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By F. T. Havard

(Canal Zone meeting, November, 1910.) I. INTRODUCTION. THE present truce in litigation between Western smelting and ranching interests gives opportunity for a summary of the results achieved by metallurgists in condensing fume and de-acidifying furnace-gases. In the absence of complete records of past experiments, there has been a good deal of unnecessary duplication of attempts and' failures. Yet, especially under the recent policy of our large corporations, looking to the economic recovery of the values of by- and waste products, original and, in some cases, effective measures have been developed by American metallurgists. In the case of Bliss vs. the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., the Montana Supreme Court, recognizing the progressive efforts made to render the flue-gases innocuous, and the value to the community of the smelting company's operations, refused to hamper its work, and returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. In the trial, the experimental firms of the company in the so-called "affected region" were proved to be thriving perfectly, showing that immunity was guaranteed to vegetation and stock by the wide distribution of the sulphurous acid gas in the dry air of Montana. Indeed, L. S. Austin has proved that by the time the fume is 4,000 ft.. distant from the stack, the percentage of sulphurous acid has been diminished from 2.28 to 0.00045; and Angus Smith has shown that rain must contain 40 parts per million of free acid before vegetation is affected. The arsenic in the stack-gases is but a very small part of the original content of the ore, of which 80 per cent. and over is rejected in the concentrator and furnace waste-products or recovered in the flues. Nevertheless, neither the peace in Montana nor the armistice

Aug 1, 1910

What is a conflict, as it is understood by men of the extractive industries? And what are the circumstances out of which these conflicts arise? A start can be made with the notion of economic conflict, which can be defined as rivalry over the use of economic resources. Such rivalry is a central part of all economizing activity. It is present within the individual, within the family, and within the business firm. In each of these units there are multiple goals competing for use of a limited income. And economic rivalry is present among individuals and firms who are competing with one another for use of the limited quantity of economic resources available to us as a society.

Jan 7, 1961

By J. WILLIAM WETTER

WHEN the privilege was extended to me to address this meeting I could not help but make a mental review of my own activities and experiences in connection with association work. After having spent about 16 years in the mining engineering field, I entered into the operating branch of coal mining which afforded, about 12 years ago, my first opportunity of attending a meeting of our local Association and sitting in with the "big boys" of the industry. This was quite a thrilling experience because I had heard a great deal about the various operators who belonged to the Association and knew, or at least thought I knew, that a certain group dominated its affairs and that a "clique" was in control of a sizable "roller" which could be "steamed up" at will to flatten out any opposition which might appear upon the horizon or under it, too, for that matter. Now, I was to have the privilege of observing this "clique" at first hand, of seeing a small group making the policies and shaping the destinies of a great industry and planning the activities of an important Association while a large majority of the members would sit by either complacently or otherwise with the full knowledge that the "roller" was in waiting to reduce them to ribbons at the first sign of resistance.

Jan 1, 1930

Jan 1, 1970

By Persifor Frazer

INTRODUCTION For various reasons I have not specified the locality where the research indicated in the following pages was undertaken. It will suffice to say that it was on the grounds of a villa once remote from, but now completely surrounded by, its neighboring city, and in close proximity to an industrial establishment of great extent and importance manufacturing many kinds of steel articles and employing upwards of thirty chimney-stacks for power and process work. The problem was to discover the cause or causes of the mortality to trees and plants on the place, and to trace these causes to their origin. Before undertaking this experimental work, the bibliography accompanying this paper was compiled and studied. It appears from an examination of the careful scientific work performed by the ablest French, German, and English chemists during the last 25 years that they are unanimous in assigning the principal-in fact, the overwhelmingly predominant-cause of the destruction of vegetation to sulphur oxides, resulting either from direct- oxidation of sulphur in oil of vitriol works, etc., or from the oxidation of the sulphur from the minerals associated with commercial coal. Schröder and Schertel showed in 1884 that the sulphates deposited upon the leaves are not injurious to the plants; and Freytag proved that free sulphuric acid could not be found

