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By Warden A. Moller

The Fushun coal-field, now being opened up by the South Manchurian Railway Co., is connected with the main line by a branch, 30 miles long, from Sui Chia Tun, 10 miles south of hlukden, the oapital of Manchuria. The coal-field, which lies on the southern bank of the Hun river, 25 miles east of Xiukden, consists of a long narrow valley, running east and west between hills composed of granitic and volcanic rocks. At the foot of the northern hills, the Hun river flows westward towards the Liao river, which drains the greater part of South Manchuria. At the foot of the southern hills, resting immediately upon volcanic rocks, and overlain by 30 ft. of alluvium, is a thick layer of Tertiary shales, carrying near the base two coal-seams. In many places the lower of these two seams is in immediate contact with volcanic lavas and basalts, the flows of which were evidently both prior and subsequent to the formation of the coal-seams. This contact has practically destroyed the lower seam for commercial purposes. The value of the field lies in the upper seam, which, for a length of nearly 8 miles, varies from 100 to 130 ft. thick. Of this seam, 85 per cent. is good coal. The seam dips to the north conformably with the shales, at angles of from 25 to 30°, and appears to have an uninterrupted dip for about 1.5 miles before being possibly cut oft' by the northern hills. The coal-bearing shales extend east and west for a length of about SO miles, but towards the east the continuity of the seams is broken by intrusive rocks. The coal is of the sub-bituminous variety, low in ash, bright in appearance, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It has the usual qualities of Tertiary coal—quick steam-raising and poor stacking qualities. Pieces of resin, varging in size from

Jan 1, 1911

By M. C. Fuerstenau

Enrollment in the mineral engineering departments at many of our universities has decreased substantially over the past few years, a fact that is due to a number of reasons. Some of the more obvious reasons are: (l) lack of student stimulation in the classroom, (2) absence or lack of salesmanship by the mineral industry faculty, (3) minimal financial support of academic programs by industry (some companies have been very generous, while others have given nothing), (4) failure of some companies to utilize the engineering backgrounds of personnel, (5) salary in some instances, and (6) job location in some in- stances. As some of these problems have been recognized, appropriate steps have been taken to correct them. Only one of the reasons listed is not subject to change, and that is job location. One university' that found itself in the position of reduced enrollment in the mineral industries is the University of Utah. Since the author was in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at that university, and since data on enrollment and scholarship support have been published by that department, that department will be used for illustrative purposes to show the effect that active scholarship incentive can have on undergraduate enrollment. As Fig. I shows, there were approximately 35 total undergraduates in the department in 1966. Extrapolation of the freshman line from 1965 to 1966 (and previous years) suggested that no freshmen would be enrolled in metallurgical engineering by 1969 unless something drastic were done to alter the trend. In the Spring of 1966, 20 scholarships were offered to high school seniors as an incentive to enroll in metallurgical engineering. These scholarships were financed from a private endowment to the department, but at the present time industry is also contributing to the program. With these incentives, the department essentially doubled its total enrollment in three years, as shown in Fig. 1. Cornparison of this figure with the number of students on scholarships (Fig. 2) shows a direct correlation between undergraduate enrollment and the number of students on scholarship support.

Jan 1, 1970

On Dec. 8, 1916, at a meeting held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the John Fritz Medal was presented to Professor Elihu, Thomson, "for his achievements in electrical invention, in electrical engineering, in industrial development and,in scientific research." Professor Albert Sauveur presided. John J. Carty, chairman of the Presentation Committee of the Board of Award, made a short address-on the history and significance of the medal. He was followed by E. W. Rice, Jr., president of the General Electric Co., who spoke at length of the achievements of Dr. Thomson, whom he called "one of the world's most prolific and industrious inventors and scientists." Among other things, he said: "In the, field of electrical inventions alone, Professor Thomson has been awarded something over 550 United States patents, and in other fields; notably mechanical work, about 150 patent.,. he has made contributions to the world's scientific, and technical literature, in several hundred articles describing not only his own dis-coveries and inventions but making remarkably interesting contributions to scientific speculation and thought. "A skilled workman, he is always able himself to do the work which he asks others to perform. "His inventions are the result of such profound and accurate knowledge,. and developed with such skill, that they almost invariably work on the first, trial in accordance with expectation." Dr. Richard C. Maclaurin, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spoke of the personality of the man as well as of his accomplishments, as follows: "He has not only clone great things himself, but has shown ,in intense desire to help all who are struggling earnestly with scientific problems. He has proved an inspiration to an ever-widening circle of engineers and others who have entrusted him with their secrets and sought his help in overcoming their difficulties. They have done this knowing. that they had only to ask in order to get the full benefit of his

