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By J. C. Dumbrille

The following account of wining practices of the Kirkland Late Gold twining Co., (Ltd.), at Kirkland Lake, Ontario, is one of 4 series of papers being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, sad costs in various districts. The author has prepared this paper with the help and permission of J. B. Tyrrell and W. M. Sixt, the managing director and the mine manager, respectively. This mine is operating at a daily rate of about 150 tons.

Jan 1, 1931

By Lon A. Williams

This report, authorized under Contract Number H0220065, Amendment Number Six, documents the results of an investigation of lighting system modifications and designs for working place illumination in high and low coal entries of underground coal mines. The portable and machine mounted system designs, both modified and prototype, represent a continuation of work performed under Contract Number H0111403, Amendment Number One. See the Final Technical Report dated May 26, 1972 for detailed information concerning this prior Contract. All modified and prototype systems met the performance requirements of Bureau of Mines Specification 2G, as proved by test. In addition, the systems met the requirement for illumination, as specified in the Contract and in the proposed standards which were generated in response to Public Law 91-173.

Jan 1, 1976

By Charles E. Semler

The possible utility of selected compositions in the systems SrO-ZrO2-MgO and SrO-ZrO2-Dolomite for commercial refractory products was confirmed in this study. Specifically the compositions of interest are located in the sub-systems SrZrO3-ZrO2-MgO and SrZrO3-ZrO2-Dolomite. Both sub-systems have regions that are not affected by hydration, but the sub-system SrZrO3-ZrO2-MgO has a larger candidate compositional region. Solid state phase relations were determined for the subject systems over the temperature range 1600°C to 1300°C, with compatibility diagrams presented for each. The systems appear to show good refractory character with no apparent low melting compositions. As the compositions of commercial interest lie mostly in the higher ZrO2 portion of each system, information is presented regarding the firing treatment required to develop stabilized cubic ZrO2. A list of suggestions for further study of these systems, to further delineate the characteristics required for possible commercial utilization, is presented.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. H. Schutz

This publication lists the respiratory protective devices approved by the Bureau of Mines as of December 31, 1968, and the names and addresses of their manufacturers. The purpose of this publication is to inform the public about approved equipment for safe use in mines and mineral and allied industries.

Jan 1, 1969

By M. P. Board

The U.S. Bureau of Mines, under a cooperative agreement with Hecla Mining Co., conducted a rock mechanics study at four widely spaced horizons in a deep mine shaft in northern Idaho. The objective of the project was to measure and analyze rock deformation and lining behavior during construction of a deep shaft in a high in situ stress field within an isotropic rock mass. Rock mass displacements were monitored with multiple-position borehole extensometers. Liner stress and strain were measured with concrete pressure cells and embedment strain gauges. This report discusses the general trends and magnitudes of data from the four test sites, and relates the data to a proposed anisotropic constitutive model for the rock mass. A design procedure is then outlined for specifications of liner thickness and support installation sequences for future shaft sinking.