May 1, 1907

Jan 1, 1933

[Aase, Qlenn D., (Junior Member '40) Jr. Met.. American Smelt. & Refin. Co., Selby. Calif. Abadie, Henry G., (Junior Member '43) Petr. Engr.. Avenal, Calif. Abbott, Clarence E., (Member '04) Civil En=.. V.P.. Tennessee Coal. Iron & R.R. Co., 1542 Brown biarx Bldg.. Birminpham, Aln. Abbott. Fred E., Jr., (Member '44) Petr. Engr., C/O Arabian Anierican Oil Co.. A.P.O. 816. c/o Postmaster, New York, N. Y. Abel, Raymond L., (Member '28) Chem. Engr.. C. O., Pittsburgh Chem. Warfare Procurenlent Dist.. American Bank Bldg., Pittsburph. Pa. Abel, Walter D., (Member '32) Min. Engr.. Supvr. Engr.. RFC, Los Angeles, Calif.]

Jan 1, 1946

By H. W. C. Prommel

While Utah remains an unimportant factor in oil production, exploratory drilling was carried on in six widely separated areas, extending from the southwest to the northeast corner of the state. One new gas field, the Last Chance or Starvation Creek anticline in Emery County, and two new gas horizons in the Clay Basin field of Daggett County, were thereby discovered during 1934. Exploratory Drilling South Central Utah Emery County—Last Chance Anticline.—The test of the Ramsey Petroleum Corporation in sec. 18, T.26S., R.7E., on the apex of this anticline (vert. closure 700 ft.; area within closing contour line, as mapped by U.S. Geological Survey, 26,000 acres) encountered gas in the Moenkopi formation of lower Triassic age at depths ranging from 2530 to 2863 ft. The total thickness of sandstone, sandy shale and -limestone beds in which gas was encountered is approximately 50 ft. The well was tested at a depth of 2755 ft., gaging 21,000,000 cu. ft. of gas, R.P. 410 lb. The well is being plugged back to the lowest gas horizon at 2771 ft. from a total depth of 3168 ft. Gas from this well probably will be used for the drilling of a second well structurally lower, to test the oil possibilities of the Moenkopi formation as well as of the upper and lower Pennsylvania formations, of which the latter so far remains untested in South Central Utah. The well was not drilled deep enough to determine more definitely the western margin of the petroliferous Paradox Basin of lower Pennsyl-vanian age of southeastern Utah. Woodside Anticline.—This field, lying immediately northeast of the San Rafael swell, contains, according to maps of the U.S. Geological Survey, 8380 acres within its lowest closing contour line 700 ft. below the apex. A well was drilled by Utah Oil Refining Co. at the apex in sec. 12, T.l9S., R.l3E., during 1924. Gas was encountered in the Moenkopi and Kaibab formations of Triassic and Carboniferous (Permian) age respectively. The flow is estimated at 21,000,000 cu. ft., R.P. 900 lb.,

Jan 1, 1935

By Shiou-Chuan Sun

DISCUSSION shiou-chuan sun (author's correction) - Too late for revision, the author realized that the data on stability of froth presented in this paper were not based on the same height of froth column. It is recommended herein that the stability of froth is better calculated by dividing the time elapsed until the froth disappeared by the volume (in cu cm per sq cm) or height of the froth column, and is expressed in sec per cm. The stability data in Tables I, II, and III of this paper were recalculated, in accordance with this recommendation, and the results are shown respectively in the accompanying Tables VII, VIII, and IX. Compared with Tables I, II, and III of the paper, the stability data of Tables VII, VIII, and IX are more reliable in disclosing the persistence of froth of various frothers having different frothabilities. For example, the conclusion given in the paper that the stability of froth is generally proportional to the volume of froth becomes invalid when the stability of froth is expressed in sec per cm, as shown in Tables VII, VIII, and IX. Table VII shows that both the stability and volume of froth increase with the addition of small amounts of n-hexyl alcohol, and that further additions of n-hexyl alcohol decrease the stability but increase the volume of froth. Table VIII indicates that the stability of different types of frothers is governed by their chemical composition and is difficult to predict from their frothability. Table IX shows that the stability of different frothers with similar nonpolar groups tends to increase with a decrease of the hydro- philic property of their polar groups, and consequently with the decrease of their solubilities. This is further substantiated by the fact that the stability of frothers, as listed in Table IX, is generally lowered by the solvent effect of absolute ethyl alcohol. Table IX shows also that the stability of froth tends to increase with the decrease of the volume of froth* provided the frothers used have similar nonpolar groups and dissimilar polar groups.