Jan 2, 1917

By E. A. Stephenson

In spite of tremendous handicaps notable advances in production engineering have been achieved during 1932. The technique of deep well drilling has continued to progress, notably in California and at Big Lake, Texas. In the latter field a method has been devised by which two grades of oil in contact with each other are produced without intermingling. In rig design many improvements have been made whose objective is to facilitate deep drilling with reduced power losses and increased life of the equipment. Flush joint casing and drill pipe have been improved further, careful tests indicating that the drilling time can be reduced by from 5 to 20 per cent where flush-joint pipe is used. Slow-speed pumping has come into wider use, with further increases in over-all efficiencies. A number of improved well pumps also have been developed and are being tested. One of the most important of these is a positive displacement pump of the rotary type, directly connected to an electric motor placed in the bottom of the hole, and adaptable to various sizes of tubing and casing. In some localities the trend is towards the replacement of electric motors and large-cylinder engines by multiple-cylinder gas engines. Experiments have been conducted and critical analyses made of flow conditions in wells equipped with various styles of tubing which give promise that tubing may be designed to fit individual well conditions. In those wells producing at less than maximum capacity, the gas-oil ratio has been shown to depend on the rate rather than on the method of production, or the design of equipment. Important factors in the design of screened pipe have been carefully analyzed and made the basis of a method for determining the required mesh. Remarkable progress has been made in the use of subsurface pressure data. In East Texas particularly, use of such data is providing a means for the control and equalization of water encroachment and is also pointing the way to a sound means of allocating to individual tracts an

Jan 1, 1933

R. B. BRINSMADE, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico (communication to the Secretary*) :-As I have previously considered the general equations for mine-valuation,1 I will here discuss only that part of Mr. Finlay's paper criticized by E. E. White, along with some of the general principles of mining taxation, under the following six topics: 1. Rate of interest earned by sinking-fund. 2. Rate of interest earned by investment. 3. Place of royalty item in valuation. 4. Place of taxation item in valuation. 5. Calculation of future ore-prices. 6. Valuation of undeveloped mining land. 1. Rate of Interest Earned by Sinking-Fund.-Mr. Denny's quoted opinion of a 3 per cent. rate is evidently based on English conditions before the Boer war. The great destruction of liquid capital by the great wars and catastrophes since 1897, along with the flood of gold and consequent rise in the average index of commodity prices, has undoubtedly increased the rate of interest at least one-half per cent. In the United States sound savings banks now allow 4 per cent. on deposits, while safe bonds are quoted at prices which yield even 5 per cent.. 2. Rate of interest Earned by Investment.-Gold-mines with uncertain and scanty ore reserves, the objects of Mr. Denny's quoted remarks, are quite different from iron,. copper, or coal mines with definite mineral reserves blocked out ahead by drilling or driving. While 10 per cent is often all inadequate yield from gold-mines, the latter class of mines are often, as safe as city real estate and resemble it as an investment in more ways than one.

Jan 10, 1913

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1, to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6.P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. T o these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be What is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 7, 1914

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The, time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued,-,and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 5, 1914

Discussion of the paper of L. O. HOWARD, presented at the Salt Lake meeting, August, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 91, July, 1914, pp. 1785 to 1790. E. P. MATHEWSON, Anaconda, Mont.-I would like to add a few words of praise on Mr. Howard's work at the Old Dominion. Mr. Howard has given this particular converter shell his personal attention, and the results are shown in the figures given. Similar converter shells, a little different in shape and of about the same size, have been tried in many plants throughout the United States. The results have been highly satisfactory, but there is no shell of the size of the one described by Mr. Howard that has given anything like the results that Mr. Howard's shell has given. I know of larger shells that have given very good service, and are still in operation, and require very little repair. The main thing about the whole process of using the basic lining in copper converting is to keep the temperature within reasonable bounds, particularly not to get the furnace too hot. If it is overheated a little bit, for say half an hour, an entire lining may be ruined. It is very easy to keep the temperature regulated 'if the mass is large. If you have a large mass in your converter you can easily prevent it from getting over-heated, and that is the big argument in favor of the extra large converters. Of course, there is a limit to what a plant can turn out in the way of matte. Very few plants can supply matte sufficient to keep a converter of 20 ft. in diameter in operation constantly, but the 20-ft. converter is very much superior to the 12-ft. converter in easy handling and absolute control of the temperature. I think Mr. Howard is to be congratulated on the excellent showing he has made.

