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The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 1, 1915

By R. F. Shurtz

This note calls attention to a contradiction in current eatistical theory and to corresponding difficulties in practice. These are significant concern in evaluating almost all ore deposits. The theoretical contradiction is that the commonly used spherical model for the semivariogram is not consistent with the usual definition of a "regionalized variable" as a mathematical function, the direct study of which "is excluded because its spatial variability is usually extremely erratic, with all kinds of discontinuities. . ." (Journel and Huijbregts, 1978). Specifically, this means a grade function that is too "rough" for interpolation to be useful. The practical difficulty is that the spherical semivariogram interprets the data upon which it is based in a manner that is, more often than not, demonstrably inconsistent with reality. This is attributable to the widely disregarded interaction between the sample pattern and the grade function. Each sample pattern "blurs" the grade function in its own particular way. It is as though the grade structure of the deposit were seen through a lens of poor resolution or reflected in a warped mirror, such as those found in amusement parks. The fitted spherical model embeds this sometimes dangerously blurred and distorted image in the Krige regression. A full analysis of these inconsistencies is to be presented later but, in the meantime, it seems urgent to communicate their effects so that those engaged in estimating ore reserves may be on guard. The spherical semivariogram has a sill and can be replaced by the corresponding covariogram. The equation of the spherical covariogram in normalized form, that is, variance and range both equal to one, is represented as: [ ]

Jan 1, 1984

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9, A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special, attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that, the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library y forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified; indexed, and made availableto other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either y purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 8, 1914

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all weep-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 3, 1914

By C. E. Mendenhall

FOR the purpose in hand, pyrometry may be taken to include all temperature measurements from, say, 200° C. to the highest attainable, especially when considered from the technical or applied side. It will be convenient first to consider the entire content of a course of study grouped under the headings of the various methods of measurement, which are quite distinct in principle and involve different equipment. Brief suggestions will be given under each heading, and the summary will be followed by comments on the purpose of such a course and methods of conducting it. 1. Expansion and pressure methods: mercury thermometers (glass and quartz), liquid, gas, and vapor-pressure thermometers, especially recording instruments. Especial attention should be given to the limitations of these methods, which, particularly in high-temperature mercury thermometry, are often overlooked. Range approximately to 700° C. 2. Resistance thermometers: both bridge and potentiometer methods, of indicating and recording. Calibration; lead compensation; design of thermometers for special purposes. Range to 1200° C. 3. Thermoelectric pyrometers: potentiometer and deflection methods indicating and recording. Calibration, leakage errors, contamination errors, base and noble couples. Range to 1500° C. 4. Total radiation methods: thermoelectric, resistance, and expansion indicators, mirror and lens collectors, calibration, permanence of characteristics, absorption errors. Range, to highest attainable temperatures. Methods of producing perfect radiators-true, and virtual or "black body" temperatures. 5. Partial radiation methods: absorption and spectroscopic methods of getting partial radiation, various comparison sources, polarization, electric, sector, and absorption methods of controlling intensity (Morse, Lummer, and Wanner types). Calibration, permanence of calibration, absorption errors. Methods of producing perfect radiators -improvised methods; true, and virtual or black-body temperatures.

Jan 9, 1919

By F. C. Newton

REFINERS of lead by the Parkes process have always been solicitous of recovering the zinc used in the desilverization, and justly so, as the loss in zinc constitutes one of the heavy costs in this method of refining. Part of this loss is due to the absorption of zinc by lead, and in the present state of knowledge is not recoverable as metallic zinc. The remainder of the zinc, which finds its way into the precious-metal-bearing crust, is recoverable and naturally engages the operators' most exacting attention. Careful elimination of the impurities in base bullion has enabled the refiner to produce a zinc crust better adapted to retorting, which reflects favorably in the zinc recovery; and to produce a richer crust, thereby lowering the zincking cost, as the increased efficiency of the zinc results in less of it being in circulation. It is obvious that if the ratio of concentration be increased, a lessening of the amount of crust formed will ensue, throwing less work on the retorts and diminishing the amount of retort metal sent to the cupels, thus making an actual money saving in all these operations. In the effort to obtain a rich crust, the metallurgist has increased the heat to a considerable degree, upon the assumption that at the higher temperature the zinc-silver alloy could be squeezed free from the adhering lead. A further possibility for improvement suggested itself in the freezing-point curve of Prof. H. C. Carpenter, upon zinc and silver. Study of this curve disclosed the existence of a definite chemical compound, . Zn3Ag2, with a freezing point of 665° C., a promising compound for practical application.