Jan 1, 1953

By Shiou-Chuan Sun

DISCUSSION shiou-chuan sun (author's correction) - Too late for revision, the author realized that the data on stability of froth presented in this paper were not based on the same height of froth column. It is recommended herein that the stability of froth is better calculated by dividing the time elapsed until the froth disappeared by the volume (in cu cm per sq cm) or height of the froth column, and is expressed in sec per cm. The stability data in Tables I, II, and III of this paper were recalculated, in accordance with this recommendation, and the results are shown respectively in the accompanying Tables VII, VIII, and IX. Compared with Tables I, II, and III of the paper, the stability data of Tables VII, VIII, and IX are more reliable in disclosing the persistence of froth of various frothers having different frothabilities. For example, the conclusion given in the paper that the stability of froth is generally proportional to the volume of froth becomes invalid when the stability of froth is expressed in sec per cm, as shown in Tables VII, VIII, and IX. Table VII shows that both the stability and volume of froth increase with the addition of small amounts of n-hexyl alcohol, and that further additions of n-hexyl alcohol decrease the stability but increase the volume of froth. Table VIII indicates that the stability of different types of frothers is governed by their chemical composition and is difficult to predict from their frothability. Table IX shows that the stability of different frothers with similar nonpolar groups tends to increase with a decrease of the hydro- philic property of their polar groups, and consequently with the decrease of their solubilities. This is further substantiated by the fact that the stability of frothers, as listed in Table IX, is generally lowered by the solvent effect of absolute ethyl alcohol. Table IX shows also that the stability of froth tends to increase with the decrease of the volume of froth* provided the frothers used have similar nonpolar groups and dissimilar polar groups.

Jan 1, 1953

By AIME AIME

AS a new departure the annual business meeting was held at 4 p. m. on Tuesday, Feb. 16, instead of in the morning, as previously. The retiring President, Robert E. Tally, called the meeting to order and briefly spoke of the large measure of success that had been attained in balancing the budget of the Institute in 1931, so that, although receipts had declined over $26,000 compared to the previous year, expenditures had come within $3,000 of income. He referred in complimentary ,terms to the work of the committees on Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, and MINING AND METALLURGY, from which more would be heard late:. He also announced that a large and important committee on economics has been under consideration, and will be announced later. As an evidence of growth it was noted that a new Division, Mineral Industry Education, had been organized just an hour previously.

Jan 1, 1932

By T. B. Counselman

Probably the earliest concentration of iron ore in this country was carried on in the northeastern magnetite areas. Magnetic concentration was relatively simple and gave a concentrate that, after agglomeration, and in spite of being high in phosphorus because of the dry concentrating methods then in use, was satisfactory blast-furnace feed. Production from the northeastern magnetite area languished after the discovery and development of the Lake Superior ores, where there was seemingly an unlimited tonnage of high-grade ore, first the Michigan ores, and subsequently the still larger deposits of Minnesota. For years only the higher grade, direct shipping ores of the Lake Superior district were mined. Those of Michigan, and of the Vermilion Range in Minnesota, were hard ores and came principally from underground mines. The softer ores of the Mesabi came partly from underground mines, but mostly from the enormous deposits that could be worked by open-pit methods. The costs of ore from these open-pit deposits, even with the high initial cost of stripping, were so low that the underground mines of the Mesabi could hardly compete. The so-called Old Range ores, of Michigan and of the Vermilion. Range of Minnesota, were hard and lumpy, and opened UP the burden in the blast furnace, therefore making possible harder driving with greater output. Also, some of these ores were of such grade and physical characteristics that they were suitable for charge ore in the open hearth. These ores, therefore, commanded a price premium, and could compete with the softer, finer, but cheaper, Mesabi ores. The big tonnage reserves, however, are on the Mesabi. and it is these big open-pit deposits that constitute our stock pile of iron ore, from which we are drawing so heavily during this war period. On the western end of the Mesabi the ore was found to be high in silica, and not suitable as furnace feed. As early as 1902, attempts were made to concentrate this so-called wash ore and by 1910 the first washing plant was put into operation. The Process was very simple, consisting essentially of a sizing and washing operation, with scalping screens, logwashers, and tables, which later were replaced by classifiers. Ore particles finer than 100 mesh were deliberately wasted, because these fines were undesirable in the furnace. Fortunately, these tailings were impounded, and already are being reworked. Before long some of the low-grade ores began to require more elaborate treatment than the simple washing operation and, tables having been discarded because of their low capacity, in favor of classifiers, jigs were next introduced. These were able to discard coarser pieces of tailing than classifiers. jigs are in active use today, various improvements having been made in their design and application. Various other machines and methods of concentration have been tried from time to time, and have in turn been discarded for more improved processes. The latest and most important process that has been

