturer of their products. He was first to erect in America, for the reduction of copper-ore, a German blast-furnace, which was copied largely, and the improved successors of which are now universally used in this country. Dying in 1862, he left his manufacture of alkali bichromates to his eldest son, Jesse, while his work in the departments of mining and smelting descended to his second son, James Wood Tyson, the subject of this notice. The father had mined chrome-ores in Maryland and Pennsylvania and manufactured their products at Baltimore; he had mined and reduced copper-ores in both these States; iron-ores at Tyson Furnace in SW. Vermont, and copper-ores in the northern and central parts of that State. Among his holdings was what later became the Ely mine, now called Copperfield. The son extended this work to central Georgia, and carried the family mining interests to the Pacific coast, where he took up chrome-mines in Oregon and elsewhere, as far south as southern California. On December 3, 1900, in the 73d year of his age, James Wood Tyson passed away, in his native city of Baltimore, charging his third son, James Wood Tysou, Jr., with the labors which, 38 years before, his father had resigned to him. Thus was the work of father and son in mining and metallurgy, continuing without interruption through almost

Jan 1, 1902