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By Mark S. Sanders

This report is a review and synthesis of the published literature dealing with personal equipment items used by low seam coal miners. This report reviews the following items of equipment: headgear, outer garments, respirators, cap lamp, gloves, knee pads, footwear, boots, helmets, ear protection, eye protection. Recommendations for further research and development are included.

Jan 1, 1978

By Charles L. Morgan

"In 2012 the International Seabed Authority (ISA) established nine “Areas of Particular Environmental Interest” (APEIs) for consideration as future Marine Protected Areas to help preserve the biodiversity of life on the seabed within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) between Baja California, Mexico, and the Hawaiian Islands. The CCZ is believed to have a high potential for future seabed mining operations. Areas under active exploration contracts in the CCZ, plus the areas currently reserved by the ISA for exploration by developing nations, comprise about 1.9 million km2 of seabed area. The currently designated APEIs consist of more than 1.4 million km2 of seabed. Each APEI includes a central primary conservation area of 200 X 200 km, surrounded by 100-km buffer areas on all sides. The 100-km buffers are intended as a very conservative spacing between the primary conservation area and potential mining activities in adjacent seabed. The selection of these nine 400 X 400 km APEIs, has been criticized as possibly not including sufficient representative habitat similar enough to the potential mining areas (identified currently as the exploration contract and reserved areas administered by the ISA within the region) to ensure protection of the biodiversity that might be impacted by mining.An area to the east of the existing exploration contracts and reserved areas is known to have substantial mineral deposits; it is very similar to the adjacent exploration contract areas in its geology, environmental setting, polymetallic nodule abundance and nodule metal content. Because it is located in the northeastern extreme of the CCZ, this area is also likely to have relatively high densities of benthic life, compared with benthic communities further westward within the CCZ. Many options for the designation of this APEI are possible, but the area designation must accommodate the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zones of Mexico and France.This paper discusses why the selected region in the eastern extreme of the CCZ is a good candidate for designation as a new APEI.Keywords: polymetallic nodules, Marine Protected Areas, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Areas of Particular Environmental Interest"

Jan 1, 2017

By R. Stefanko

Rock bolting as a method of support continues to increase with applications in many other industries in addition to mining. Nevertheless, with nearly 55,000,000 roof bolts installed in coal mines alone last year, this remains as the single greatest use. While bolts have frequently supported ground where conventional timbering could not, there are relatively few design criteria; and trial-and-error procedures prevail. Furthermore, development of suitable instrumentation that is simple to install and readout, sensitive, durable, reliable, safe and economical in evaluating the effectiveness of a bolt over long periods of time lags behind. Therefore, the pull test continues to be the most popular method of evaluating the applicability of a certain type of roof bolt under specific installation conditions. At Penn State in the Department of Mining, research has been conducted for a number of years to measure bleedoff in carefully controlled laboratory experiments as well as in underground investigations.1,2,3,4 Unfortunately, most of the instrumentation developed has been primarily suitable only for research purposes, not possessing all of the aforementioned characteristics desirable for routine underground use. Other groups also have met with restricted success. Therefore, while relatively crude, the torque wrench continues to remain as the most widely used load measuring device. While both field and laboratory tests continue to be conducted, analytical analyses are attempted to discover the more important design parameters in order that more efficient anchorage might be devised.

Jan 1, 1969

By A K. Raina, V M. S R Murthy

Rock mass response in blasting is an important element to determine the performance of a blast along with its other outcomes. The near-field monitoring for rock mass response analysis is vital for determining the behaviour of a blast; however, due to costly and cumbersome methods involved in such measurements the subject has received scant attention so far and the publications on this account are perfunctory in nature. This paper presents a non-destructive method to monitor the blast-induced pressure in the rock mass at a distance from a blasthole. The methodology of monitoring and a few examples of actual field monitoring are detailed in this paper. The responses of the rock in the near-field of a blasthole under dynamic loading have been documented to predict fragmentation and throw. The proposed method has also been used in limited cases earlier by the author to predict flyrock using a semi-empirical method and trajectory equation. The pros and cons of the method are discussed while throwing light on the actual response and the prediction of fragmentation and throw of blasted rock.CITATION:Raina, A K and Murthy, V M S R, 2015. Measurement of blast-induced pressure in bench blasting and deciphering explosive performance through rock mass response analysis – a methodology, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 501–508 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By R. T. Johansen, R. J. Heemstra