Jan 1, 1989

By Kenneth M. Smith

"The kaolin deposits of Aiken County, South Carolina (fig. 1), have been worked continuously since 1852. It has been long known that the deposits contain a high percentage of alumina and that large reserves exist. These facts led to the early selection of this area for examination in the search by the Bureau of Mines for high-alumina clays. An exploratory program was started by the Bureau, and drilling was carried on from June 27, 1942, to October 31, 1942.The kaolin-bearing district occupies an area approximately 25 miles long and 11 miles wide, running northeast, with its center at Aiken, S. C. (fig. 1). Within this district, a triangular area bounded by Horse Creek, Silver Bluff Road, and Hamburg Road was roughly prospected by boring 43 machine and 12 hand holes. As a result of the data obtained, a final smaller area was chosen for more systematic prospecting. This area is bounded by Pine Log, Tewkesbury, Silver Bluff, and Craig Sawmill Roads and covers about 4,000 acres.Mineral exploration agreements covering 11,272 acres were signed by 35 property owners, and 11,956 feet was drilled in 200 holes on these properties.The Bureau of Mines exploration work in the district has indicated 19,514,000 short tons of kaolin, of which approximately 10,000,000 tons would average over 35 percent alumina.The tonnages and grades of kaolin developed by this exploration are tabulated below.All grades of this kaolin average approximately 2 percent Fe203 and 1.5 percent Ti02.This project was under the general supervision of J. R. Thoenen, supervising engineer, Non-Metals Mining Section of the Mining Division, Bureau of Mines, until July 1942. The -project was then under the general supervision of E. J. Lintner and later Rowe McCrae, consecutively district engineers for Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. The final report was prepared, under the general supervision of V..J. Lynch, chief, Raleigh Branch, Mining Division, by William A. Beck from the original report by the author.Acknowledgment is made for the wholehearted cooperation and assistance given to the Bureau of Mines by the various operating companies in the district. Particular thanks are due Theodore Henderson, general manager; North American Clay Co., Wilbur Driver, general manager, and Howard Driver, assistant general manager, The Huber Clay Co.; H. W. Smith, president, The South Carolina Clay Co.; and J. Richard Parker, president, J. R. Parker Clay Co., all of Bath S. C.; J. B. Howard, Jr., superintendent/ the Immaculate Kaolin Co., Langley, S. C.; Richard Jones, president, National Kaolin Co., and William Winans, president, The Southern Clay Co., both of Aiken, S. C.; and W. S. Burkalter, Warrensville, S. C.Acknowledgment is also due the Metallurgical Division for analytical determinations and to James J. Page of the Federal Geological Survey for his aid in mapping and logging the holes.The first known use of kaolin from this district was by the Bath Pottery Co., which began mining an outcrop in Horse Creek Valley, near Bath, in 1852.. In 1867, R. McNamee, of New York City, acquired this pit and continued mining. This first mine is still known as the McNamee, and from its operation grew the present kaolin industry of South Carolina."

Dec 1, 1949

By Kenneth G. Skinner

The rapid growth of the metallurgical, chemical, and allied industries on the Pacific coast just prior to and during the war caused a sudden increase in the demand for refractories, which was the immediate cause of a revival in interest in refractory clays available on the Pacific coast, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. Population increases and shortage of shipping facilities caused an increase in the amount of various ceramic materials and products used and produced on the Pacific coast, with accompanying demand for information regarding sources of clay. In an effort to supply part of this information, the Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the College of Mines, University of Washington, started a program in 1944 to test the refractory and other properties of clays from seven Pacific Northwest deposits that had been drilled and sampled as part of the Bureau of Mines alumina from clay investigation. Figure 1 shows the location of these deposits.

Jan 1, 1949

By Scott Turner

Within recent years , people have begun to realize the importance and significance of the mining and allied industries . The leading part the engineer plays in civilization is becoming recognized . However , accurate quantitative knowledge of the industrial importance of mining is still seldom possessed except by those close to this business . It is true that there are a few who go to the extreme and represent the whole progress of civilization as a reflection of man's gradual mastery of mineral utilization , but on the whole , the magnitude of the industry is underestimated . The uncertainties of mining , as evidenced by the variable results of prospecting on surface or underground , in an unknown new field or from the bottom levels of a mature mine , the ins and outs of tonnages and metal contents , the possibility of a widespread or even a sudden change between cost and realization-price , add to its picturesqueness and make mining attractive to some . To many , the fact that results are generally more uncertain and less predictable than in other industries lends added charm . The following pages may serve to call attention briefly to the importance of mining relative to other industries in the United States , in Canada , and in the world . Ordinarily , the annual primary mineral production of the United States amounts to about 5 billion dollars . The average for the last five years has been a little over 5 billion dollars . Last year , sadly enough , it was less than 34 billions . Just now , we are on the decline , and have been for the past two years . In Canada , the 5-year average was about 268 million dollars . Last year it was 227 million . Due in part to gold output ( in 1930 , for the first time , Canada's gold production exceeded that of the United States ) , the Canadian average is holding up better than ours . It has been estimated that the average world mineral production over the past five years has amounted to about 12 billion dollars , while in 1931 it was less than 8 billions . The mineral industries are as indispensable for the conduct of modern society as are those of agriculture , but , in the United States at least , they receive far less recognition from the Government . With us , agriculture is fostered by a great department that is maintained by enormous appropriations , while the mineral industries get but little financial support . In the United States , in the calendar year 1930 , the value of production by these two industries were as follows : to 1 . Agriculture ( inclusive of forestry ) 9.9 billion dollars ; mining 4.8 billions ; ratio 2 Direct appropriations by our Federal Government were 109 million dollars to agriculture and 2.8 million to mining , a ratio of 39 to 1. Obviously this is out of balance to the extent of 19 to 1 in favor of agriculture .

