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By Charles A. Ashburner

A very limited development has been made of the coal-fields of this Territory. This is to be accounted for by the fact that a number of the coal-fields lack railroad transportation, by the distance of other fields from the consumers (due to restricted settlements), and finally by the poorer quality of a number of coals which have been mined as compared to others which can be economically imported into the Territory. The consumption of coal in Utah during 1886, outside of that used by the railway companies, was: Tons. Utah coal,..........110,000 Wyoming coal,. .....19,000 Colorado coal,........* 4,945 Total,........... 133,945 It is estimated that there are 1100 miles of railroads in the Territory which use coal for fuel. The consumption of these roads for the year is estimated at 100,000 tons, making an aggregate consumption in the Territory of 223,945 tons. The consumption of coal in Salt Lake City duriug the year was as follows: Tone. From Grass Creek mines,.......21,000 " Pleasant Valley Company's mines,.. 12,700 " Utah Central Company's mines,.9,000 " Bock Spring mines,.6,500 " Almy mines .. ., .. .. . 6,000 " Miscellaneous sources,..5,800 Total ,.........60,000

Jan 1, 1888

By Raymond Dugdale, Fathi Habashi

There has been a recent interest in studying the action of anhydrous sulfur trioxide on ores to convert the metal values into a water-soluble form as a substitute for leaching by sulfuric acid. For example, Svenke1 converted the small amounts of uranium in slate ash into a water-soluble form by treating the material with SO, at about 600°C. Chao and Sun found that a variety of aluminum-bearing minerals could be sulfatized by SO, in the temperature range 400° to 600°C usually in the presence of a catalyst such as sodium sulfate. Kruse3 patented a process for beryllium recovery from the low grade ore in Utah by first reacting it with SO, at 560° to 750°C then leaching the product with water. In the present report, the action of SO, was examined in the temperature region 100°-300°C which was not investigated by those workers. Experimental Tests were conducted on a beryllium ore sample from Utah, the analysis of which is given in Table 1. It corresponds closely to a saponite ore type as given by Crocker et al. It was in powder form 45% passing a 400

Jan 1, 1973

By Francis T. Christy

One aspect of ocean mining that is frequently overlooked in discussions is the problem of establishing some form of legal control over the seas. Much of the discussion centers on mining in territorial waters, which are controlled by the various countries according to the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, and perhaps by political subdivisions of countries such as the individual states of the U.S. But as technology improves and the mining of deeper waters becomes feasible, the problem of rights outside the continental shelf and territorial waters becomes a significant factor for anyone expending the time and capital for development. Several schemes are possible for regulating ocean mining but as yet none have been instituted, except what might be termed the "wait and see" approach. Even some of the coastal states in the U.S. have no regulations governing mining in the territorial waters under their jurisdiction. Until some regulation is formulated, there may well be little development in ocean mining due to the high risk of capital involved, both with respect to companies wishing to invest their own funds and financial institutions funding a venture to develop offshore mineral deposits.

Jan 7, 1968

By W. Rostoker

PART of a program of research on the Ti-A1 system1 involved a study of the lattice parameters of the titanium-rich a solid solution, which has a hexagonal close-packed structure. For this work, a 14 cm Debye-Scherrer powder camera and filtered CuK, radiation was used. For each pattern, the parameters were calculated by a least squares solution of the five strongest high angle lines. This provides an accuracy of i0.005A or better. The results are shown graphically in Fig. 1. It will be seen that an unusual change of slope occurs in the curve for the C parameter at high aluminum contents. Such anomalous changes in slope have been recorded by RaynorV or several magnesium-rich solid solutions. The effects were interpreted in terms of a special contribution to the lattice distortion due to factors of electronic origin predicted by Jones." Jones' theory, in substance, suggested that an unusually large expansion of the lattice would begin when the electron per atom concentration in the alloy was increased to a value at which an overlap just began from one Brillouin zone to another. Con-