Jan 12, 1914

By W. H. Forbes

As permissible explosives and electric detonators are now generally recognized as the only safe means of blasting in coal mines, this paper is limited to their use. Causes of Misfires There are many different causes of misfires, but the principal ones are as follows: 1. Explosives which have deteriorated through improper storage either at the storage magazine, the distributing magazine, or at the working face. This is not only true of the explosive itself, but also of its detonating agent. 2. Improper priming and charging at the working face. This commonly occurs when the explosives are handled by inexperienced persons. 3. Improper methods of tamping; the leg wires of the detonator may be abraded or broken by the tamping bar or stick, thereby causing a short or broken circuit. 4. Faulty leading wire, or electrical apparatus of insufficient strength to explode the detonator. Prevention of Misfires Storage is an important factor, especially with permissibles of a nitrate or ammonia base. Both explosives and detonators should be stored in substantially built, fire-resisting magazines and should be situated so that the minimum amount of moisture and heat is present. They should be so constructed that a constant supply of fresh air enters; the floor of the magazine should be raised to permit the circulation of air under the stored explosives. Boxes should be stored top side up and in such a manner that the old explosives are used before those of a later delivery. This eliminates chance of deterioration from lengthy storage. Detonators should be similarly handled and stored. The distributing magazine stock should be regulated so that not more than one day's supply is on hand.

Jan 1, 1930

By John Naughton

At the General Electric ResearchLabora-tories, we have been interested in the iron-manganese system and the effect of hydrogen on the properties of these alloys. Dr. H. H. Uhlig previously has presented some of these results.' We wish now to offer some other of the data that have a bearing on the subject of this symposium. In the determination of hydrogen in the iron-manganese system by any heating Method we are presented with the problem of the evaporation of volatile manganese and the consequent adsorption of hydrogen by this evaporated metal. It seems wise. therefore, to extract gas at as low a temperature as feasible. Consequently we chose the vacuum or hot extraction method for the analyses of these alloys. The apparatus used is shown in Fig. I. The design is a modification of the apparatus described by Holm and Thompson. To limit loss of hydrogen, samples are stored in a chamber immersed in liquid air. We recommend this procedure whenever there is a question of loss of hydrogen at room temperature. Thence they are moved to the quartz furnace by means of a small magnet, where they are heated by induction to 700' to 800°C. The extracted gas is removed by the circulating pump and placed in the known volume VI (or V2). The circulating pump has been described.3 It is so designed that in spite of the fact that the outlet portion of the pump is part of the known volume, this volume is affected neither by the speed of pumping nor by the pressure of stored gas. The pump also serves to circulate the gases for analysis. The analytical system consists of a

Jan 1, 1945

By J. L. Leland Myer

Some of the early experiments on the oxidation temperature of coal1 were undertaken in England in connection with a study of self-heating, or spontaneous combustion. It was then suspected that coals with low oxidation temperature were most likely to ignite by self-heating, but further experiments showed that many additional factors were involved. The oxidation temperature has importance as a physical property or characteristic of the coal. While only a few of the physical properties have been studied, they appear to have basic significance2 in the ultimate classification of all coals. When reliable data become available on the oxidation temperatures, as determined by standard and adequate methods, it should provide an additional basis for classification and comparative evaluation. Oxidation Temperature Defined For such a heterogeneous substance as coal is known to be, no simple definition of oxidation temperature can be established on a theoretical basis. If coals were homogeneous and of simpler structure, the accepted definition of "ignition temperature " as applied to simple gaseous mixtures might be adopted; that is, the temperature at which self-heating of the mixture sets in. But most coals self-heat slightly even at storage temperature, as evidenced by spontaneous combustion, and the definition for gases cannot be applied to coals with any exactness. By subjecting coals to suitable experimental conditions various oxidation characteristics can be obtained and examined for critical or significant stages of the oxidation process. Oxidation temperature itself must then be defined on the basis of such experimental results. Experimental Methods Attempts to determine critical points in the temperature functions of coal undergoing oxidation have resulted in the following experimental methods:

Jan 1, 1932

By Roberto Fernandez

Want of knowledge on the part of experts from abroad respecting the amalgamation-system, known as the Mexican or patio process, has been the cause in this country of trouble to many foreign mining companies. This process has not been looked upon by their managers as a satisfactory method of treating silver-ores, and they prefer to employ others, which, although more modern, and often more profitable in other countries, have not proved to be so under the exceptional conditions of this country, where labor is cheap and paid in silver, while fuel is very dear. The cause of this error of judgment is probably the inexact information which has been furnished by several authors respecting the economical results of the patio process. This treatment is not suitable for silver-ores of every kind. Simple sulphides of silver are best adapted to it, and, next to these, the combinations of complex sulphides, viz., pyrargyrite, polybasite, stephanite, proustite, etc. Chlorides, bromides and iodides of silver are considered rebellious ; argentiferous galena, blende, bournonite, as also argentiferous arsenical pyrites of iron and copper, are absolutelg unsuited to this treatment. Experience has proved that high-grade ores do not give as satisfactory results as those of mediurn grades, as, for instance, carrying from 1 to 2 kilos of silver per metrical ton. The patio process, as actually practiced in this district, comprises the following operations: 1. The ore is crushed in a dry state in a roller-mill, reducing it to pea-size, from which uniform samples, and, in consequence, correct assays, can be obtained. 2. It is then thrown into the arrastra, and pulverized with water, so fine that it will pass through an 80-mesh screen.

Jan 1, 1900

By C. R. Hocott

THE distribution and movement of fluids in oil reservoirs are influ-enced to a great extent by capillary forces, which depend upon the size and shape of the pores in the reservoir rock, the surface characteristics of the rock, and the interfacial tension between the fluid phases. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the interfacial tension between salt water and crude oil containing dissolved gas under reser-voir conditions. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE In the preliminary phases of this investigation, it was found that a scum formed at the oil-water interface, which made measurement of interfacial tension by either the ring or capillary rise methods unreliable. Accordingly, the drop-weight method, in which a fresh interface is con-tinuously formed, was selected. In this method, a tip through which drops of one fluid can be expelled is immersed in a second fluid. At the instant that the drop becomes large enough to fall, the gravitational force tending to pull away the drop exactly balances the interfacial force tending to hold it. From the size of the drop, the dimensions of the tip, and the density of the two fluid phases, the interfacial tension may be calculated. The apparatus consists of a circulating pump for bringing the oil to equilibrium with gas at the desired pressure, a displacement pump for forming the drops, an interfacial tension cell in which the drops are formed, and a density cell to determine the density of the oil. The density of the water is determined separately in another apparatus. A flow diagram of the assembled equipment is shown in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1938

By W. H. Hoffman

During the autumn of 1891, several heavy blasts (each throwing down some 3000 tons of ore) were made on what is known as the Theall side of these mines. Immediately after one of these blasts, the writer found that at least one-third of the ore was largely impregnated with pyrites, and besides this, fully 15 per cent. of the entire blast was composed of irregular lumps of magnetic pyrites. This was a revelation wholly unexpected, as previous examinations by many experts had failed to disclose any such quantity of sulphury ore. Over the center of the Theall tunnel there suddenly appeared a perfect keystone, as it were, of pyrites, 3 feet wide at the arch of the tunnel, 13 feet ride at the top, and 20 feet high. This keystone pinched out in February, 1892; but in that month large blocks of pyrites were more plentiful on or near the western wall, and these deposits extended the entire height of the workings, some 43 feet. The second blast in November, in the face and over, and on each side of the tunnel, was far more surprising. The whole cross-section it exposed was thickly interspersed with layers of magnetic pyrites, ranging in thickness from 10 to 24 inches, and quite irregular in form, while all of the ore carried much more than the usual amount of sulphur in the non-magnetic pyrite. One hundred and fifty-five tons from a portion of this breast (western side), showed the following composition upon sampling and analysis: Per cent. Metallic iron,...45.080 Phosphorus,..........304 Sulphur,...........23.510 And the balance of the blast showed: Per cent. Metallic iron,.....• 33.210 Phosphorus,...........349 Sulphur,.......... 6.680 vol. xxI.-33