In water flooding the gradual accumulation of insoluble materials on the sand face causes the injection pressures to increase while decreasing the amount of water injected . This plugging material often is composed primarily of insoluble precipitates of calcium , iron , and magnesium . Treatment with sodium tripolyphosphate ( STP ) either eliminates or reduces the formation of precipitates . Field tests are discussed showing the almost immediate effects of using STP in the injection water . Methods of treatment , solubility of STP in fresh water and brines , and precautions to observe when starting to treat a waterflood with this chemical are given . Laboratory data show that the preferential wettability of a crude oil for reservoir rock can be reversed by adding a small amount of STP to the flooding water . This reversal in wetting tendency should not only decrease the injection pressures but also increase oil recovery by improving the sweep efficiency of a water flood .

Jan 1, 1964

By Peter Greenfield, Paul A. Beck

Thirty binary systems of vanadium and chromium group transition elements with second and third long period transition elements were explored in regard to the intermediate phases formed. It was found that the phases predominating in these systems are s, AB type with ordered a-tungsten or C8 structure, close-packed-hexagonal with small unit cell dimensions and, finally, phases isomorphous with 1-manganese. IN recent years, considerable information has become available concerning the intermediate phases in binary systems of the transition elements. Thus, the s phase has been found to occur in most of the binary systems of vanadium, chromium, and molybdenum with the group of elements manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel.' It was observed that, while the rr phases formed by chromium with manganese, iron, or cobalt possess a considerable temperature range of stability, particularly in the Cr-Co system, the corresponding s phases with molybdenum are limited to a temperature range of less than 400" above about 1200°C. Goldschmidt' reported v phases of tungsten with iron and cobalt, and these are apparently stable only at (and above?) 1400°C." Exploratory work in this laboratory with Fe-W and Co-W alloys of approximately 60 atomic pct W annealed at 1300°C did not produce X-ray patterns suggesting the presence of a phase. It appears then that the phases of iron and cobalt with the chromium group elements decrease in stability as the two components are chosen from long periods further removed from each other. From the available information, it might be concluded that the controlling factor is the increasing difference in atomic radii between the components. In contrast to the a phase, the phases formed by iron and cobalt with chromium group elements' are stable only when the latter have large atomic radii (molybdenum and tungsten); the corresponding phases with chromium do not occur. When the difference in atomic size becomes still larger (r,/r,, approaching the ideal value of 1.225), the u and p phases are replaced by Laves phases (AB,), as in the alloys of iron and cobalt with columbium," tantalum." and titanium."-" However, atomic size certainly cannot be the sole determining factor, since, for instance, in contrast to the very stable (Mo, Co)p phase, no such phase occurs in the Mo-Ni system even though the atomic diameters of cobalt and nickel are nearly the same. Similarly, chromium and cobalt form a a phase in a wide temperature range," but the corresponding s phase in the Cr-Ni system is missing. It has been shown that the composition of the u phase in various binary and ternary systems of transition elements in the first long period may be correlated in a fairly quantitative manner with the number of electron vacancies. The influence of electronic structure is probably present also in binary and ternary phases' and to some extent, apparently, even in Laves phases." " Although the absence of phases in the Cr-Ni and Mo-Ni systems has not as yet been explained on the basis of electronic structure, it appears reasonable to suspect a connection. One of the great difficulties in arriving at well founded rules in regard to the alloying behavior of transition elements lies in the lack of reliable information concerning the details of their electronic structure in the metallic and alloy form. The theoretical penetration of this field appears to be beset by very considerable difficulties, even when the complications due to alloy formation are disregarded. Another great source of uncertainty is the scarcity of phase diagram information even for binary systems of the transition elements so that only a very limited basis is provided for generalizations as to the occurrence of intermediate phases. For instance, very few binary phase diagrams of second and third long period transition element systems have so far been published. The present work was undertaken in order to survey the various types of intermediate phases occurring in 30 binary systems of elements of the group vanadium, columbium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten with the elements rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and platinum. For most of these binary systems phase diagrams are very incompletely or not at all known, as will be further reviewed.*

