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By G. T. Jackson

The Alaska Gastineau Mining Co.'s mine is located at Perseverance, about 4 mi. east of Juheau, Alaska. Its property consists of a group of claims, the lode system traversing these claims for a distance of 11,000 ft. (3352 m.). It is shown in Fig. 1. The ore deposits occur in what is known as the Juneau gold belt. This gold belt can be traced for about 50 mi. northwest of Juneau and 40 mi. southeast. It consists of a single band, several hundred feet wide, in which stringers and veins of quartz, carrying gold, occur in a slate formation near its contact with some altered volcanic rock known as greenstone. The Perseverance orebody consists of stringer lodes, having a strike northwest and southeast, dipping about 60° to the northeast. These

Jan 1, 1920

By W. F. Hergert, L. H. Banning

Experimental production of Al-Si alloys, containing from 33 to 55 pct Al, by direct reduction of aluminum silicates in a three-phase arc furnace is described. Advantages of a smelting technique utilizing hogged wood waste as part of the reductant and for temperature control are discussed. WORK on the problem of producing aluminum by smelting has been in progress since the middle of the eighteenth century. Early work met with little success and in 1782 Lavoisier, an eminent French chemist, expressed the belief that alumina could not be reduced by carbon. It was almost a century later when the Cowles brothers developed a process for the production of aluminum alloys by reducing alumina coincident with the reduction of other metal oxides. In practice, the other metal oxide was usually copper. In 1907 it was first shown that alumina alone could be reduced by carbon at a temperature of 2200°C. The metal produced was volatilized and lost or recombined with the oxides of carbon formed in the reaction.' For a number of years after the Cowles brothers abandoned production of Cu-A1 alloys because their product was not commercially competitive with the aluminum produced by the Hall process, there was little interest in thermal reduction processes. After World War I interest in such processes was renewed and a number of patents were issued on processes for the production of A1-Si alloys.' , "he function of the silicon in these processes was the same as the function of the copper in the Cowles brothers process, namely, to prevent the reduced aluminum from recombining with the oxides of carbon and to promote absorption of the aluminum vapors set free at the high temperature required for the reduction reaction. The advantage of using silicon in place of copper for this function is that silicon has a higher boiling point (2600"C) than copper (2310"C) and its oxides, combined with aluminum oxides, occur in nature in almost unlimited quantities. No A1-Si alloys have been produced commercially in the United States, as far as is known. However, considerable experimental smelting of aluminum silicate materials has been done by the TVA at Wilson Dam, Ala.' The most extensive development and commercialization of the electrothermal production of A1-Si alloys took place in Germany before and during World War II.V he furnaces used in the

Jan 1, 1956

By Marius R. Campbell

Every mining engineer who has engaged in prospecting for coal in flat-lying rocks understands the importance of constructing geological sections across the territory which he has to prospect. If the area is small and the time and means at his command are unlimited, he can construct such sections with the transit and level; but if the area is great and the examination hurried, as it frequently is, he will doubtless be puzzled how to proceed. Under this pressure of time and means, his work will probably be, to a great extent, devoid of any system, being simply a hap-hazard opening of such seams as show in outcrop at some point on the territory, without any determination of geologic structure or stratigraphic succession. Prospecting carried on in this manner is never satisfactory to the intelligent mining engineer, for he must realize that the information which he is able to furnish to his employer is totally inadequate to determine the economic value of the property. To the owner of the land such a report is no more satisfactory than to the engineer. Unless the latter can show both