Jan 1, 1893

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc, may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, to¬gether with the names of its president and its secretary, may be published in MINING AND METALLURGY or the DIRECTORY of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as associates or junior associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied by suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership. The Affiliated Student Societies receive the following privileges: 1 A copy of MINING AND METALLURGY free; 2. The use of Employment Service; 3. The use of MINING AND METALLURGY for publicity purposes, such as printing notices of their activities, etc ; 4. Assistance in obtaining speakers for their meetings, lists of moving-picture films, etc. To retain the privileges of the Affiliated Student Society, its officers must keep in touch with the Secretary of the Institute and advise him of its activities. The foregoing plan is not confined to students in mining engi¬neering or metallurgy. Any undergraduate society of engineers may avail itself of the privileges offered. Societies desiring to be recognized as Affiliated Student Societies are requested to make application to the Secretary of the Institute, giving particulars as to their nature, membership and officers. The accompanying list gives the names of the Affiliated Student Societies as of April 15, 1927, and their presidents and secretaries, in so far as they have been reported to the Secretary of the Insti¬tute.

Jan 1, 1923

By Frank C. Green

Drilling for oil and gas in Missouri in 1935 was mostly confined to proven areas, but was marked by the completion of one of the largest oil wells, 53 bbl., and one of the largest gas wells, 2,000,000 cu. ft., drilled in recent years. A new oil pool, discovered in southern Cass County late in 1934, was further developed; a new pool in southern Platte County is possibly indicated by the completion of a single small well, which flowed naturally; and a deeper sand was developed in the Marota gas pool in Jackson County. Completions dropped to a lower level than in any recent year. A total of 73 wells, which included the deepening of 8 old wells, was drilled. In Bates County, there was one gas well with an open flow of 100,000 cu. ft., and one dry hole. Cass County had six oil wells with about 100 bbl. initial production; one gas well with an open flow of 500,000 cu. ft., and three dry holes. In Jackson County there were seven oil wells with 25 bbl. initial production; 24 gas wells with 7,358,968 cu. ft. open flow, and 27 dry holes. Platte County had one oil well, one small gas well and one dry hole. The oil well flowed naturally about 4 or 5 bbl. per day. It is rather difficult to obtain production figures on either oil or gas leases, but in cases where the figures have been given to the writer in confidence, they disclose conditions comparable with many other regions. One oil lease of 32 acres has produced 125,000 bbl. in four years, or nearly 4000 bbl. per acre. Another lease has made 50,000 bbl., or about 3000 bbl. per acre. It is probable that the total daily production at the end of 1935 was close to 200 hill. per day. A gas pool covering less than one square mile has made 110,111,000 cu. ft. in about 18 months. In this period, the open-flow capacity has been reduced from about 10,500,000 cu. ft. per day to about 3,500,000.

Jan 1, 1936

By Clark Millison

The core recorder, a mechanical instr-ent for determining the exact depth at which core is recovered, drilled up or lost, is described. Examples of charts from the recorder are explained and interpreted. The uses of the core recorder are discussed. INTRODUCTION In the experience of geologists and engineers during coring operations on drilling wells, many will recall the times when a full core was not recovered and particularly when the requirement was urgent that they know exactly what part of the core was lost. To make this determination, the core recorder was designed. Its uses are many, and only the most obvious will be presented here. Although this discussion will be limited to drilling wells for petroleum, the core recorder can be used in any type of coring operation. The principle of the core recorder is the proportional reduction of the motion of core entering or dropping out of the core barrel to a stylus moving in such a manner as to record the reduced motion on a chart. The time element is registered on the same chart by the revolution of a clock which turns the chart drum. Thus the exact amount of core entering or dropping out of the core barrel is charted and the time of such entry or exit from the core barrel is precisely correlated to the depth at which the core is recovered or lost. Lack of movement of the stylus which is revealed by the continued revolution of the chart drum indicates that no core is entering the barrel. The principles are accomplished by an instrument placed inside of the core barrel. A cylinder which contains the clock and mechanical apparatus has a diameter smaller than that of the core barrel. Near the top of the cylinder is an eighteen hour clock which turns the drum that contains the chart. Near the bottom of the instrument is a serrated wheel which by friction against the inside of the core barrel is turned as core enters or drops out of the barrel.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. Jolly, R. V. Wheeler