Jan 2, 1915

By John Kafritsas

INTRODUCTION Deformations and failure of rock masses in elopes, foundations or tunnels can be caused by water pressures. On the other hand, deformations of a rock mass affect the flow of water (and hence water pressures) by changing joint apertures. Including the coupling between flow and deformation effects is therefore important both in assessing the stability and deformation of a rock mass and in determining the amount of seepage taking place through it. The model that will be presented hare treats the coupling of the flow and deformation behavior of a rock mass. Deformations are modeled using the Rigid Block Method (Distinct Element Method) (Cundall, 19741, that is by assuming that the rock mass is composed of rigid blocks with deformable contact points. Flow is modeled by recognizing its discontinuous features, as occuring in a system of interconnected conduits formed by the joints. The program can also deal with problems involving free-surface flow. Example problems involving representations of rock masses are presented. Coupled flow modeling of interconnected conduits should be contrasted to equivalent-continuum models on the one hand and to pipe network models on the other hand. Continuous models substitute an anisotropically permeable continuum for the discrete flow that occurs in rock joints. Pipe or parallel plates represent the other extreme of existing models; they account for the discontinuous character of the flow problem, but cannot model rock mass deformation and failure. The coupled rigid block-flow model can eliminate most of these restrictions. The coupling between water flow and deformation is most pronounced in rock masses which, because of the arrangement of their

Jan 1, 1984

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from Sept. 1 to June 30, and from 9.A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 4, 1916

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from Sept. 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The 'Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be. of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued; and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members, while in the city will use, the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 12, 1915

By N. W. Shed

The specifications for bridge-steel are usually not severe. The main difficulty is to secure a material which will roll easily, without showing signs of cracking on the corners of the blooms or on the flanges of the beams. In many mills sulphur has been deemed the most harmful constituent in this respect. It has been thought hazardous.to roll steel containing over 0.07 per cent. of sulphur. Yet, in making steel for the Phoenix Iron Company, I have produced from stock running as high as 0.13 per cent. of sulphur a material which rolled very satisfactorily. It is reasonable to infer that the injurious effect of sulphur can be neutralized, to a great extent, by proper treatment in the open-hearth furnace; and the following notes from my usual practice here may be of interest to those obliged to use high-sulphur stock. The steel made at Phoenixville in the 20-ton furnaces has about the following composition : Per cent. Carbon,...0.15 to 0.20 Manganese,.........0.50 to 0.60 Sulphur,..........0.11 to 0.13 Phosphorus,.: .0.04 to 0.06 Silicon,.......... 0.01 to 0.02 The best running heats were made with a small amount of pigiron. In using large proportions of pig the quantity of ore is also increased. This not only cuts the bottom, but also lengthens the time required to bring the charge down. Up to 50 per cent. of pig may be used, but 25 per cent. is much better. A 40,000-pound charge, containing 10,000 pounds of pig and 30,000 pounds of Bessemer butts or beam-scrap, works very well.

Jan 1, 1890

Insoluble slimes are present in nearly all sylvinite ore bodies and must be removed prior to potash flotation because they adsorb excessive amounts of potash flotation reagents and cause low potash recoveries and grades. The problems associated with insoluble slimes will become more pronounced as high grade-low insol potash ores are depleted and lower grade ores containing high insols are processed. The most common commercial practice for insoluble slimes removal is mechanical desliming (hydroclassification); however, most of these desliming circuits were designed to treat sylvinite ores containing less than 4 percent insoluble slimes. As Mr. Banks mentioned in his presentation, higher insoluble slimes concentrations (>4 pct) in the mill feed overtax the mechanical desliming circuit and result in excessive brine and potash losses. Increasing the capacity of the circuit would require redesigning of the entire potash circuit and additional costly equipment. Because of mineralization and liberation properties of the high insols sylvinite deposits, the expansion of the desliming circuit may not economically maintain high potash grades and recoveries. Selective flocculation-flotation is an excellent alternative for removing insoluble slimes from potash ores. Cominco's ore, containing 4.5 to 8 percent insoluble slimes, is particularly amenable to the slimes flotation process, probably because of the absence of expanding-type clays such as montmorillonite. The overall potash recovery of 86 percent and low slime flocculant and collector dosages of 0.03 to 0.04 pound reagent per ton of feed is good evidence of the success of the process. If appreciable montmorillonite were present, the metallurgy would not be as favorable and reagent consumptions would increase significantly.