Jan 1, 1897

By Joseph A. Holmes

I. INTRODUCTORY. THE plans for the investigation of fuels and structural materials now being conducted by the Technologic Branch of the United States Geological Survey were, before being decided upon by the Director of the Survey, submitted for consideration to the National Advisory Board, upon which there are nine representatives from the membership of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, viz.: Messrs. John Hays Hammond, Robert W. Hunt, B. F. Bush, and E. V. d'Invilliers (representing the Institute); Messrs. Julian Kennedy and C. S. Robinson (representing the Iron and Steel Institute); Dr. Charles B. Dudley (representing the American Society for Testing Materials); Mr. F. H. Newell (representing the U. S. Reclamation Service); and Dr. Richard Moldenke (representing the American Foundrymen's Association). It seems fitting, therefore, that a report of these investigations of the past three years should be submitted to the Institute for publication in its Transactions. The above, together with other representatives of the national engineering societies and allied organizations, were invited by President Roosevelt to serve, along with the Chiefs of the several Government Bureaus who have charge of public works and large. fuel purchases, on the National Advisory Board to give advice concerning these investigations. The appointment of this National Board grew out of a wish on the part of the President, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Director of the Geological Survey not only that the appropriations for these investigations be expended in a manner most beneficial to the several branches of the government

Jan 7, 1908

By R. W. Raymond

It is impracticable to prepare for the present number of the Bi-Monthly Bulletin a detailed account of the memorable Joint Meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute and our Institute, held in London, the last week in July, and of the, innumerable festivities, entertainments and excursions which accompanied and followed it, in England, Scotland, Wales and Germany. This preliminary sketch, from which all " useful particulars "' have been carefully omitted, is published unofficially, as a convenient answer to the manifold inquiries of members who did not go, and who are now trying to alleviate their unavailing regret by indulging their curiosity. Perhaps they secretly hope to hear that they did not lose so very much, after all-that the affair was not all that could have been desired or dreamed; that there were serious drawbacks, shortcomings and disappointments; and that it is just as well to have stayed it home, and now to hear about it. Let them lay no such flattering unction to their souls. The month they have missed would have been the time of their lives. They will never, never know how good a time it was, or adequately repent of their folly, if they could have gone with us, and voluntarily did not go of course, those who would but could not, have our immeasurable pity, without blame. I shall present here no consecutive and minute story, but only a series of general paragraphs concerning different aspects and stages of our experience. THE WEATHER. The proverbial good fortune of the Institute attended its visiting members and guests at every stage of the late London meeting and the numerous excursions which accompanied or followed it. Even the process of crossing the Atlantic was made delightful by smooth seas, through which the great modern transatlantic liners made their way without disagreeable

Sep 1, 1906

By K. Winterton

The effect of a near-saturation unidirectional magnetic field was to decrease slightly the endurance life in Armco iron in the annealed condition. This is expected since the energy-absorbing mechanism associated with domain wall movemenfs is inhibited bv the strong field. THE factors determining failure under dynamic loading are not yet clearly recognized. One of the properties of a metal which might be thought to influence fatigue life is its damping capacity. Foppl1 conducted an alternating torsion test at a frequency of 700 cpm continuously for a period of 3 years, without the test piece breaking or showing any sign of deterioration after 1100 Million cycles of stress; the rate of dissipation of energy was sufficient to maintain the test piece at about 100°C above the ambient temperature. cazaud2 concludes from this, and others follow him, that ('the capacity for dissipation in the form of heat by internal damping is unlimited" and that therefore "damping is not directly related with fracture by fatigue." Future work may necessitate qualification of this rather uncompromising view. It is shown later that in all

Jan 1, 1960

NEW YORK SECTION J. E. Johnson, Jr., Chairman Edgar Rickard, Vice Chairman. D. M. Liddell, Secretary, 7 Wall St., New York, N.Y. C. A. Bohn, Treasurer John V. N. Dorr Lewis W. Francis. The annual meeting of the New York Section was held on Wednesday, June 6, with about 40 members in attendance. The treasurer re a brief summary of-the financial statement for the year, and the secretary's report was read. These reports were ordered placed on file together with the report of the auditors for the two previous years.