Jan 1, 1953

It is too late to gloat over the fact that minerals have furnished 67 per cent of the primary wealth of Pennsylvania. It is high time that Pennsylvanians do some constructive thinking in terms of the present and future with regard to the remaining mineral heritage.1 The discovery of a deposit of pyrophyllite in the South Mountain region of the Cumberland Valley indeed emphasizes the increased importance of a more exact inventory of the metal and mineral resources of Pennsylvania. Active geological work and research have been in progress for many years, but the surface has been little more than scratched. The results obtained thus far in survey and research have been extremely beneficial to the Commonwealth and a fundamental hub of its industrial development. But these activities are wholly inadequate in the face of rising demands for the future. The need for an accelerated program to continue a study of Pennsylvania's mineral resources on a more intensive scale was never more acute.2 In part, this has been caused by the insatiable demands of industry. It has been caused also by wasteful use and ignorance.

Jan 1, 1950

By E. C. Reed

Oil was discovered in Nebraska on Nov. I, 1939, when the Pawnee Royalty Company's Boice No. I well, about 3 miles west of Falls City (NE 1/4 NE 1/4, sec. 18, T.r N., R.16 E., Richardson County) was drilled into the Hunton formation but the develop-ment of the area took place during 1940. After a pumping test lasting 18 days, the Boice well stopped producing and failed to qualify for the State bonus of $ 15,000 offered for the first oil well to produce go bbl. per day for 60 consecutive days. On May 9, 1940, the Pawnee Royalty Company's Bucholz No. I well was completed about M mile southeast of the discovery well and flowed at the rate of about 330 bbl. per day, easily meeting the State bonus requirements. In addition to the discovery well, which later was reconditioned, and the bonus well, 28 producers were drilled in the Falls City field during 1940. Of these wells, 23 are in sec. 20, two are in the northern part 'of sec. 29, two in the southwestern part of sec. 17 and three in the eastern part of sec.

Jan 1, 1941

By C. Hosten, K. V. S. Sastry, D. J. Kawulok-Englund

Since the last decade the iron ore processing industry has undergone drastic changes from supplying screened and natural ores to manufacturing tailored concentrates and pellets. Increased need for the beneficiation of lower grade iron ore deposits and the increased demand for higher grade concentrates necessitate finer grinding of iron ores before concentration. The normal filtration stations used in the past are experiencing difficulties in dewatering the finely ground concentrates to moisture levels acceptable for balling. In addition to finer grinding, applications of complex beneficiation techniques has decreased the filterability of the concentrates and create problems in filtration of iron ore concentrates. An overview of the filtration literature indicates there are few research reports on the dewatering of iron ore concentrate slurries. There exists a need to understand the principles and mechanisms involved in the filtration of iron ore concentrate slurries with a goal of developing more efficient filtration techniques. This paper presents the results from the first phase of our research program that included the development of a reproducible benchscale filtration technique and the investigation of the filtration behavior of eight iron ore concentrates.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. J. Brown

The ore-hearth was the earliest type of furnace used in smelting Mississippi Valley lead-ores, which are very pure, and low in silver-content. The first smelters made no attempts to recover lead from the smoke; and since about 15 per cent. of the lead in the charge escaped in this manner, early practice with the hearth was decidedly wasteful. At most of the large smelting-plants blast-furnaces with auxiliary roasters were substituted for the hearths long ago. But, upon the introduction of the Lewis and Bartlett bag-process for collecting fume, the ore-hearth was used by companies engaged in the manufacture of pigments, simply on account of the large percentage of fume made by it. In fact, the extraction of lead mas kept down by the use of hot blast and other devices. During recent years, however, several smelting companies have realized that the preliminary roasting of galena for the blast-furnace is not economical, and have, therefore, replaced the roasting-furnace with a modification of the old Scotch hearth, in which a large percentage of the lead in a charge is

