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By K. BRUCE DAVIDSON

-The North Central Texas area includes the following counties in Railroad Commission of Texas District 7-B: Brown, Callahan, Coleman, Comanche, Coryell, Eastland, Erath, Fisher, Hamilton, Haskell, Hood, Jones, Lampasas, Mills, Nolan, Palo Pinto, Parker, S

Jan 1, 1946

Jan 1, 1970

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1923.. GELASIO CAETANI Rome, Italy. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1921. FERDINAND FocH Paris, France. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HoovER Washington, D. C. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1921. C. McDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1909. ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass. 1891. DR. ING. H. C. EMIL SCHROEDTER Mehlem a Rhein, Germany. HONORARY MEMBERS (Deceased)

Jan 1, 1928

By A. C. Boyle

PaGE I. Introduction.........68 II. Location of the District,....... • 70 .. III. Stratigraphy...........73 Description of the Rocks.......73 Triassic Eruptives (Andesite Flows and Tuffs) ....73 Triassic Sediments (Shales and Slates)..75 Areal Geology ............75 Structure...-.......76 Folds............. 76 Faults..........79 Shear ...........80 Intrusives..........81 Alaskite Dike.........81 Andesitic Intrusion.......82 IV. PetrogRaphy of thE Rock Types......83 Andesite Flows.........84 Tuff 8...........84 Andesite Tuff........84 Rhyolite Tuff.....-.......85 Alaskite-Porphyry.......89 Andesite Dike........91 V. Description of the Mines......92 VI. Metalliferous Deposits ........ 95 Character of the Ores...........97 Mineralogy of the Ores.......97 Metallic Minerals.......97 Microscopic Character of the Ores...98 Secondary Enrichment....... 103 Genesis of the Ores ...........104 VII. The Sulphate Deposits.......109 Gypsum ..... HO Anhydrite......... ,... 110 Barite............ 110 Origin. with special reference to Gypsum....111 VIII. Summary.............. 113 IX. BIblYogRaphY.............114

Jan 1, 1915

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of June, 1913: Members. ANGERER, VICTOR, Vice-Prest. and Genl. Mgr., Wm. Wharton, Jr. &, Co., Inc., 25th St. and Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BULLOCK, ALLYN, Min. Engr., Hazleton, Pa. CUNNINGHAM, NOEL Met. Engr. Hollinger Gold Mines Ltd., Timmins, Ont Canada ESTABROOK, EDWARD L., Supt. of Colliery 426 Center St., Ashland, PA. GATES A. O. Instructor Purdue Univ. La Fayette Ind. 1 LUDLUM, ALBERT C., Prest., New York Engrg. Co., ,2 Rector St., New York, N. Y. MILLER, HERBERT F., Met. Engr P. O. Box 142, Verona, Pa. MORTON, ELMER T., Min. Engr Clifton, Ariz. MURFIT, RICHARD H.. Fdv. Asst Hess Steel Castings Co., Bridgeton, N.J. QUAYLE, THEODORE W., Chief Sampler, Metcalf Mines, Arizona Copper Co., Metcalf, Ariz.

Jan 7, 1913

By C. C. Harris

The Gaudin-Meloyl equation for the size distribution of fragments resulting from single fracture is where y is the mass fraction of material smaller than size x, and x, and r are parameters to be determined from the experimental data. In physical terms, r is associated with the number of active flaws in a particle of characteristic dimension xo . The special attribute of this equation is its emphasis on the coarse size region of a distribution. There are various procedures2-5 for obtaining the parameters in Eq. 1, but a simple graphical method is awaited. This situation contrasts sharply with that in the cases of the familiar Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann and Rosin-Rammler equations.6 The purpose of this note is to present a method based on a procedure7 which has been successful in several other applications.8-13

Jan 1, 1967

By Edward Ernst, Richard Runvik

AT the U. S. Gypsum Co. mine in Oakfield, N. Y., a flat-lying vein of rock gypsum is mined by the room and pillar method. Averaging only 4 ft thick, this vein is 1200 to 6000 ft in mineable width and many miles in length. Overlying the vein throughout the mine is a 2-ft thickness of distintegrated gypseous shale and fractured limestone which parts easily, falling with little or no warning. This shale, known as ash, varies in thickness from less than an inch to more than a foot. Small veinlets of selenite cut this shaley material, which breaks around timber props. The 18-in. limestone over-lying the ash is fractured vertically into blocks of varying size and will fail if any but the shortest unsupported spans are permitted. Above these two members is a thick layer of competent limestone.