Jan 8, 1917

NEW YORK SECTION ALLEN H. ROGERS, Chairman, H. C. PARMELEE, Vice-chairman, FOREST RUTHERFORD, Vice-chairman, W. S. DICKSON, Secretary, 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. J. E. JOHNSON, JR. . F. T. RUBIDGE, Treasurer, P. G. SPILSBURY. The annual meeting of the New York Section, for the election of officers and other business, was held at the Machinery Club on May 23,

Jan 8, 1918

By L. R., McLeod

NO important changes in metallurgical practice are exhibited in the smelter that has been erected for treating the Morenci concentrate: the material is charged to reverberatory furnaces without roasting, and the matte subsequently blown in Peirce-Smith converters to separate the iron and sulphur from the copper. In fact the process is essentially the same, except for preliminary roasting of the concentrate, that was adopted in the new smelter that was built for the Arizona Copper Co. at Clifton, a few miles away, to treat Morenci concentrate just before the start of the first World War, and which went into service in October, 1913.

Jan 1, 1942

By A. A. Janke, G. J. Vogel, W. M. Swift

The combustion of fossil fuels in a fluidized bed of calcined limestone particles is a potentially efficient and economically attractive process for the generation of steam for electric power production and other uses. The process results in greatly reduced emissions of both sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide pollutants. Development work, evaluations, and design studies are being carried out by various organizations under contract with the Department of Interior (Office of Coal Research, OCR) and with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA). The Atomic Energy Commission's Argonne National Laboratory is one of the principal participants in the development program under interagency agreements with EPA and OCR. The principal reasons for developing fluidized-bed combustion, its advantages and disadvantages over conventional combustion methods, and some of the potential applications of the process are covered in this paper. The participants in the multiorganizational program, the sponsoring agencies, the general status of development of the overall project, and the chief program areas that still require resolution are discussed. The main features of the program of work at Argonne National Laboratory and the results achieved so far are also included.

Jan 1, 1976

By E. J. Duggan

It is a coincidence that the two plants in this country for treating copper ores by ammonia leaching came into existence at almost the same time, that of the Kennecott Copper Corporation at Kennecott, Alaska, in March, 1916, and that of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Co. in July of the same year. The success of both from their very beginning attests the merits of the process under widely different sets of conditions. As would be expected, in the time they have been operating these two pioneers in this field have greatly perfected their methods and improved their technic. The early difficulties inevitably encountered in undertakings of this nature have been largely surmounted and the process may now be considered to be well seasoned and matured. There have been no other commercial plants built in this country and but one elsewhere, the Bwana M'Kubwa in Northern Rhodesia, for the reason that this method of treatment may be employed on comparatively few ores. However, it has certain advantages, some of which are inherent to sand leaching processes generally and some to ammonia leaching in particular. Among these may be enumerated: (1) the avoidance of fine grinding; (2) the small amount of water required; (4) a high-grade product; (5) little likelihood of deleterious gangue constituents and fouling of solutions. It is true that great progress has been made in recent years in the flotation of the ores that come within the province of ammonia leaching. Nevertheless ammonia leaching has its possibilities and these may be overlooked in the present tendency toward the use of flotation for all ores. Probably the chief requisite to its further extension to suitable ores will be a cheap source of steam. Ammonia, the only reagent required, is unlimited in supply, readily transported and the price that is likely to obtain in the future should not make its cost at all onerous. Choice of Method for Kennecott Ores The Kennecott ores are typical limestone replacement deposits. The milling ores have a copper content of approximately 8 per cent in a limestone dolomite gangue. About half the copper occurs as sulfide, mostly chalcocite with some covellite, and the remainder in the form of the two carbonates, malachite and azurite. A comparatively coarse grind followed