Jun 1, 1932

The overall objective of this study is to gather operational data from selected surface coal mining systems in the United States, and to assess the potential production and economic capacity of the systems. The study includes: four mines, each using a different mining technique and different equipment. One mine was selected from each of the major coal fields: Midwestern, eastern,, northwestern, and southwestern. The Midwestern Mine is located in the Central Plains and produced 1.45 million tons of raw coal during the study year The Midwestern Mine uses the area mining or box-cut technique. A large in-pit shovel and a bucket wheel excavator are used to remove the overburden. Coal is removed by a loading shovel and transported to the dumping point by large off--highway trucks.

Jan 1, 1975

By R. V. Ramani

In this report, the application and limitation of the various equipment available for surface coal mining are discussed. The correction factors for adjusting equipment performance arising from machine design, material characteristics, and modes of operation are presented. Engineering design, pit layout and equipment selection are discussed with mathematical derivations. Two computer programs (SMCALC and SMRES) have been written to aid in pit design and equipment selection. The Strip Mine Calculation Program (SMCALC) can be used to select the bucket size and reach of shovels and draglines for various pit widths. It will also calculate the number of drills, loading shovels, trucks and bulldozers needed to achieve a production target. The Surface Mine Reclamation Equipment Selector (SMRES) can be used to select the number of bulldozers, scrapers and front-end loaders needed to achieve the desired production.

Jan 1, 1976

By L. J. E. Hofer

"INTRODUCTION This paper is riot to be considered a complete survey of data on carbides; it is only an attempt to correlate the more reliable of the existing data of interest in connection with the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and its purpose is to guide future experiment and thought.A general review of the literature on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis will be published in the near future as a chapter by H. H. Storch for a book entitled, ""The Chemical Utilization of Coal,"" edited by H. H. Lowry. This chapter covers the literature up to l9). It is planned to bring the review up to date in a comprehensive bulletin on Synthetic Liquid Fuel Processes to be completed during the next year. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author discussed the significance of the data with several members of the Physical Chemistry and Hydrogenation Section.THE PREPARATION OF CARBIDES OF IRON, COBALT, AND NICKELThe reaction of carbon monoxide with Fischer-Tropsch metals was first studied in a quanitaive way by Bahr and his coworkers. The contents of their first papers, 3/ 4/ 5/ which deal with the action of carbon monoxide on nickel, cobalt, and iron, will be described in the following paragraphs, together with the pertinent results of other investigators."

Jul 1, 1944

By Donelson A. Robertson

Literature was searched and cases of alleged water well damage were investigated. Occurrence of ground water in Appalachia is primarily in low yield, fractured, water table aquifers. Four test sites were chosen based on geographic and geologic diversity. Test wells were drilled at each site and base line data on water quality, static water level, and drawdown characteristics were obtained before surface mining commenced. Blast induced ground vibrations were measured at the surface by the wells at levels up to 5.44 inches per second maximum resultant particle velocity. Measurements made at the bottom of wells indicated that vibrations were considerably attenuated at depths of 140 to 160 feet. No direct evidence of change in water quality or well performance was produced by blast vibrations, but removal of downslope support by excavation does cause lateral stress relief which permits the water-bearing fractures to become more open. This additional storage capacity causes the static water level to drop and for well-bore permeability to improve. Static water level recovers if sufficient recharge is available and well performance is