Jan 1, 1947

By T. B. Counselman

Probably the earliest concentration of iron ore in this country was carried on in the northeastern magnetite areas. Magnetic concentration was relatively simple and gave a concentrate that, after agglomeration, and in spite of being high in phosphorus because of the dry concentrating methods then in use, was satisfactory blast-furnace feed. Production from the northeastern magnetite area languished after the discovery and development of the Lake Superior ores, where there was seemingly an unlimited tonnage of high-grade ore, first the Michigan ores, and subsequently the still larger deposits of Minnesota. For years only the higher grade, direct shipping ores of the Lake Superior district were mined. Those of Michigan, and of the Vermilion Range in Minnesota, were hard ores and came principally from underground mines. The softer ores of the Mesabi came partly from underground mines, but mostly from the enormous deposits that could be worked by open-pit methods. The costs of ore from these open-pit deposits, even with the high initial cost of stripping, were so low that the underground mines of the Mesabi could hardly compete. The so-called Old Range ores, of Michigan and of the Vermilion. Range of Minnesota, were hard and lumpy, and opened UP the burden in the blast furnace, therefore making possible harder driving with greater output. Also, some of these ores were of such grade and physical characteristics that they were suitable for charge ore in the open hearth. These ores, therefore, commanded a price premium, and could compete with the softer, finer, but cheaper, Mesabi ores. The big tonnage reserves, however, are on the Mesabi. and it is these big open-pit deposits that constitute our stock pile of iron ore, from which we are drawing so heavily during this war period. On the western end of the Mesabi the ore was found to be high in silica, and not suitable as furnace feed. As early as 1902, attempts were made to concentrate this so-called wash ore and by 1910 the first washing plant was put into operation. The Process was very simple, consisting essentially of a sizing and washing operation, with scalping screens, logwashers, and tables, which later were replaced by classifiers. Ore particles finer than 100 mesh were deliberately wasted, because these fines were undesirable in the furnace. Fortunately, these tailings were impounded, and already are being reworked. Before long some of the low-grade ores began to require more elaborate treatment than the simple washing operation and, tables having been discarded because of their low capacity, in favor of classifiers, jigs were next introduced. These were able to discard coarser pieces of tailing than classifiers. jigs are in active use today, various improvements having been made in their design and application. Various other machines and methods of concentration have been tried from time to time, and have in turn been discarded for more improved processes. The latest and most important process that has been