Jan 1, 1934

By James P. Kimball

Jan 1, 1881

By C. E. Sims, G. A. Lillieqvist

The following presentation is more a summation of observations made and conclusions drawn over a period of three to four years than a report of experiments made with a definite objective. Tests were made, of course, to verify hypotheses, but the large mass of data was collected incidental to other work. Lack of space forbids the presentation of more than a few of those data. On the other hand, it is unfortunate that some of the most illustrative examples are not available. The work is admittedly incomplete but is presented in the hope that it will stimulate further work along a similar line. The answers to many of the questions left unanswered by this paper will be found only after long and painstaking study, such as is scarcely possible in a commercial laboratory where problems of immediate importance consume most of the time. It is also hoped that this study will in some measure throw light on some of the dark spots of steelmaking, and help to clarify some of the annoyingly vague references to "good practice." Only cast steel was studied and the conclusions apply to cast steel, but it is the authors' opinion that the quality of rolled or forged steel is largely dependent on the quality of the ingot, which is a casting. Although this discussion deals almost entirely with inclusions, it is important that the reader understand that only those natural inclusions which owe their origin to the solubility of certain materials in steel and to the chemical reactions of steelmaking are considered. Accidental inclusions, such as entrapped particles of slag, nozzle, runner, or mold arc outside its province and are not considered. Such accidental inclusions are always dangerous and should be carefully avoided. Relation between Ductility and Nonmetallic Inclusions In September, 1928, an acid electric furnace was put into operation at the Indiana Harbor plant of the American Steel Foundries. Following the usual practice, aluminum additions were made in order to obtain sound castings. Immediately the problem of low ductility arose. Previous to that time, only open-hearth steel was produced, and, aluminum being used rarely in that steel, there had been practically no trouble with low ductility in the lower carbon range.

Jan 1, 1932

NEW YORK LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y J P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer Louis D. HUNTOON Since the annual meeting in February, the New York Section of the Institute has held three meetings. The meeting-on March 10 was held in conjunction with the American Society of Mechanical-Engineers and the American Electrochemical Society, at the Engineering Societies Building. The papers of the evening were devoted to records of progress in the Processes for the Photographic Reproduction of Natural Colors. The speakers of the evening were F. E. Ives, one of the earlier workers in color photography, Westley Allison, C. W. Robinson, George F. Clyfton, John B. Taylor, and Henry Hess. The April meeting was held on April 22 at the Institute headquarters, and the topic for discussion was Sanitation in Mining and Metallurgical Work. The principal paper was by J. W.. Luther, chief surgeon of the New Jersey Zinc Co. This was followed by a similar paper by Charles L. Close, secretary of the Welfare and Sanitation Committee of the United States Steel Corporation, and by an account of the sanitation work done in Cuba by the Spanish-American Iron Co., which was read by the Chairman, in the absence of Charles F. Rand. Following these papers general discussion was indulged in.

Jan 6, 1914

By G. L. Oldright

THE economic manufacture of sulfuric acid by the ordinary chamber process usually involves production on a large scale and a plant that is costly to construct. The nature of sulfuric acid makes it costly to transport any great distance. For these reasons, the metallurgist has not found it feasible, at times, to beneficiate ores amenable to leaching, and a. need exists for a local process that will produce acid cheaply on a small or large scale. To leach ores containing residual sulfides, an oxidizer, such as ferric sulfate, is needed in solution. Precipitation with scrap iron is one of the cheapest methods of removing some metals from solution, giving a plant of low first cost and supplying a source of cheap ferrous sulfate. The other ingredient needed for the process is SO2 roaster gas; the addition of which, as, described below, will give both ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid. Where roaster gas is a waste or obnoxious, product, the expense. for materials is still further lessened. The use of ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid as a solvent lends itself, well to the utilization of scrap iron as a precipitant, and the stages of the process fit in well together as an economic whole.

Jan 8, 1925

NEW YORK SECTION J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman EDGAR RICKARD, Vice Chairman D. M. LIDDELL, Secretary, 7 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer JOHN V. N. DORR LEWIS W.. FRANCIS The following minute was unanimously passed at a meeting of the NEW YORK SECTION AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS held on the evening of June 6, 1917, two regular meetings having been adjourned by unanimous consent until this date out of respect to the memory of the late Chairman of the Section. Minute The death of our beloved fellow member DR. DAVID H. BROWNE one of the foremost metallurgists and one of the most brilliant and original thinkers in the profession of mining engineers, the chairman for the past two years of this section, has caused throughout a wide circle of

