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By H. D. Hagen, George W. Abbott

2.2-1. Need for Acquisition Operating Plan. In planning a trip by automobile, a road map is procured and studied. Travel by plane suggests detailed examination of route maps, weather charts, and navigation charts. Planning for construction of a factory, office building, shopping center, or housing subdivision envisages working out a complete development plan. Household needs arc generally jotted clown on a shopping list, with each item checked off as it is purchased. In turn, forwarding of any surface mining project should be undertaken only after an acquisition operating plan has been set out, by checklist, under three general headings: 1. Public relations-a check list setting out applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations, and the office, board, commission, and individuals having responsibility for licensing, administration, and enforcement of each such law or regulation. 2. Land requirements-a complete check list encompassing all aspects of land acquisition, ownership, management, control, and disposition, with applicable laws. 3. Water requirements-a full check list embracing all aspects of water development and control, acquisition of rights to use, manner of use, and manner of disposition, with applicable laws and regulations. 2.2-2. Public Relations Aspects of Operating Plan. NEED TO DETERMINE APPLICABLE LAWS. The laws and regulations governing acquisition of land and mineral rights, water and water rights, and the use and control of those rights, vary so much from state to state that one cardinal rule must govern all preplanning: determine applicable Federal, State, and local law at the outset. Changing conditions in the past century have resulted in a multiplication at all levels of governmental agencies interested in, and having responsibility for, acquisition, use, control, and disposition of minerals and mineral lands. The same is true of waters and water rights found in, brought to, or discharged from, the operating site.

Jan 1, 1968

By Fred Wright

IN A recent paper1 a detailed discussion is given of the possibilities. of using polarized light in the examination of opaque substances. The factors underlying the problem .are there treated from the viewpoint of the electromagnetic theory of light and the presentation is necessarily mathematical in form. The practical methods resulting from the discussion are, however, relatively simple and promise to be of value in the determination of certain ores and metals when studied in reflected light under the microscope. The results of the theoretical investigation referred to may be summarized by stating that in general the optical constants, such as refractive indices and absorption indices, cannot be satisfactorily ascertained on small, random, polished sections; that the use of polarized light enables. the observer ordinarily to determine whether the crystal plate is isotropic or anisotropic, and also to ascertain the degree of anisotropism; that for this purpose methods based either on the contrast in intensity between the two reflected components of non-polarized light, or on the amount of rotation of the plane of polarization, on reflection, of vertically incident, plane-polarized light, may be employed; that methods based on the phase difference between the two reflected components are in general of little value because of the small differences in phase which ordinarily result for a relatively large change in birefringence or biabsorption. The measurement of the optical properties of transparent minerals, even in minute irregular grains, is a simple task with modern petrographic microscope methods and is accomplished by petrologists as part of their ordinary routine work. But the determination of the optical constants of opaque substances is difficult and is rarely attempted; all observations are necessarily made in reflected light and are restricted commonly to the determination of color, of hardness, of the character of crystallization, and

Jan 2, 1920

By C. D. Rubert, W. J. Parton

LARGE quantities of fine anthracite with associated impurities are discharged with the waste water from the coal-cleaning plants in the Pennsylvania anthracite region. Furthermore, for many years this fine material has accumulated and formed silt banks. The difficulty of removing the impurities from the fine material and the lack of adequate markets are responsible for the waste of this material. In view of a larger demand for fine coal, mainly for pulverized fuel, the Lehigh Navigation Coal Co. Inc. decided to investigate the froth flotation process for recovery of fine coal from these waste solids. A test plant was constructed and operated for six months during 1942 in order to determine the practicability of recovering coal from the waste water of a cleaning plant (breaker) by froth flotation, and to obtain operating data for designing a commercial plant if the results were favorable. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION Before the pilot plant was constructed information was obtained by field and small-scale laboratory tests to serve as a guide in the design and operation of the pilot plant. Size and ash analyses of a representative sample of the material discharged in the wash water from a cleaning plant are given in Table I. [ ] The refuse content increases progressively as the size of the particles decreases. The larger particles (+35 m.) are low in ash content and could be marketed without cleaning. Since these solids are discharged from the breakers with 90 to 95 per cent water by weight, the first step in the recovery of the coal was that of reducing the quantity of water so that water in excess will not have to be handled. Furthermore, it was found that the removal of most of the minus 200 mesh high-ash material was desirable to permit the most efficient flotation of the coal. Classification tests were run and showed that a hydroseparator overflow rate of 12 ft. per hour was sufficient to eliminate much of the minus 200-mesh material while allowing the coarser material to settle and be thickened.