This short note on the probable character of the organic sulfur compounds in coal can do no more than indicate lines of research. We have no new experimental work to describe, nothing comparable in value with the careful studies of American coals by Powell and Parrl and Yancey and Frazer. A study of the manner in which sulfur compounds exist in British coals (and their behavior on heat treatment) is rendered increasingly necessary by the fact that the British reserves of good coking coals of reasonably low sulfur content are fast being depleted. We believe that it is essentially by a study of the modes of formation, occurrence, and decomposition of the various types of inorganic and organic sulfur compounds in coal that it will be possible, with hope of success, to attack the problem of purifying coals, otherwise eminently suitable for coking, from these objectionable ingredients. Sulfur, so far as is at present known, does not normally occur in the free state in the coal conglomerate, but is chiefly distributed, irregularly, in three forms : 1. As primary constituents of the coal conglomerate, organic in nature and probably associated with those molecular complexes that have resulted from the degradation of the proteins of the plant tissues responsible for the formation of the coal mass. These constituents can be classed as "organic sulfur." 2. As metallic sulfides, e.g., iron pyrites. 3. As metallic sulfates, e.g., calcium sulfate and ferrous sulfate. (The occurrence of these compounds varies with the occurrence and degree of degradation of class 2.) It is usually found that sulfur compounds of class 3, the metallic sulfates, are present in coal in small proportions only, amounting to about 1 or 1.5 per cent. of the total sulfur. The compounds in classes 1 and 2 are therefore of more importance. Class 1 alone will receive considera-

Jan 1, 1925

By Clark Millison

The core recorder, a mechanical instr-ent for determining the exact depth at which core is recovered, drilled up or lost, is described. Examples of charts from the recorder are explained and interpreted. The uses of the core recorder are discussed. INTRODUCTION In the experience of geologists and engineers during coring operations on drilling wells, many will recall the times when a full core was not recovered and particularly when the requirement was urgent that they know exactly what part of the core was lost. To make this determination, the core recorder was designed. Its uses are many, and only the most obvious will be presented here. Although this discussion will be limited to drilling wells for petroleum, the core recorder can be used in any type of coring operation. The principle of the core recorder is the proportional reduction of the motion of core entering or dropping out of the core barrel to a stylus moving in such a manner as to record the reduced motion on a chart. The time element is registered on the same chart by the revolution of a clock which turns the chart drum. Thus the exact amount of core entering or dropping out of the core barrel is charted and the time of such entry or exit from the core barrel is precisely correlated to the depth at which the core is recovered or lost. Lack of movement of the stylus which is revealed by the continued revolution of the chart drum indicates that no core is entering the barrel. The principles are accomplished by an instrument placed inside of the core barrel. A cylinder which contains the clock and mechanical apparatus has a diameter smaller than that of the core barrel. Near the top of the cylinder is an eighteen hour clock which turns the drum that contains the chart. Near the bottom of the instrument is a serrated wheel which by friction against the inside of the core barrel is turned as core enters or drops out of the barrel.

Jan 1, 1949

By Will L. Clark

He who enters a mining claim within an Indian reservation of the United States of America acquires no rights thereby, because of the fact that the lands within such Indian reservation are not a part of the public domain, and cannot be located or acquired as mineral land. However, where such an entry is authorized as to a particular reservation by an Act of Congress, such claims as may be ontered under such authorization are thereby segregated from the reservation, and the Indian title is oxtinguished. Under the Choctaw Constitution, any citizen of that nation, in other words any Choctaw Indian, who discovered a coal mine, acquired an exclusive right to all coal within a radius of 1 mile. The laws of the Chickasaw nation provided for the formation of corporations to develop coal and other mines, with authority to contract with others to develop and work the mines. Under these laws, leases were made; but Congress subsequently abrogated all existing leases, prohibited all persons from receiving royaltics from such mines, and provided that all coal within the nation should remain the common property of the tribes. , Such leases are now expressly prohibited by an Act of Congress (32 United States Statutes at Large, 655). All leases of mineral lands upon Indian reservations must now be made under regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior, and the royalties must' be paid into the United States Treasury for the benefit of the tribes. In Canada the Indians have no rights to the royal mines and minerals, and the government can make no stipulation with the Indians which would affect the rights of the Province in which the lands are situated. Therefore, while it is true that under our present law no rights can be acquired to a mining claim within an Indian reservation, it seems to be fully within the authority of Congress to make laws, giving such rights to mineral locators as it may deem necessary or expedient. There is a demand for a general law that will permit mining upon Indian reservations, and I am informed that most of the members of both houses of Congress from the Western States are in favor of Congress pass-

Jan 1, 1915