Jan 1, 1979

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their tine in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will -be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 5, 1915

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 9 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them. .

Jan 11, 1913

G. W. TRAER (author's reply to discussion*).-Prof. Parr's discussion develops two points, upon which it seems desirable to comment. First, as to putting through a large enough tonnage to secure economic operation. At each manipulation of each oven 1500 1b. (680 kg.) of coal will be charged and the resultant coke discharged from a like amount of coal. . Sixteen slabs will be discharged at each manipulation, each approximately 5 ½ in. by 11 in. by 6 ft. (14 cm. by 28 cm. by 1.8 m.). The operating schedule of a commercial plant, based upon our observations and calculations, indicates a "through put" of at least 12 tons of coal per day for each oven. We have made these figures conservatively and feel confident of materially exceeding them in a fully developed operating system. Our oven plant, with containers, will not cost as much as high-temperature plants of the same capacity. They do not require container equipment; but this is much more than offset by the cost of the great basal heat regenerative flues. Our operating requirements are quite susceptible to the application of mechanical devices and we believe our labor cost will be well within the necessary limit. Second, as to Fig. 1 in my paper, showing the specific gravity' of the tar. It Was not intended to show that the specific- gravity of -the tar rises With decreasing heat, since of course the contrary is the fact. One of the curves shows the relation between temperature and specific gravity and the other the relation between temperature and- yield. Our consulting engineer prepared the chart according to his customary method for showing two dimensions.

Jan 1, 1919

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons. ) A member, technically educated, with 20 years' practical experience as engineer, assistant superintendent, superintendent, and manager of large mines and mills on construction and operation, also experience in mine examination, is open to engagement. Metallurgist of 18 years' experience in Mexico with large plants is open to engagement. Last position, superintendent of copper smelting works. Best line, copper and lead smelting, but also experienced in mine valuation and ore-treatment investigation work. Speaks Spanish. A member of the Institute and graduate mining engineer with 10 years' experience in the Lake Superior copper district, also practical experience, desires position as superintendent or manager. Member, graduate mining engineer, experienced in mine and mill work, geology and field work, one year in the hydrometallurgy of copper, is open for engagement Aug. 15. A member, at present in the Southwest., desires a position as assistant superintendent or assistant manager with a mining company operating in Washington or Alaska. Experienced assayer and engineer. A member, technical graduate, with nine years' mining experience as assayer, engineer, foreman, manager's assistant, and superintendent of large development and operating mining companies in the United States and Mexico, is open for engagement. A member, technical graduate, 33 years of age, 11 years' experience as chemist, metallurgist and superintendent of lixiviation plant and in charge of construction of cyanide mill, desires position as assistant superintendent or superintendent of mining or milling company in United States or Canada. Young man, technical graduate, two and a half years' experience in chemical laboratory, desires position as chemist.

Jan 9, 1913

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies, of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 11, 1915

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from Sept. 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about-55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 7, 1916

By Sir John Cadman

Since my previous review of the Persian fields, presented in 1929,' considerable progress has been made. The main feature of drilling development has been the delimitation of the Haft Kel field and its extensions. Although the limits have not yet been reached, a productive area of about 40 square miles has already been proved and it is now certain that the field will be of the same order of importance as the Masjid-i-Sulaiman field. Production to main pipe line from Haft Kel was begun in November, 1929, and to date about 4,500,000 tons have been produced. Normal production has continued from the Masjid-i-Sulaiman and Naft Khaneh fields. The search for oil in horizons below the main producing limestone is perhaps the most interesting and important exploratory drilling work in progress. Promising results have been obtained in the first well deepened in the Masjid-i-Sulaiman field with this objective, and the exploration of these lower formations is being continued. In this connection an allied program of geochemical research work on the nature of the oils and oil-bearing rocks of different horizons is at, present being undertaken. Masjid-i-Sulaiman Field Since the Haft Kel field was brought into production in 1929, production from Masjid-i-Sulaiman has been reduced in order to equalize to some extent the producing lives of the two fields. The production for the last four years has been as follows: m Approximate Equivalent in TonB Barrels 1929 5,434,071 38,038,497 1930 4,925,869 34,481,083 1931 4,248,086 29,736,602 1932 Approximately 4,500,000 31,500,000

Jan 1, 1933

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that. the information received may he what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will he saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by, purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and, assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 8, 1915

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M. on all week-clays, except holidays, from Sept. 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their tine in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention.. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral natter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can he of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 3, 1916