Jan 1, 1944

By M. A. Meyers, P. P. Meyers

The analysis of the phenomena involved in determining the compressive strength of iron-ore agglomerates leads to the identification of important parameters. It is shown mathematically that the pellet rupture strength is proportional to the cross-sectional area. Fracture is initiated at the center of the pellets by the tensile stresses developed by the compressive loads normally to the compressive axis. The variation in strength between individual pellets of identical composition and subjected to identical treatments u due to internal voids of varying sixes that act as stress-concentration sites. Two novel testing procedures are proposed. The first consults of testing the pellets between two plates having three steel spheres each. This configuration simulates much better the environment actually encountered by the pellets. The second procedure consists of a thick-walled cylinder in which a piston penetrates; a large group of pellets is tested simultaneously, as the stress versus strain plot is being recorded. This latter test presents vacant advantages over the conventional testing procedure; the main one is that one single test is sufficient to characterize the mechanical response of the pellets.

Jan 1, 1984

By George Wolff

To THE average person, the purport of the items and figures on the balance sheet of a mining company are hazy and the real financial condition of the company is cloaked in obscurity. It is also likely that the satisfaction of the stockholder in his investment, as well as the determination of the prospective investor, rests more on the reputation of the company, his confidence in the management, the stated earnings per share and the dividends paid, than on a comprehension of the information contained in the balance sheet. The balance sheet of any company at best can only closely approximate the true financial condition as of a given date. Any item of asset, except cash, can probably be altered if another's viewpoint is applied. It is difficult and expensive to drill and explore an orebody to determine the entire tonnage of ore therein. Those inherent difficulties render it practically impossible to prepare an absolutely correct balance sheet of a mining company. It is possible, however, to present the facts of a mining company more intelligently and comprehensively than is usually done. With this, in mind, a balance sheet of an imaginary mining company is submitted, with supporting schedules. The same fundamental principles hold true whether we consider a large or a small company. Less complexity is involved in dealing with the affairs of a smaller company. Therefore, for this purpose, the assumed company operates but two mines and a smelting plant. It has been deemed advisable to introduce the features of the operation of a mine acquired prior to March 1, 1913 and one after that date. The presentation therefore is concerned in one mine with the appraisement as of March 1, 1913 and in the other with the appraisement by reason of discovery. A consequential factor pertains to dividends paid from depletion reserves and therefore free of surtax to the stockholders. While supporting schedules, when necessary, give details of certain items on the balance sheet, it seems desirable to give further explanations with respect to some of them. This seems to be important because some mining companies do not treat the items as indicated on the statements submitted.

Jan 1, 1928

Nature: Man is but one of the creatures which in- habit the earth, a dust speck in the universe. Thinking man has been concerned with his place and purpose in the universe since the earliest Egyptian and Chinese philosophers. Ancient creeds, as well as modern religions and philosophies of life, were concerned with the same problem. While such considerations and concepts have been valuable, theoretical philosophizing and dogmatic concepts are inadequate for a satisfactory solution of world problems of today. The concepts of man and life and their ultimate purpose should be sought in the relations of intelligent man to man and their relation- ship to the physical world. The quintessence of nature's accomplishment-man- is also the greatest disturber of nature and the greatest enemy of his own kind. While his spirit and mind defy and overcome natural limitations, his physical self is controlled by the same basic biochemical laws that govern any other form of living matter. This paradoxical duality of human voluntary and involuntary relations to nature is the source of the perpetual conflict between mind and matter. Therefore, the higher the spiritual evolution and perfection of the individual's mind, the greater and deeper the conflicting elements in their expression; and conversely, the simpler the mind or the mental and spiritual heritage, the less is the individual concerned with the conflicting elements.