Jan 1, 1980

By Elaine T. Bowers

The Sunnyside single-entry project pioneered the use of single entries for longwall development in this country. During the 10-year course of the project, an immense amount of information was gathered. Over three miles of entries were observed primarily through instrument groupings placed in strategically located areas or "rooms." Nearly 1,200 instruments were monitored to gain information on the behavior of coal entries during development stages and through the mining of two longwall panels. This was one of the most extensively documented projects undertaken by the Bureau, The data gathered has a great potential for scientific research especially in the area of longwall mining. This Bureau of Mines report presents the ground control data gathered, in the form of computerized plots. Roof-to-floor deformation and load on cribs and roof bolts make up the bulk of the data, which is presented as load or deformation versus time. The plots are organized, generally, by the three main entries involved and, specifically, by the individual areas or rooms in those entries. No major attempt will be made, in this paper, to analyze the data other than to identify its source arid its history.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. B. Zadra

Tungsten, a comparatively new metal, is one of the important strategic war materials. In peacetime, tungsten is widely used as a filament in elec¬tric lamps and electronic tubes and is a vital constituent of some of the most important industrial alloys. High-speed tool steel containing tungsten and stellite alloys containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten are extremely hard and resistant to corrosion. These alloys and the tungsten carbides are unequaled as cutting tools and in other wear-resistant applications. They play a prominent role in the present era of mass production. Alloys containing tungsten resist oxidation at high temperatures and have been key alloys in the development of modern aircraft. The adaptability of tungsten to new uses is expanding, particularly in the high-temperature range. Domestic production of tungsten has come from a large number of deposits in 17 of the 49 States; but, of the total domestic output from 1900 to 1956, more than 80 percent was produced from mines in North Carolina, California, Colorado, and Nevada. The average tenor of the mined ore was less than 1 percent tungsten trioxide (W03).

Jan 1, 1959

By S. P. Sandoval

Previous research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines demonstrated that nonionic surfactants increased the leaching rate of copper in the flask leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric sulfate if sufficient ferric sulfate was present. This research was continued by the Bureau in Part 2 to further explore the application of nonionic surfactants to the dump leaching of chalcopyrite. A polyoxyethylene lauryl ether was selected as the superior nonionic surfactant tested at 25° and 50° C. The addition of the surfactant increased copper leaching by 116 pct at 25° C and 1.0 pct solids and by 61 pct at 50° C and 0.5 pct solids at Fe 3+ concentrations greater than 1 g/L. At 0.1.0 g/L Fe 3+ and below, the addition of the surfactant produced as much as a 35 pct decrease in leaching. Each of the nonionic surfactants studied was found to be heavily adsorbed by a typical chalcopyrite ore, which poses a serious barrier to the application of nonionic surfactants in an actual chalcopyrite dump.

Jan 1, 2010

By James D. Cooper

COMBINED tonnage or natural abrasive materials sold or used in the United States in 1962 was 10 percent greater than that of 1961 and value was 9 percent higher. Production of crude artificial abrasives in the United States and Canada was up 14 percent in volume and 9 percent in value. Value of grinding-wheel sales increased 13 percent, and the value of coated-abrasives sales was up 10 percent. The value of imports and reexports declined, while the value or exports increased. [ ]

Jan 1, 1963

By E. L. Fosse, W. S. Wright

"INTRODUCTION Preliminary and detailed exploratory examinations of iron and copper ores on Prince of Wales Island have been conducted by the Bureau of Mines from early in 1942 until the end of 1944. Among these investigations was that of the Jumbo magnetite deposit, which was visited by Stephen P. Holt, an engineer of the Bureau of Mines, during a preliminary examination of the Copper Mountain and Jumbo properties September 15 to 18, 1943, During the months of June, July, and August 1944, a more detailed examination, which consisted essentially of mapping and sampling, was made by the authors working in conjunction with George C. Kennedy of the Geological Survey, Geological, topographical, and dip-needle contour maps were made of the area, and 97 channel samples were cut.ACKNOWLEDGMENTIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes sam¬ples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervision of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director.Special acknowledgment is made to R. D. Stewart, Territorial Commissioner of Mines and former general manager, and to Duncan Campbell, Ketchikan, Alaska, former mine superintendent of the Jumbo mine. Acknowledgment is also due to George C. Kennedy of the Federal Geological Survey for extending cooperative assistance in topographical mapping, dip-needle surveying, and geological study of the deposits. Further acknowledgment is made to C. Travis Anderson, chief, Rolla Division, Metallurgical Branch, and other members of that division for conducting beneficiation tests on Jumbo Basin ores."