Jan 9, 1917

• Phelps-Dodge Corp. signed an agreement with the Defense Materials Procurement Agency to increase copper production from the east ore deposit of the company's Copper Queen branch at Bisbee, Ariz. The company agreed to undertake a $25 million expansion program, including construction of a concentrating and leaching plant at the Bisbee mine and enlargement of the Douglas smelter. The Government agreed to buy the first 112,500 tons of the first 150,000 tons produced at 22e per lb if the company could not sell at a higher price. The new facilities will have a yearly capacity of 38,000 tons and should be in production by late 1954 or early 1955. • American Smelting & Refining Co. has started construction of a new building to house the Central Research laboratory at South Plainfield, N. J. It will have approximately 75 individual laboratories and an equal number of offices and shops. Modern apparatus to be installed will include electron microscopes, electric and fuelfired furnaces, miniature copper refineries and zinc plants, wire drawing machinery, and large pilot plant laboratory. In the new building scientists study the base metals, and the development of new uses for a number of Asarco by-products, arsenic, and little

Jan 11, 1951

NEW YORK SECTION Executive Committee, DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman., JOHN H. JANEWAY, Vice-Chairman, F. E. PIERCE, Secretary, 35 Nassau St., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer, LEWIS W. FRANCIS, BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE. At a meeting of the New York Section, held at the Machinery Club on Jan. 19, 1916, the topic, for the evening was The Problems of the Naval Consulting Board, on which board are four prominent members of the Institute. The speakers of the evening were W. L. Saunders, president of the Institute, Dr. L. H. Baekeland, and Commander A. B. Fry, chief of staff of the New York Naval Militia. After Chairman Browne had laid before the meeting certain business matters, he introduced President Saunders, who presided during the speech making and delivered the first speech. The letter from President Wilson to Mr. Saunders and the presidents of the other national engineering societies, inviting their cooperation in a scheme for mobilizing, as it were, the industrial capacity of this country, had just been made public (see a previous page of this Bulletin) and President Saunders described in considerable detail the origin, purposes, and scope, of the work to be undertaken in this direction. Each of the five national scientific societies is to select a representative from its resident members in every State of the Union, that is, the mining engineers will have 48 representatives, likewise the electrical engineers, the chemists, the civil engineers, and the mechanical engineers. Thus, there will be a representative body or board of five members in every State, one from each of the five societies or institutes. Each committee will investigate the manufacturing and producing possibilities in its own state, and will gather information as to the capacity of every industry which may be capable of supplying things that are needed for the sinews of war. Industrial preparedness means something more than mere capacity to make shells. The field covers food, clothing, hospital equipment, motors, animals, telephones, telegraph and railway accommodations, and a myriad of small details.

Jan 3, 1916

•Mineral Development Corp. of Salt Lake City, Utah purchased the Somerset and Oliver coal mines from the Kaiser Steel Corp. The mines are located at Somerset, Colo., about 75 miles east of Grand Junction, Colo. Somerset Town, with housing for 600 persons was included in the transaction. The mines employ 115 miners and have a combined capacity of 1750 tons per day. The Minerals Development Corp. is headed by Claude P. Heiner and is controlled by Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc. of New York and Boston. The Cabot Company is a major producer of carbon black. • The Dept. of Interior has announced that the name of the Defense Minerals Administration will be changed to Defense Minerals Exploration Administration. The new name of this defense agency more nearly describes its duties, since the mineral programming, procurement and claimant functions of the former DMA have been transferred to the Defense Minerals Procurement Agency. C. O. Mittendorf, formerly acting administrator of DMA, is serving as acting administrator of the new DMEA.

Jan 1, 1952

The 48th convention of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, held in New York City recently, saw delegates vote funds for a new organizational drive expected to begin immediately. John Clark, union president, told members in his keynote speech, that the union would be in a better position to make demands if it extended its membership to all phases of the nonferrous -industry. He told the 250 delegates that union leaders have already laid extensive groundwork for the campaign. Clark said: "I am proposing here that we concentrate on organizing during this coming year. I am proposing that we throw a heavy amount of re sources in organizing. That means financial resources as well as re- sources of staff ."

Jan 1, 1952