Jan 1, 1950

By B. Misra, N. Brook

A new method of determining a "Rock Impact Hardness Number" by comminuting cylindrical specimens in a "Syskov" mortar is proposed. The method of finding Protodyakonov Number by the stamp-mill method was first examined, and the effect of initial size of specimen thoroughly investigated. A method of determining the correct number of blows to use in a test is developed and the inaccuracies involved in the original method, which stem from the measurement of a volume of fines, are avoided by using mass measurements. A graph of percentage fines below 50µtm and number of blows is statistically examined to obtain an accurate estimate of the number of blows to produce 25% fines, from regular initial specimens. This number was defined as the "Rock Impact Hardness Number". The effect of specimen size on this strength index was investigated. A comparison was made between this method of determining rock strength, and a 'field' method using irregular specimens.

Jan 1, 1971

By Nick Barton, Stavros Bandis

The descriptive term "rock mass" encompasses individual block dimensions ranging from centimeters to many tens of meters. Strength and deformability vary both qualitatively and quantitatively as a result of this size range. A key issue is therefore the appropriate size of the test sample. A large body of test data was reviewed to determine the influence of block size on the displacement required to mobilize peak strength. It is shown that the shear strength and shear stiffness reduce with increased block size due to reduced effective joint roughness, and due to reduced asperity strength. Both are a function of the delayed mobilization of roughness with increasing block size. A method of scaling shear strength and shear displacement from laboratory to in situ block sizes is suggested. It is based on the assumption that size effects disappear when the natural block size is exceeded. This simplification appears to be justified over a significant range of block sizes, but is invalidated when shearing along individual joints is replaced by rotational or kink-band deformation, as seen in more heavily jointed rock masses. Recent laboratory tests on model block assemblies illustrate some important effects of block size on deformability and Poisson's ratio.

Jan 1, 1982

By D. W. Peaceman

In previous papers by this author on numerical calculations of multidimensional miscible displacement, some simplifying assumptions were made in writing the dispersion term of the differential equation. It was assumed that the flow vectors were essentially parallel to the x-axis. However, in most multidimensional miscible displacements, the flow vectors are not so simply oriented with respect to the coordinate axes. This paper derives the correct dispersion term /or the more general case; gives a difference approximation /or the dispersion tern; and derives the stability criterion for the corresponding explicit difference eguation.

Jan 1, 1967

By F. J. Hurst

The rapid expansion of the phosphate fertilizer industry in conjunction with the projected shortage and spiraling price increase of uranium has greatly renewed interest in wet- process phosphoric acid as a significant source of uranium. Two attractive solvent extraction processes for recovering uranium from the acid have recently been developed and tested through bench-scale at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. One of the processes has been successfully tested on a pilot-plant scale at phosphate plants; the second process, which offers several potential advantages, still needs additional testing. The merits of each process are discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

By H. Martyn Chance

I HAVE been induced to present this paper to the Institute because I have been unable to find any publication containing a discussion of this subject. In some of our technical schools and colleges the student is required to construct or copy (generally the latter) a number of profile sections as part of his routine work ; but little attention is given to the methods of projecting observed dips and exposures upon the section line, and still less to the method of con¬structing the under (or above) ground curves. As a result of this lack of instruction every engineer or geologist is compelled to invent for himself a system, or copy the style of others. Geological profile sections have frequently been used to determine underground structure from data obtained at the surface, but the experience of engineers in the anthracite coal-fields has shown that they are to be relied upon only in exceptional instances. The possibility of indicating underground curvatures from dip-angles observed at the surface has been found to be limited to a mere approximation of the larger flexures, As a means of predicting the depth and shape of minor rolls, they have been found most unsatisfactory. In the anthracite coal-fields the hypothecatod