Oct 1, 1946

By Ellis S. Hertzog

The relatively large amount of phosphorous occurring in many iron ores limits their usefulness aid sometimes renders them valueless under present conditions of nip-iron manufacture. A practical method for removing the phosphorus would be valuable to the iron and steel industry. Gravity concentration has been of little value as far as the removal of phosphorous is concerned, because the compounds of this element are, as a rule, disseminated very finely. Removal of the phosphorous by leaching is not a new idea and has been the subject of some investigation,3,4/ out for data :lave been published. W.R. Crane published analyse of various ore bodies in the Birmingham ham district. The hard or unleached ores a .re much higher in phosphorous than the Soft, leached ores along the outcrops. This fact indicates that as mild a leaching agent as water removes phosphorus effectively if enough time is allowed for it to react. As the forms in which phosphorous occurs in the iron ores are important in the consideration of any leaching operation, much time was expended in devising a method for determining them. According to Professor McVey, University of Alabama, the phosphorous-bearing minerals in the red iron ores of Alabama have not been positively identified by any microscopic methods.

Jan 1, 1935

By Ellis S. Hertzog

[The relatively large amount of phosphorous occurring in many iron ores limits their usefulness mid sometimes renders them valueless under present conditions of pig-iron manufacture. A practical method for removing the phosphorus would be valuable to the iron and steel industry. Gravity concentration has been of little value as far as the removal it of phosphorous is concerned, because the compounds of this element are, as a rule, disseminated very finely. Removal of the phosphorous by leaching is not a new idea and has been the subject of some investigation,3,4/ but few data have been published. W. R. Crane published analyses of various ore bodies in the Birmingham district. The hard or unleached ores are much higher or in phosphorus than the soft, leached ores along the outcrops. Tips fact indicates that as mild a leaching agent as water removes phosphorus effectively if enough time is allowed for it to react.]

Jan 1, 1935

By J. W. Thompson, M. N. RICH

That there is wide interest in the preparation and properties of metallic zirconium and its salts is indicated by the many articles recently published in scientific and technical journals and the many patents issued. The compounds of zirconium have numerous important uses and more uses will doubtless be found. In the course of the special work on rare metals that were of military importance during the war, the authors of this bulletin were detailed to the Golden mining experiment station of the Bureau of Mines to prepare metallic zirconium and to investigate its properties. A number of investigations in recent years have indicated that sintered or coherent zirconium metal is very resistive to acids; that it can be used for electrodes, and it probably will find metallurgical uses. A steel containing zirconium has been proposed for use in armor plate and automobile parts, and nickel-zirconium alloys have been suggested for high-speed cutting tools and for cutlery. Numerous articles in scientific journals have recommended the use of zirconium oxide as a refractory, an abrasive, a pigment in paints, and as an opaquing agent in enamel ware. The salts have been used in the textile industry' as a mordant and also for weighting silk. When the authors began their investigation, they found it necessary to collect all of the available literature on the general subject of zirconium and its compounds. Pure salts could not be obtained on the market, and in order to get these, as a preliminary step to the preparation of the metal, the literature had to be classified and the methods of preparing the salts investigated. Also, there was much difficulty at first in making satisfactory analyses, and this phase of the work received careful attention. As it was necessary to begin with a historical review of the literature, such a review is given as Part I of this report, and a bibliography is included as Part IV. References to the numbered items in this bibliography are made throughout the text, the usual footnote references being omitted. Analyses of the products and conclusions as to their purity are given under the descriptions of methods of preparation. A table showing the properties of the amorphous metal, and another showing the properties of the coherent metal, will be found under appropriate headings in Part II. No attempt has been made in the historical review to discuss fully all the published information about zirconium and its compounds, but only such material has been assembled as has a direct bearing upon the present work. Considerable difficulty was experienced in collecting this material because of the confusion of terms by various authors who perhaps did not thoroughly understand the chemistry of zirconium.

Jan 1, 1921