Jan 1, 1957

By Jack G. Croeni

The Bureau of Mines developed a method to extrude low-density tungsten powder billets into rods and sheet bar with high-energy-rate forming equipment. Billets were compacted and sintered in an atmosphere of hydrogen to obtain a density of approximately 60 percent. Extrusion was conducted at reduction ratios of 6.25 to 1 and 9 to 1 at 1,800° C to prod e high-density, sound material. Yield strengths obtained were higher than those of material produced by conventional powder-metallurgy techniques, but ductility was lower at high temperatures.

Jan 1, 1966

By Jim Huerta

Diesel fuel usage in the mining industry continues to escalate. This is because approximately 60 percent of all mined materials are surface extracted by large equipment using diesel fuel, which continues to increase in cost per gallon. For example, coal mining uses large equipment such as wheel loaders, wheel dozers, draglines and [ ] dredgers. In one year, three of the largest U.S. coal mining operations consumed approximately 567 million to 852 million L (150 million to 225 million gal) of diesel. At an approximate cost average of $3.25/gal the expenditure on diesel is $487 million to $731 million per year. So, are there any solutions that could reduce this cost burden? Yes, there are. Coal mining companies can extract less ore; use more efficient extracting equipment that consumes less fuel; wait for a significant reduction in the cost of fuel; or find and use technology that would create efficiencies that would lower the cost. Nanotechnology is one such technology that might provide the means to create the efficiencies that will significantly lower diesel fuel costs.

Jan 1, 2011

By Michael D. Loy

This paper examines the computerization steps of United Coal Company of Bristol, Virginia. OVERVIEW Producing close to 7,000,000 tons per year, United Coal Company is one of the most interesting mining companies in the east. Their approach to mining reflects a dedication to modern technologies and extraction methodologies. With varying amounts of production coming from four divisions (a fair amount of production comes from contract operators) and over a billion tons in recoverable reserves, United rests heavily on the planning and engineering efforts of a centralized engineering group. Although each division relies on its own engineering personnel for day-to-day management and operations, long range planning and reserve management is conducted at the corporate engineering level. This group, while extremely competent and efficient, is relatively small (7 people), when compared to the needs of a large mining company.