Jan 6, 1957

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN,.Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. W.. E. C. EUSTIS. Chairman. R. L. AGASSIZ. Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting n September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON. S. SHEDD. Puget Sound Meets second Saturday of each month SIMON H. ASH, Chairman. I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Secretary-Treasurer, 425 Lyon Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT

Jan 5, 1917

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. R. L. AGASSIZ, Chairman. JAMES G. CARLETON, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology. Cambridge, Mass. W. E. C. EUSTIS, G. A. PACKARD. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD. Puget Sound Meets second Saturday of each month SIMON H. ASH, Chairman. I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Secretary-Treasurer, 425 Lyon Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT

Jan 6, 1917

C. Q. PAYNE, New York, N. Y. (written discussion*).-The method adopted by Mr. Lennox is a very interesting test of the practical application of Mr. Gates' crushing-surface diagram to a greet variety of gold and copper ores. His method of dealing with the material below 200-mesh is also a distinct contribution to the subject, although, as he suggests, it seems likely that some microscopic measurement of this material may be advisable before the mesh reciprocals of its group particles can be dealt with as accurately as can those coarser than 200-mesh. In examining the general results shown in Table 3, it is somewhat puzzling to perceive why Calumet &, Hecla jig tails should show a crushing resistance 3 - times greater than that of the ore from the Ray Consolidated copper mine. The latter is, I believe, an altered. Pinal schist

Jan 10, 1918

Herbert Moore Harbach was born in Lebanon, Pa., Apr. 4, 1891, graduated from the Lebanon High School in 1911, and entered State College, from which he received his degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering in 1915. He was employed by the Lackawanna Iron Co., at Buffalo, N. Y., and was later transferred 'to their Lebanon plant to start up the newly erected benzol plant. He was later made foreman of the coke ovens, which position he held after it was bought by the Bethlehem Steel Co., and until he enlisted in the service of his country in September, 1917. He was stationed at Camp Meade, Md., until the spring of 1918, when he was transferred to the C. W. S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfecting the various kinds of gases,

Jan 2, 1919

V. R. GARFIAS,* Palo Alto, Cal. (written discussion?).-Regarding the statement of Mr. Ordoñez, on page 1007, concerning the synclinal curving of sedimentary beds caused by the extrusion of volcanic necks, that "this phenomenon might occur, but it is not fully proved in our fields," I beg to reply that the funnel and anticlinal-ring structure is actually associated with igneous intrusions in the Mexican oil fields, as we were able to ascertain by plotting an underground contour map and making a structural model of the oil-bearing beds of the Ebano field. E. DE GOLFER, New York, N. Y. (written discussion?).-The paper under discussion is not only of interest in connection with its subject but it is a contribution of considerable importance to our knowledge of the possible effect of igneous rocks upon the accumulation of petroleum in the Mexican fields.

Jan 10, 1918

C. W. WASHBURNE; New York; N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).-It has long been known that sulphur and oxygen react upon crude oils, removing hydrogen and thereby creating unsaturated hydrocarbons which unite with each other, producing heavier forms. Dr. Rogers now finds that the percentage of sulphur in the oils of several fields in California is roughly proportional to the specific gravity of the oil. This additional proof is most welcome. It is rather surprising, , in that the impression had prevailed that practically all the reacting sulphur escaped from the oil as hydrogen sulphide, and did not remain in combination with the oil. It would be interesting to know what part of the sulphur-plotted by Dr. Rogers is in solution as free sulphur and hydrogen sulphide, and what part is, in more complex compounds, such as thiophanes, etc.