Jan 1, 1912

By A. K. Sinha, K. M. Sinha

Several studies concluded by various agencies (Coal Outlook, 1982; Malhotra, 1977) indicate that both the national and international markets for utility coal, which have been growing in recent years due to the uncertainties in petroleum supplies, will continue to grow in the foreseeable future. The areas where the Gemand for utility coal is projected to increase sub- stantially lie close to the midwestern coal fields, in the southeastern US, and in western Europe. Illinois has all the elements necessary to become an important exporter of thermal coal (Library of Con- gress, 1981) provided the coal is desulfurized to meet the environmental restrictions. Because of its high energy content, Illinois Basin coal, if desulfurized, has great potential for competing in the utility markets both nationally and internationally. Sulfur in coal occurs in organic and inorganic forms. The inorganic sulfur in Illinois coal is almost exclusively pyrite. The pyrite can be liberated by grinding and removed from the coal by such techniques as froth flotation. The Illinois Basin coals reportedly contain (Gluskoter and Simon, 1968) an average of 3.57% sulfur. Out of this, 2.06% is pyritic, 0.08% is sulfate, and 1.46% is organic sulfur.

Jan 1, 1986

By D. W. Frommer

Processing nonmagnetic taconites by selective flocculation-desliming and flotation requires large volumes of water. If impounded without treatment the effluents from these processes require excessively large areas for containment. Experiments conducted in the Bureau of Mines 900-lb-per hr pilot plant at the Twin Cities Metallurgy Research Center indicates that approximately 85% of the water needed to process Michigan nonmagnetic taconite could be reclaimed from the process itself. Water was reclaimed by the controlled addition of lime, sodium carbonate, and synthetic flocculant. As a result, turbidities were reduced to ?1000 ppm equivalent SiO2, while a Ca ion content of ?16 ppm was maintained in the finished effluent. Good-quality flotation concentrates were obtained with reclaimed water and, by means of some indirect comparisons, it can be concluded that the reuse of the water permits a savings of almost 2.0 lb per ton of NaOH, and probably as much as 0.25 lb per ton of fatty acid for total savings of 7.8-10.3 cents per ton of feed. These savings are nearly offset by an estimated chemical cost of 9.3[c] per ton for water treatment.

Jan 1, 1970

By Thomas N. Walthier

Ocean miners seem prepared to commit upwards of $50 million, spread over the next 10 years, to develop a deep ocean capability. More and more large companies, Kennecott, Inco and Tenneco, to name a few, singly or through consortia, are spending money, often big money, to obtain a viable and profitable marine mining industry. Much of the current involvement of the mining industry in the oceans is concerned with either exploration for or engineering studies of manganese nodule deposits and most of it is considered highly proprietary. Thus, the scope of the total effort can only be surmised. The following provide a good indication as to the magnitude of the over-all effort: (1) Hughes Tool Co., Oil Tool Division, announced last March it has been performing engineering studies and ocean surveys (in collaboration with Global Marine, a subsidiary of Tenneco Oil) for the purpose of developing deep ocean mining equipment and techniques. As a result of these studies, Global Marine will build a 35,000-ton prototype deep sea mining ship for Hughes. (2) Deepsea Ventures, Inc. has been "assiduously compiling data on the location. depth, and composi-

Jan 1, 1971

By O. L. Culberson, J. J. McKetta

Experimental and smoothed data are presented for the solubility of methane in water for temperatures of 77, 100, 160. 220. 280, and 340°F at prejsures to 10.000 psia. The minimum solubility phenomenon exists within this temperature range to pressures of 10.000 psia. INTRODUCTION The study of hydrocarhon-water systems has been extended to the determination of the solubility of methane in water at pressures to 10.000 psia. The experimental apparatus, and the technique. are the same as that previously reported.' - In the determination of the solubility of methane in water, only two phases were present at temperatures between 100 and 340°F. these being the vapor phase and the water-rich. liquid phase. The determinations involved the agitation of methane and water in an equilibrium cell. withdrawal of a sample from the liquid phase, and the analysis of the sample. The experimental value; determined in this manner are pre9ented in Table I and in Fig. 1. Since experimental and analytical techniques have improved since the initial experiments with this equipment, it was decided to repeat the 77°F isotherm determinations.' Fig. I shows that the individual results for this isotherm are much