Jan 1, 1985

By E. P. Klier, Taylor Lyman

THE structures formed when austenite is quenched to subcritical temperatures and allowed to transform isothermally have been the subject of intensive study since the work of Davenport and Bain.1 Isothermal transformation diagrams summarizing the results of many of these studies have become widely familiar to metallurgists. Of particular interest to metallographers are the dark-etching, acicular products of transformation formed by isothermal reaction below the temperature of maximum velocity of the austenite to pearlite reaction. These products, the bainite structures, can be formed in a wide variety of steels. However, the constitution of bainite is not well understood and divergent views have been expressed as to its mode of formation. In this investigation a combination of dilatometric, microscopic and X-ray methods has been brought to bear upon the problem in the hope of some elucidation of the bainite reaction as it occurs in hypoeutectoid steels. MECHANISM OF BAINITE FORMATION Davenport and Bain1 considered the mechanism of bainite formation to consist of two steps-an allotropic transformation followed by precipitation of carbide. The separation in time of the two processes was considered to be very slight in the upper temperature range and very marked at temperatures just above the martensite range. This concept has been restated by Vilella, Guellich and Bain2 in the form of a definition of the acicular mode of transformation as: The successive, abrupt formation of flat plates of supersaturated ferrite along certain crystallographic planes of the austenite grains; this supersaturated ferrite begins at once to reject carbide particles, (not lamellae), at a rate depending upon temperature. In effect, this is the acicular mode of transformation, even though the temperature be such as to limit the actual life of the quasi-martensite to millionths of a second. The investigation of isothermal decomposition of austenite in certain alloy steels (notably those containing chromium or molybdenum) has revealed that there may be a range of temperatures between the pearlite and bainite reactions in which the austenite decomposes at a relatively low rate.3-6 Further, it is characteristic that in the second region of fast reaction the decomposition of the austenite is incomplete by one reaction but goes to completion by a second reaction. These observations led Wever7 to a description of the bainite reaction as follows: I. The reaction takes place by initial precipitation of a martensitic intermediate structure. 2. In the upper temperature range this structure readily decomposes into ferrite and cementite. In the lower range carbon separates in an unknown form. 3. In the upper temperature range the precipitated carbide nucleates the precipitation

Jan 1, 1944

By A. Christlo

Short circuit detection in 1984 involved nine inspectors for production rates of 43,000 tpa. Trials indicated the feasibility of applying cell voltage monitoring to short circuit detection and improving operational efficiency. A computerised cell voltage monitoring system was commissioned in February 1986, to read voltages from 648 cells. The system incorporates 16 evenly distributed work face units which communicate with a central computer system. Provision has been made in the computer program for the automatic adjustment of cell reference voltages. This allows for the effect of polarization and other process variables which might other wise interfere with short circuit detection. The work face units can continue to work independently for several days should this become necssary. Current efficiencies have been maintained and the number of inspectors reduced from nine to five.

Jan 1, 1987

By D. A. Rice

In pelletizing magnetic iron ore concentrates, about 6 to 18 lb of bentonite binder are added per ton of concentrate during balling to give green and dry strengths to the unfired pellets. The dry bentonite is mixed into the filtercake following the magnetic concentration circuit of the plant. The filtercake contains about 10% moisture, and the water may be of highly variable composition, depending on the particular concentration circuit, its source, and the ore being treated. A knowledge of the parameters that influence the balling operation is essential for optimal efficiency in producing balls strong enough to survive the treatment during transportation from the balling device to the furnace and during the firing operation. Furthermore, very weak unfired pellets probably contribute to high dust losses and poor furnace control. The factors that determine the strength of unfired pellets have received considerable study (1,2,3,4). Tigerschiold and Ilmoni(l) pointed out the significance of the surface area of the particles being pelletized. Merklin and Childs(2) reported on the effect of material size consist, chemical additives such as soda ash, lime, balling time, ball size, and the moisture content of green balls. Iwasaki and Zetterstrom(3) examined the detrimental effects of fatty acids on the pelletizing process. Stone(4) correlated the zeta potential of bentonites with the strength of unfired pellets. He found that, in general, a high negative charge on the bentonite is conducive to good balling. Although studies of pelletizing in the iron ore industry deal with a complex multicomponent system consisting mainly of the iron mineral, bentonite, and water, the last of these has received little attention, particularly with regard to the possible effects of mill water chemistry on the pelletizing process and the strength of unfired pellets. It is widely known that the composition of mill process water is an important variable in unit operations such as flotation, thickening, and filtering and that impure water can lead to poor metallurgical results. The results of the present study indicate that the chemistry of the mill water may be an important variable in the balling operation as well. Knowledge about this variable should contribute to lowering bentonite and oil consumption and to improving furnace performance. Such knowledge can also assist those who use balling in evaluating commercial bentonites for plant use as well as those investigating balling from a more fundamental point of view In this study we have examined 1) the effects of replacing mill process water in the magnetic concentrate filtercake with pure water, and 2) the effects of several chemical impurities that are commonly found in mill process waters upon the strength of unfired pellets. The results are interpreted in terms of the zeta potential of the bentonite and magnetite particles. The data lend support to a suggested mechanism whereby the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged particle surfaces causes bentonite-bentonite and magnetite-bentonite bonding. This mechanism would also explain why several chemical additives e.g., sodium carbonates and phosphates, have such marked effects on increasing the strength of unfired pellets.