Jan 10, 1917

By J. L. Rodda

A large amount of time has been devoted to the microscopical study of the copper-zinc alloys, emphasis naturally being placed upon the commercially important alloys of the system. Suitable methods are available for microscopically recognizing the two phases richest in copper, Per cent,by weight FIG. 1.-COPPER-ZINC EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM. (Frond National Metals Handbook, 1933.) but none appear to have been developed for the positive identification of the other phases. This is, however, accomplished, for the phases normally encountered, by an electrolytic method described in the following pages. Five phases of the copper-zinc diagram (Fig. 1) are considered for the purpose of this paper: the solid solution of zinc in copper, alpha (a); the intermediate phases, beta (ß), gamma (y), and epsilon (e); and the solid solution of copper in zinc, eta (n). Beta prime is not considered a separate

Jan 1, 1936

By G. A. REINHA

GEO. F. COMSTOCK,* Niagara Falls, N. Y. (written discussion?).-On studying this paper it has occurred to the writer that possibly it was the drilling of the test cores that produced the strains which affected in-juriously the authors' unrested bars. They found that the machining had only a slight effect, but did they also investigate the effect of the drilling by trying rest applied to the bloom sections before the cores were drilled from then? The writer has heard of a similar effect of rest after machining on test bars from castings, and it would seem more reasonable that the ductility was increased because the rests relieved strains pro-duced in chilling the test cores from the blooms, than because of any peculiar combination of solidification and rolling strains in the blooms which did not exist in smaller billets.

Jan 11, 1919

Columbia University, School of Mines, New York, N. Y. For many years the School of Mines published a Quarterly containing many valuable papers on mining, geology and kindred subjects, but the publication has been discontinued for several years and copies are no longer available for general distribution Papers by members of the staff are now sent to the various scientific societies, and only longer works are published by the Columbia University Press Publications of the Columbia University Press deal almost wholly with subjects other than geology and mining but one may be mentioned: Regulating an industry, by A. H. Stockder. An account of the experience of the Germans in attempting to regulate the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate in 1893 to 1899; $2.50. For a list of publications, address the Columbia University Press at the above address.

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

JOHN HUNTER NEAD, chief metallurgist of the Inland Steel Co., Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division for 1939, a native of Missouri and graduate of the University of Michigan, first taught chemistry after graduating from college and then decided to follow the field of his college specialization and be a metallurgist. In succession he was associated with the H. H. Franklin Co., Syracuse, N. Y., the Watertown Arsenal, the Racine Steel Castings Co., and the Minneapolis Steel and Machinery Co. During the World War he held a commission as Captain in the Ordnance Department and served both overseas and on the technical staff in Washington. Returning to civilian life, Hunter Nead was research metallurgist and then chief metallurgist of the American Rolling Mill Co. from 1919 until 1931, when he went to his present position with Inland.

Jan 1, 1939

By AIME AIME

AS director of Battelle Memorial Institute and as Chairman of the important O.P.M. advisory committee on metals and minerals, Clyde E. Williams numbers his acquaintances in the mineral industries by the thousands and h because his principal hobby is liking human beings, most of his acquaintancs are also his friends. Clyde is one of the many outstanding metallurgist, in the United States who started as a chemist. After graduating from the University of Utah in 1915 he was successively chemist for U.S. Smelting Refining and Mining Co., and at the Bureau of Mines station at Ithaca, N.Y. He then got into, metallurgical work and in 1920 he was appointed superintendent of the Northwest Station of the Bureau of Mines at, Seattle. Subsequently he was assistant to H. Foster Bain in metallugical work for the