Jan 1, 1881

By James R. Evans

Forecasting demand is an art as well as a science, and much personal judgment is required. National forecasts made for sand and gravel, crushed stone, and/or aggregate may be misleading or unhelpful locally. This is because of significant variation in demand within different geographic and/or political areas in the US, and/or the use of an inadequate data base and forecasting methodology. The best forecasts may be made for local or regional market areas, irrespective of geographic or political boundaries, provided a proper data base is available.1 The Bureau of Mines compiles detailed statistics on commodities sold or used in the construction industries and, therefore, is in an advantageous position to make national aggregate demand forecasts. Definitions of some terms used in this presentation are necessary before proceeding.

Jan 1, 1980

By Peter L. Swanson

A microcrack process zone is frequently suggested to accompany macrofractures in rock and play an important role in the resistance to fracture propagation. Attenuation of surface waves propagating through mode I fractures in wedge-loaded double-cantilever beam specimens of Westerly granite has been recorded in an attempt to characterize the structure of the fracture process zone. The ultrasonic measurements do not support the generally accepted model of a macroscopic fracture that incrementally propagates with the accompaniment of a cloud of microcracks. Instead, fractures in Westerly granite appear to form as gradually separating surfaces within a zone having a width of a few millimeters and a length of several tens of millimeters. A fracture process zone of this size would necessitate the use of meter-sized specimens in order for linear elastic fracture mechanics to be applicable.

Jan 1, 1984

By Sumner M. Anderson

Any discussion of outside support to Latin American mineral industries must concede at once the pre-eminent role of U. S. industry and business. American capital has developed the great copper resources of Chile and Peru, the lead-zinc of Peru and Mexico, the bauxite of Surinam and Jamaica, the petroleum and iron ore of Venezuela. American consumers have provided the market for their products. U. S. companies operating south of the border have trained Latin American geologists, engineers, chemists, and skilled labor-including metal, mineral, and fuel technicians-to new and greater competence. The industrial demands of World War II drastically altered world economics and concepts of U. S. foreign mineral requirements. In this country discovery of vital mineral resources fell far behind the alarming depletion rates, and there was new appreciation of the actual and potential importance of the world's less extensively explored areas. During the war and afterward, the task of supplying the nation's mineral requirements became greater than private industry could carry alone, and the Government assumed a position of continuing support.

Jan 11, 1958

Elected Died 1895 *ABBOTT, AI ATTHUR 1908 1882 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V 1906 1905 * ABE, MASAYOSHI 1909 1903 * ADAMS, CHARLES C. 1905 1906 * ADAMS, JOHN C. 1913 1905 * ADAMS, WILLAMS 1909 1903 * ADAMS, W. EDWARDS 1910 1884 *ADDY, MATTHEW 1896 1906 * AFFLECK, WILLIAM A. 1911 1889 * AKERS, WILLIAMS 1906 1905 * ALABASTER, RUPPERT C. 1911 1899 * ALBERGER, LOUIS R. 1911 1894 *ALLEN R B 1896 1905 * ALLEN, R. SCOTT 1906 1874 * AMIOT, H. 1892 1886 *AMSLER, CARL 1894 1898 ** ANDRSON, JOHN W 1905 1895 *ÅNGSTROM, CARL 1901 1887 * ARCHBALD, JAMES 1910 1900 * ARLETT, GEORGE H 1906 1895 *ARMSTRONG, JOHN F 1898 1882 *ARNOLDS, HUGO 1886 1875 *ASHBURNER, CHARLES A 1889 1872 *ASIIBURNER, WILLIAM 1887 1883 *ATKINS, C M , JR 1885 1905 * AUSTEN, PETER T 1907