Jan 1, 1971

By Albert E. Long

Since December 10, 1945, the Mount Weather Branch, Mining Division, Bureau of Mines, has been maintaining detailed performance and cost records on the diamond coring bits used throughout the United States by the Bureau of Mince. Figure 1 is a copy of a typical master record sheet showing the scope and type of information recorded for each bit. It is the intention of the Bureau of Mines to issue analytical reports covering the effects of diamond size and quality on the cost of core drilling in different rocks as the information on a significant number of bits used in any one type of rock is accumulated. This report is the first of such a proposed series and is based on the diamond loss and bit costs incurred in the use of 539 AX bits in coring operations on 10 different projects involving 6,097 feet of drilling in gneiss. The 10 projects were located in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (fig. 2). As a result of the information accumulated on the use of diamond-coring bits in drilling in gneiss, it has been found that the type of bit, the matrix, the percent of core recovered, and the size and quality of diamonds used have a definite effect on the cost of bits per foot drilled.

Jan 1, 1950

By A. Bergmann

Location The Meggen Mine and the concentrator plant of the "Sachtleben Bergbau G.m.b.H." are located in the southern part of the Ruhr-district of the Federal Republic of Germany. The mine has been in operation for more than 100 years, but the concentrator described in this paper was built in 1962 and started up in January 1963. Goelogy and Mining The Meggen ore-body is of sedimentary origin and occurs in a zone of limestones, graywacke and shales of Devonion age. The average thickness of the deposit is 3 meters and, due to an intense folding of the area, the mineralized zone dips very steeply at 800 toward the north. The ore consists of 85 percent of sulfides and 15 percent gangue that mainly contains silicates from the host rocks. The principal ore minerals are pyrite (67 percent), sphalerite (16 percent) and galena (2 percent) with minor amounts of marcasite and only traces of chalcopyrite. As shown in Fig. 1, the sphalerite and galena are very finely disseminated in the massive pyrite of the Meggen ore, and a very fine grinding combined with a special flotation technique are required to liberate the valuable sulfides and to produce separate concentrates of lead, zinc and pyrite. Mining is performed by the sub-level stoping method and employs trackless equipment. Present operations provide ore from the 600 meter level. Annual ore production is 870,000 metric tons.

Jan 1, 1972

By M Camarda, A Pirson, F Vasconcelos, J Mesquita

ArcelorMittal Prijedor is a goethitic iron ore mine located in the north-west of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which mainly supplies ArcelorMittal’s European subsidiaries. Annual production of the asset stands at the level of 1.5–2.1 million tons of iron ore product which is sent to ArcelorMittal Zenica steelmaking plant. Two types of products with approximately 50 per cent Fe are generated in Prijedor through a process composed by crushing, screening, and magnetic separation stages. Within this process one of the tailings produced is called ‘ultrafines’. The ‘ultrafines’ product corresponds to the desliming hydrocyclones overflow in Prijedor plant, which is classified in a size fraction below 25 μm and corresponds to about 5 per cent of feed. This material is richer in iron than the coarser size fractions of the ore but do not present a good performance in concentration processes. In this way, several studies have been carried out during the last years to find solutions to use the ‘ultrafines’ material without success. In this context, the possibility of dehydroxylate the goethite contained in the material transforming the mineral into hematite and thus increasing the iron grade of the final product was investigated. During the research, several dehydroxylation tests with different temperatures and time of exposure were performed. Using dihydroxylation process at temperatures higher than 800°C it was possible to produce a material with 43 per cent Fe from the original 39 per cent Fe ‘ultrafines’ sample. In addition, the dehydroxylation tests confirmed that goethite becomes completely transformed into hematite at 400°C (with an exposure time of 60 mins) and material is completely sintered at 1200°C. A simulation study based on dehydroxylation tests results showed that it would be possible to use a ‘ultrafines’ product with Fe grade higher than 45 per cent to produce a material with 50 per cent Fe through a complete dehydroxylation process.