Jan 1, 1947

By T. B. Counselman

PROBABLY the earliest concentration of iron ore in this country was carried on in the northeastern magnetite areas. Magnetic concentration was relatively simple and gave a concentrate that, after agglomeration, and in spite of being high in phosphorus because of the dry concentrating methods then in use, was satisfactory blast-furnace feed. Production from the northeastern magnetite area languished after the discovery and development of the Lake Superior ores, where there was seemingly an unlimited tonnage of high-grade ore, first the Michigan ores, and subsequently the still larger deposits of Minnesota. For years only the higher grade, direct shipping ores of the Lake Superior district were mined. Those of Michigan, and of the Vermilion Range in Minnesota, were hard ores and came principally from underground mines. The softer ores of the Mesabi came partly from underground mines, but mostly from the enormous deposits that could be worked by open-pit methods. The costs of ore from these open-pit deposits, even with the high initial cost of stripping, were so low that the underground mines of the Mesabi could hardly compete. The so-called Old Range ores, of Michigan and of the Vermilion Range of Minnesota, were hard and lumpy, and opened up the burden in the blast furnace, therefore making possible harder driving with greater output. Also, some of these ores were of such grade and physical characteristics that they were suitable for charge ore in the open hearth. These ores, therefore, commanded a price premium, and could compete with the softer, finer, but cheaper, Mesabi ores. The big tonnage reserves, however, are on the Mesabi, and it is these big open-pit deposits that constitute our stock pile of iron ore, from which we are drawing so heavily during this war period. On the western end of the Mesabi the ore was found to be high in silica, and not suitable as furnace feed. As early as 1902, attempts were made to concentrate this so-called wash ore and by 1910 the first washing plant was put into operation. The process was very simple, consisting essentially of a sizing and washing operation, with scalping screens, logwashers, and tables, which later were replaced by classifiers. Ore particles finer than 100 mesh were deliberately wasted, because these fines were undesirable in the furnace. Fortunately, these tailings were impounded, and already are being reworked. Before long some of the low-grade ores began to require more elaborate treatment than the simple washing operation and, tables having been discarded because of their low capacity, in favor of classifiers, jigs were next introduced. These were able to discard coarser pieces of tailing than classifiers. Jigs are in active use today, various improvements having been made in their design and application. Various other machines and methods of concentration have been tried from time to time, and have in turn been discarded for more improved processes. The latest and most important process that has been

Jan 1, 1943

Strain-Hardening Exponent of Cross-Rolled Beryllium Sheet by S. R. Maloff, Vol. 215, No. 5, page 872, was omitted from Table of Contents for the October issue. Stabilization Phenomena in Beta Phase Au-Cd Alloys by Howard Birnbaum, Vol. 215, No. 5, page 786. The figure denoted Fig. 1 should be Fig. 3, Fig. 3 should be Fig. 4 and Fig. 4 should be Fig. 1. The captions are in the proper sequence. Activity of Carbon in Liquid Iron Alloys by Tasuku Fuwa and John Chipman, Vol. 215, No. 4, page 708. First equation, right hand column, page 710 should read

Jan 1, 1960

By J. VAN DEN BERC

Tin production and export from the Far East are still a long way off from the prewar figures. The Malayan Peninsula, which had a rather good start directly after the war largely because of stock piles found in Singapore and elsewhere, has since been hampered in the rehabilitation of its tin mines and dredging operations by material shortages and, more recently and more severely, by revolts and attacks of communist elements and gangster bands. These hindrances make working in the mines dangerous and form a daily threat against the valuable and highly vulnerable dredges. Contrary to the conditions in Malaya are those on the tin islands of Billiton, Banka, and Singkep-all in the Netherlands East Indies-where the Dutch have re-established peaceful relations with the population. Dutch efforts since the fall of 1945 have been rewarded by continuously increasing production, extension of production facilities, and return of moderate prosperity, complete safety, and all-out co-operation among the population ? native and Chinese ? to the benefit of all concerned.

Jan 1, 1949

By G. Howell Clevenger, Bhupendranath Ray

Formerly great divergence of opinion existed in regard to the influence of copper in steel, as affecting its various physical properties. More recently the investigations of Stead,l Breuil,2 Wigham,3 Burgess and Aston: Ball and Wingham,5 Miiller; Dillner,7 and others have shown fairly good agreement in the major points. Copper steel has been shown by these investigators to possess special properties which make it valuable for certain uses. The general range of composition of the useful alloys of copper and iron, and of copper, iron, and carbon, has been quite definitely established, for the former by Burgess and Aston,8 and for the latter by Breuil9 and Stead.10 Stead11 has removed one difficulty in reconciling certain of the earlier data by calling particular attention to the influence 'of carbon in copper steels. Another point which caused confusion in the earlier investigations, particularly in regard to " red-shortness," was the presence of sulphur. Failure to note the presence of sulphur often led to attributing " red-shortness" to the presence of small amounts of copper. Turner12 has called attention to the fact that where copper exists in an iron ore it often occurs as the sulphide, so that the presence of copper in steel made from such ores might also, necessarily, mean the presence of sulphur. It is evident that the effect in this case might be quite different than where pure copper was added.