Jan 1, 1917

By N. Shiarella, Coleman D. Hunter, I. B. Browning

The price of crude oil in Kentucky did not change very much during 1935 until the latter part of the year, but more stabilized conditions and an increase in consumption of natural gas made the year a more profitable one than the year 1934. The production of crude oil in 1935 amounted to 5,175,054 bbl. as compared to 4,814,904 bbl. in 1934. This increase was due to two developments: (1) the application of new recovery methods to old fields, which, although in operation in the state for several years, had never before reached a point where the production obtained, while highly satisfactory where applied, was sufficient to influence the totals in the production figures; (2) the development of the Fordsville area in Ohio County, where shallow depths enabled the operators to complete the development of a large number of wells with a good flush production probably accounted for most of the increase. A map showing the location of oil and gas pools in Kentucky was published last year.' The fields of eastern Kentucky, producing from the Weir sand of the Waverly group of the Lower Mississippian series, in Johnson, Magoffin, Lawrence and Elliott counties, produced 826,001 bbl. of oil in 1935 as compared with 902,247 bbl. in the previous year. No new wells were drilled in this area during the year, except those for use as intake wells in repressuring. What has been done in the few small areas within these fields in the way of repressuring has produced results sufficient to a great extent to offset the natural decline of all the field. It is probable the drilling of new wells and construction of new plants will be such as to cause these fields to produce more in 1936 than was produced in the past year. This is based on the fact that the sand is highly favorable for repressuring and the results obtained show from 300 to 500 per cent increase in production. From the "Corniferous" pools, where production is from the Cornifer-ous limestone of Devonian age, in Lee, Powell, Estill, Wolfe, Morgan and

Jan 1, 1936

By Stephen Birch

LATOUCHE, or the Beatson plant of the Kennecott Copper Corpn., is located in the Prince William Sound district of Alaska about 80 miles west of Cordova and 60 miles from Seward. Ore was discovered and claims located on Latouche Island in July, 1897. The mines were worked in a desultory manner until 1910, when the property was acquired by the Kennecott Copper interests. The first shipment of ore was made in 1904; only the higher grade ore was mined and no attempt was made to treat the ore until it was taken over by the Kennecott, company. Since that time the mine has been developed to produce 1500 tons a day and a mill has been erected for treating this tonnage, using flotation entirely. The orebody is more or less lenticular in shape with a maximum width of about 280 ft. and a length of about 800 ft. The southern end of the lens is split by a horse of waste for about 400 ft. The hanging-wall limit is a well-defined fault associated with a band of pyrrhotite, having an average dip of 60°. There is no defined foot wall, the value of the ore governing the limits of the mining; in one part of the mine, however, it is defined by a minor fault. The orebody is located in a shear zone of the country rock of graywacke and slate. The principal mineral is chalcopyrite associated with pyrite and quartz. The mine is located a few hundred feet from tidewater; the mill is located on the beach and the ore is hoisted direct from the mine through a vertical shaft into the mill bins. Until the past year practically all the mining had been conducted in open pits. During the past two years, the ore above the 200-ft. level has been developed and a system of stoping devised to recover this ore; however, this system has not been in use long enough to give any definite results as to costs or efficiency. It consists, principally, of dividing the orebody into stopes, across the full width of the orebody, 70 ft. wide with a pillar 30 ft. wide between the stopes. Raises are driven through the stopes at intervals of about 60 ft. and all the ore is broken by drilling from these raises; in other words, similar to a shrinkage stope, doing the drilling from the raises instead of setting up on the broken ore as is customary. The ground is very much broken up by clay slips and seams running in every direction. Shrinkage stoping had been