Jan 1, 1951

Dr. Oldshue has provided a useful summary of a voluminous subject and my task will be to select and direct attention to those areas of mixing theory and practice which are germane to mineral processing in general, and to fine particle treatment in particular. Pulp mixing in impeller actuated reactors occurs in mineral processing in several different applications: (1) emulsification of reagents; (2) mixing pulp with 'reagents as in conditioning for subsequent operations (such as flotation, flocculation or agglomeration) ; (3) high intensity agitation, as in (a) disintegrating and dispersing aggregates, and (b) aggregating particles as in shear flocculation or in selective agglomeration; (4) hydrometallurgy; (5) hydrometallurgy with gas phase (e.g., Arbiter process); . (6) flotation in sub-aeration machines. Attention is invited to 3 above in which two opposite effects can be induced by proper choice of chemical treatment and hydrodynamic conditions. Successful processes for treating mineral fines require excellent aggregate dispersion in order to fully accomplish the liberation stage. Some processes depend further upon selective aggregation following dispersion. The term “dispersion” is often used in different senses which for present purposes will be clarified at the bottom of the next page.

Jan 1, 1979

By Henry Louis

THE work performed by, the Royal Commission on Mining Subsidence is likely to prove of permanent value, less perhaps for the conclusions it has reached and for the recommendations it has based upon these than for the admirable exposition which it affords of the law concerning mining subsidence and of the legal status of the person who has suffered damage by reason of such subsidence, as also of him whose working has caused the damage. The Commission was appointed by Royal Warrant in the middle of 1925 and delivered its final report in the middle of 1927. The terms of reference to the Commission were as follows: "To consider the operation of the law relating to the support of the surface of the land, and of buildings or works on or under the surface, by underlying or adjacent minerals; to enquire into the extent and gravity of the damage caused by subsidence owing to the extraction of minerals and the incidence of the resulting liability; and to report what steps should be taken, by legislation or otherwise, to remedy, equitably to all persons concerned, any defects or hardships that may be found to arise in existing conditions."

Jan 1, 1929

By J. K. Jeyapalan, A. P. S. Selvadurai

Plate loading tests which use surficial loading of a rock mass are employed quite extensively for the determination of in situ deformability characteristics of rock masses. The cable jacking method is essentially a surficial plate load test in which the test load is provided by reaction against a cable anchored at some depth below the rock surface. The results of the test are usually evaluated within the framework of the classical theory of elasticity to generate estimates for the bulk deformability properties of the rock mass. In the conventional evaluation of this test it is assumed that the test plate is rigid and that the embedded anchor load has no influence on the test plate settlement. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possible influences of the plate flexibility and the anchor load location on the effective settlement of the test plate. The variational estimates presented in the paper are valid for moderately flexible test plates which are characterized by a relative rigidity parameter Numerical results are developed in the form of correction factors that should be applied to the cable jacking results to arrive at the deformability characteristics of the tested rock mass.

Jan 1, 1982

By C. A. Kroetz, A. J. O’Neal

The Long Island Lighting Co. has operated an extensive monitoring system for over three years. Nearly 900,000 separate pieces of information have been recorded for a land area of some 600 sq miles, 15 miles north to south by 40 miles east to west. The data are composed of about a half million sulfur dioxide measurements at various locations, 290,000 of which were by the West-Gaeke method, about 160,000 pieces of weather data, and 220,000 measurements of sulfur dioxide as emitted from each of the power plant stacks on the system, all measured on an hourly basis and stored on computor cards and tapes. The computor has been programmed to collate stack emissions, weather information, and ground level sulfur dioxide measurements. The analysis shows that emissions from tall stacks do, indeed, contribute very little to ground level sulfur dioxide. For example, LILCO shows that its Northport plant contributes less than 2 ppb, hourly annual average. They also state that the plant converted to 100% natural gas or shut down, would reduce ground level sulfur dioxide by no more than 2 ppb.