Jan 1, 1942

By R. C. de Lange

An improved replica technique is developed for a nondestructive study of the nucleation and growth of fatigue cracks. Three different growth stages of a fatigue crack were observed. An initial stage of high growth rate is followed by a long period of very slow growth, until finally a third period of high growth rate leads to fracture. THE metal-fatigue process is of a very complex nature. The experimental approach towards fatigue is susceptible to many minor influences which, together with the unavoidable scatter in testing results, makes the interpretation a matter of extreme care. The generally accepted fact that, in a homogeneous material, the fatigue cracks start at a free surface indicates that surface studies may contri-but in an essential way to a better understanding of the fatigue mechanisms. Indeed metallographic observations of the fatigue phenomena have been very fruitful in the last decade. The study of extrusions, intrusions, and persistent slip bands has contributed much to the present knowledge of the early processes in fatigue.' The drawback of the current metallographic techniques lies in the fact, however, that either observations of fatigue phenomena had to be made in a destructive way after an only partly executed test or a sequence of observations on the same test bar was only possible on notched specimens.2 4 In both cases an uncertainty exists as to the nucleation and growth of the fatigue crack in an unnotched test bar, where the crack can start at any place of a large area and develops in a test bar, which is macroscopically

Jan 1, 1964

By Kenneth F. Whinery, John M. Campbell

Basically, the Buckley-Leverett theory involves two systems which are similar in nature but are differentiated by time. These systems may be described by the fractional flow and frontal advance equations which essentially characterize the mechanics of oil movement while being expelled from the reservoir. The fractional flow equation originally developed by Leverettl may be expressed in the more usable form The development of this equation is based on Darcy's law describing fluid flow through porous media and applies to the flow at only one point (it is a point function). For simplification, the fractional flow equation is written in the above form because the capillary forces always increase the fractional flow of the displacing phase regardless of the direction of flow or the displacing phase. If, for simplicity, the effects due to gravity and capillary pressure differences are neglected, the fraction of the displacing fluid, f, at any point in the flowing stream is related to the properties of the system by 1 Thus, it is seen that in the absence of capillary and gravitational effects, fd for a given sand and fluids varies only with saturation and pressure. The magnitude of the viscosity ratio, —a has an effective range (range of about 30) in the system where gas is displacing oil and a much smaller range for water displacing oil. In order to make the fractional flow equation more versatile, it is necessary to connect the fractional flow at a given point and saturation with time. This problem was approached by Buckley and Leverett" who developed the frontal advance equation, Eq. 3 states that the rate of advance of a plane that has a fixed saturation, Sd, is proportional to the change in composition of the flow stream caused by a small change in the saturation of the displacing fluid. It is, essentially, a transformation of a material balance equation representing the net rate of accumulation of the displacing phase within a homogeneous sand block. This accumulation is proportional to the difference between the rate at which the displacing fluid enters the sand and that at which it leaves. Eq. 3 describes the velocity with which a plane of constant displacing phase saturation advances through a porous system. Buckley and Leverett," Babson,' Kern," Welge, and others have adequately discussed the basic mechanism and application of the fractional flow and frontal advance equations. APPLICATIONS OF THE FRONTAL ADVANCE THEORY TO PETROLEUM RECOVERY Two general applications of the Buckley-Leverett frontal advance theory involve the system in which the oil is being displaced by an expanding gas cap overlying the oil zone and that in which the oil is being displaced by water. Displacement by Gas in the Presence of an Immobile Water Saturation A system in which gas is the displacing phase may be thought of as having two forces effecting the displacement process. These forces are the gravitational force and that force exerted by the displacing gas. The gravitational effects control the displacing efficiency of the gas. The gravitational effect will be less at higher rates of flow, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the displacement of the oil by the gas. The more efficient displacements occur at flow rates which are less than the gravity free fall rate. Capillary forces can be neglected without materially changing the magnitude of the gas saturation. The Mile Six pool is used herein to illustrate the calculating procedures in evaluating gas drive-gravity drainage field perfomlance. These calculations represent the determination of the gas-oil contact when the distribution of the hydrocarbon pore volume is considered. Two methods