Jan 1, 1924

By Henry F. Hebley

INTRODUCTION How often has the thoughtful observer pondered the apparent contradictions experienced in the weather? One can take records of two days, one in the winter and one in the summer. The "degree days" indicate that space heating and domestic load were present in one case and not in the other. The Business Index may be about the same, indicating that the industrial activity of the area and its concomitant use of fuel were about the same. Thus the volume of the products of combustion released to the atmosphere varied only as related to the space heating demand. Yet on one day in winter the atmosphere may be clear and bracing, while on a summer's day the air is thick and murky and the visibility sharply reduced. The situation may be reversed. What are some of the factors that contribute to the creation of these conditions? These few notes have been prepared to indicate some of the influences that are exerted on the problem. THE SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION The industrial area of Pittsburgh, Pa., has been a dominant center for the production of iron and steel for over one hundred years. In fact, with the growth of the numerous auxiliary processes Allegheny County which contains Pittsburgh is probably the most industrialized county in the world. In addition, the type of manufacture carried out in this area is predominant dependent on thermal energy (heat). That energy is supplied from coke and coal produced in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. Indicative of the stupendous quantities of fuel that are employed in this industrial area's economy, the following (Table No. taken from the U. S. Census (1940) may I of interest. An influence that has never been fully appreciated by many individuals is the fact that no matter what adventures the gases of combustion experience as they pass through the various processes, ulti¬mately the spent gases are discharged through chimneys to the atmosphere.

Jan 1, 1948

By C. D. Broadbent

INTRODUCTION The slope stability research plan at Kennecott was developed to serve the specific needs of large, open pit mines; primarily those developed in faulted and highly-fractured intrusive deposits. The program emphasis is on applied research; being defined in this case as research into the engineering mechanics of discontinuous rock and into the related rock property survey and slope design techniques. The program has been developed in phases, with each phase organized to explore more thoroughly the most significant findings of previous work and to improve on techniques found to be applicable. The current work is based on principles developed early in the program and that show promise of having engineering and economic value. A brief summary of the conceptual principles of the program is given to put our current work in context. This is followed by a review of the two cooperative programs done with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Most recent work is described and interpreted in terms of practical slope design. Although failure-free slopes are a desirable goal, it is recognized that some failures will occur when overall slope designs approach a calculated safety factor of one. A discussion of failure control research is therefore offered. BACKGROUND In 1965 Kennecott management specified that a slope stability technology must be used to achieve optimum development of ore resources. The subject was carefully explored and by 1960 it had been established that there was no technology readily applicable to open pit slope design. Therefore, in 1962, Kennecott Copper Corporation and the U. S. Bureau of Mines agreed upon a cooperative research program having the objective of developing a mine slope stability science. One of the first decisions made by the cooperating groups was that the research must be conducted primarily in the field and not in the unrealistic environments of a laboratory. Accordingly, the Kimbley Pit, an abandoned mine once operated by Kennecott's Nevada Mines Division in Nevada, was selected for the full-scale research. Fortunately, there was near-universal agreement on the basic stability parameters and thus on the areas to be investigated. These parameters were acknowledged to be: (1) anisotropy (generally due to faults or joints), (2) stress, and (3) water; in that order of importance.

Jan 1, 1972

By H. W. Hardings

Nearly every mining and metallurgical engineer will recall his early experience and method of producing step- or stage-reduction in preparing ore-samples for assay, in which he employecl idea, step- or stage-reduction simply because it was a self-evident fact that it would be easier to break coarse ore with a hammer than it would be to roll it back and forth under the muller, and alter having reduced it to a size easy for a rubbing or bucking division he then placed it under the muller on the bucking-board and further reduced it in proportion to the physical energy he wished to expend, which was generally the minimum to produce results. After this step in our experience me seem to have ceased to consider stage-reduction as mechanicallg essential, probably because it did not apply to individual exertion. Moreover, me did not retain the mass under the muller until it was all reduced to pass the 80-mesh assay-oftice screen, but practiced further step-reduction by screening out the fine in order that it should not interfere with subsequent work, replacing the coarse for further reduction on the bucking-board. It was many years after the bucking-board stage of metallurgical practice that we mere brought to a full realization that there was a more economical method in applying the crushing forces usually employed in metallurgical work by taking advantage of this individual experience and applying it to mechanical ends. We have made some advance to this end in bringing out the conical ball-and-pebble mill—a device which fairly well automatically adjusts power to the results obtained, mechanically repeating the bucking-board experience. In the action of the conical mill, theory is evolved from practice, rather than practice from theory, as is commonly the case.

Jan 1, 1914