Jan 1, 1973

By John A. Church

The Lake Superior blast-furnaces probably represent the maximum economy of fuel possible in this country. They smelt an ore which is very rich and easily reducible, and as the small amount of gangue present is not all silica, but in part a silicate, the amount of limestone required is a minimum. The average yield of the ore treated at six furnaces was 63 per cent., and the average quantity of limestone 179 pounds per ton of pig. The fuel used is charcoal, so burned as to retain most of the combustible volatile part, which, before the utilization of furnace-gas, was burned away. With these conditions it is not surprising that the Lake Superior charcoal practice is extraordinary in almost every respect. In any scientific discussion of American furnace work, the establishments there will be found at the head of the list, and they work under conditions which are extremely favorable for careful study. The Bay Furnace, near Marquette, has the honor of carrying "the broom" for the largest daily make. With a capacity of 1908 cubic feet it has, for months together, produced 29 tons of pig, graded at

By J. M. Avasthi

The DOE-funded (Contract No. DE-ACO3-77ET13108) Gulf Research & Development Co. (GR&DC) field tests of underground coal gasification in steeply dipping beds (UCG/SDB) were conducted in the North Knobs area, located 12.8 km (8 miles) west of Rawlins, WY. The site has a gently rolling, sparsely vegetated, semidesert terrain on the transition zone between a broad, flat basin (Great Divide Basin) to the west and the subdued mountains of the Rawlins uplift to the east. A comprehensive geotechnical program (Ahner et al., 1980) was essential to successfully complete the test program. Emphasis of the program was the subsurface characterization of the site and consisted of mapping, drilling and logging, core analyses, and hydrologic tests. The samples of lithologic units over- and underlying the G coal seam were tested in the laboratory for their modulus and strength. This program provided the required data necessary for designing surface facilities, input for permits, and ensuring correct placement of the process modules. The two UCG tests at the Rawlins site were conducted in the nominally 6.7 m (22 ft) thick G coal seam (rank-subbituminous B), dipping at 63°.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. J. McKetta, O. L. Culberson

Experimental and smoothed data are presented for the solubility of methane in water for temperatures of 77, 100, 160. 220. 280, and 340°F at prejsures to 10.000 psia. The minimum solubility phenomenon exists within this temperature range to pressures of 10.000 psia. INTRODUCTION The study of hydrocarhon-water systems has been extended to the determination of the solubility of methane in water at pressures to 10.000 psia. The experimental apparatus, and the technique. are the same as that previously reported.' - In the determination of the solubility of methane in water, only two phases were present at temperatures between 100 and 340°F. these being the vapor phase and the water-rich. liquid phase. The determinations involved the agitation of methane and water in an equilibrium cell. withdrawal of a sample from the liquid phase, and the analysis of the sample. The experimental value; determined in this manner are pre9ented in Table I and in Fig. 1. Since experimental and analytical techniques have improved since the initial experiments with this equipment, it was decided to repeat the 77°F isotherm determinations.' Fig. I shows that the individual results for this isotherm are much

Jan 1, 1951

By John A. Church

THE Lake Superior blast-furnaces probably represent the maximum economy of fuel possible in this country. They smelt an ore which is very rich and easily reducible, and as the small amount of gangue present is not all silica, but in part a silicate, the amount of limestone required is a minimum. The average yield of the ore treated at six furnaces was 63 per cent., and the average quantity of limestone 179 pounds per ton of pig. The fuel used is charcoal, so burned as to retain most of the combustible volatile part, which, before the utilization of furnace-gas, was burned away. With these conditions it is not surprising that the Lake Superior charcoal practice is extraordinary in almost every respect. In any scientific discussion of American furnace work, the establishments there will be found at the head of the list, and they work under conditions which are extremely favorable for careful study. The Bay Furnace, near Marquette, has the honor of carrying "the broom" for the largest daily make. With a capacity of 1908 cubic feet it has, for months together, produced 29 tons of pig, graded at

Jan 1, 1876