Jan 1, 1914

By AIME AIME

The Bulletin. The Bulletin of the Institute will be issued hereafter monthly instead of bi-monthly as heretofore. Among other reasons for this change, it is desired to effect thereby the earlier transmission to members of important papers, lists of candidates tin? membership, and other items of timely information. The New Haven Meeting. As already announced in special circular, the XCVIth meeting of the institute for the reading and discussion of papers will be held at New Haven, Conn., beginning Feb. 23, 1909. The Secretary of the Local Committee is Prof. J. D. Irving, Box D, Yale Station, New Haven. The program embraces visits to many interesting works in New Haven, Ansonia, Bridgeport, etc. The leading topics for discussion at the sessions will lie: The Conservation of Natural Resources; A Sea-Level Canal at Panama; and The Technical Education of Mining Engineers. But papers on other subjects also are announced. Lt is probable that a supplementary session of this meeting, will be held in New York City, at some time during March, 1909, as a joint session with other national engineering societies, for the farther discussion of the subject of The Conservation of Natural Resources. A Pacific Coast Meeting. It is now reasonably certain that the XCVIIth meeting will be held oil the Pacific Coast, including a. visit to the Exposition at Seattle, and various other points en. route going or coming, depending upon the route and program finally adopted. (lore definite information will be announced at the New Haven Meeting, or at the earliest possible date thereafter.

Jan 1, 1909

||Abad, Leopoldo F., Min Engr, Div of Mines, Bureau of Science Manila, P I '23 Abadilla, Quirico A, Geol, Lago Pet Corp Box 172, Maracaibo, Venezuela '20 ||Abbey, Robert Graham, The W W Sly Mfg Co Train Ave, Cleveland, Ohio '21 Abbott, A. N., Mines Supt, Mazapil Copper Co, Ltd Concepcion del Oro, Mexico '23 Abbott, Clarence E., Mgr, Mines & Quarries, Tenn Coal, Iron & R R Co, 1242 Brown Marx Bldg, Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr , Consolidation Coal Co , Elkhorn Div Jenkins, Ky. '16 Abbott, Robert R., Met Engr , Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland, Ohio '12 ||Abbott, Wells Osborn, Ray Consolidated Copper Co Hayden, Ariz. '23 Abeel, George H, Jr., Cons Min Engr 4612 West 17th St , Los Angeles, Cal '18 Abel, Albert E., Asst to Pres, Valley Mould & Iron Corp Sharpsville, Pa. '19 Abernathy, George Elmer, Prof of Geol & Min , Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg, Kans. '20 Abey, Hiroshi, Min & Met Engr, Min & Met Dept, The Higher Technical School, Osaka, Japan. '17 ||d'Ablaing, Philip R, Chem , Anaconda Copper Min Co Great Falls, Mont '25 Aborn, Robert H , Research Assoc., Mass Inst of Tech Cambridge, Mass '19 Abouchar, Sylvain Sley, Min. Engi & Geol , care of S H Sekaly, 13 Rue El Nimr, Cairo, Egypt '17

Jan 1, 1923

By William L. Saunders

MANY members of the Institute, who participated in the visit made, during the Bethlehem meeting of February, 1906, to the shops of the Ingersoll-Rand Company, at Phillipsburg, N. J., inspected with interest the new Electric-Air drill, which the company had set up for the purpose of showing it in actual operation to American. mining engineers. At the request of the Secretary of the Institute, I promised at that time to prepare a paper for our Transactions, describing the construction and advantages of the machine. But such a paper would then necessarily have contained much that was only expected or claimed by the designers and manufacturers of the drill, and not yet incontrovertibly proved by varied and long-continued practice. However moderate such statements might have been, they would have given inevitably to the paper, to some extent at least, the air of a prospectus, rather than of a technical contribution. I therefore decided, with the Secretary's approval, to postpone the writing of the promised paper until it could set forth the results of adequate actual practice, as well as the latest details of construction, etc., based upon practical experience. That period has now arrived. The Electric-Air drill has been exhaustively tested in the field, under varied and arduous conditions and upon the hardest rocks. It is now fairly in the field; its merits and performances are matters of unimpeachable record, and its place among established competitors can be definitely determined. As a representative of the Ingersoll-Rand Co., as well as a member of the Institute, I may be permitted to add that my company, being largely interested in the manufacture of air-

Jan 9, 1907