Sep 18, 2023

By Xinghai Lei, Nan Wang, Xiangyang Jin, Yuqi Ren, Yang Li

The upward mining method, as an effective mining method, is widely employed in close-multiple coal seams to extend the service life of coal mines and improve the recovery rate of residual coal resources. However, the upward mining feasibility of the upper coal seam is related to the height of caved zone of interlayer strata after lower coal seam extraction. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the height of the caved zone after the lower coal seam. The No. 9 coal seam (upper coal seam) and the No. 12- 1 coal seam (lower coal seam) in the Qianjiaying coal mine are selected as the research object. The characteristics of the interlayer strata structure field, fracture field, and subsidence field are studied using UDEC numerical modeling, in which the height of the caved zone is gotten after the No. 12- 1 coal seam extraction. Furthermore, the height of the caved zone is verified by onsite detection of GPR and BTVI. In the numerical modeling, the height of the caved zone is 19.6 m. And the height of caved zone is 14.7 m and 15.4–21.2 m, respectively, by using the onsite detection of GPR and BTVI. The heights of the caved zone onsite detection results are consistent with the numerical modeling result. The No. 9 coal seam is always located above the caved zone after the No. 12- 1 coal seam extraction. Consequently, the upward mining of the No. 9 coal seam is feasible.

Jun 28, 2023

On the Art of Metallography (Howe Memorial Lecture), by F. F. Lucas; Beneficiation of Iron Ore. Abstract of paper by C. E. Williams followed by Round Table Discussion; A Statistical Analysis of Blast-furnace Data, by R. 8. McCaffery and R. G. Stephenson; Air Discharge of Circular Tuyeres, by R. S. McCaffery and D. E. Krause; Open-hearth Steel Process as a Problem in Chemical Kinetics. by E. R. Jette; Carbon-oxygen Equilibrium in Liquid Iron, by H. C. Vacher and E. H. Hamilton; A Thermodynamic Study of the Phasial Equilibria in the Bystem Iron-carbon (Abstract), by Yap, Chu-Phay; Influence of Dissolved Carbide on the Equilibria of the System Iron-carbon (Abstract), by Yap, Chu-Phay; Inclusions and Their Effect on Impact Strength of Steel, I and 11, by A. B. Kinzel and W. Crafts: Method for Electrolytic Extraction of MnO, MnS, FeS and Si02, Inclusions from Plain Carbon Steels, by G. R. Fitterer; Permanent Growth of Gray Cast Iron, by W. E. Remmers; Some Notes on Blue Brittleness, by L. R. van Wert; Austenite-pearlite Transformation and the Transition Constituents, by A. Sauveur; Age-hardening of Austenite, by F. R. Hensel; Transformational Characteristics of Iron-manganese Alloys, by H. Scott; Composition Limits of the Alpha-gamma Loop in the Iron-tungsten System, by W. P. Sykes; Magnetic Properties Versus AUotropic Transformations of Iron Alloys, by T. D. Yensen and N. A. Ziegler; Dilatometric Study of Chrome-nickel-iron Alloys, by V. N. Krivobok and M. Gensamer; Low-carbon Steel, by H. B. Pulsifer; Bright Annealing of Steels in Hydrogen, by F. C. KeUey; Development of Continuous Gas Carburieing, by R. J. Cowan. Transactions, Institute of Metals Division, 1931. 500 pages. Index. Papers and discussions presented before the Division at Chicago, Sept. 22-26, 1930 and New York, Feb. 16-19, 1931. X-ray MetallograpIhy: X-ray Determination of Alloy Equilibrium Diagrams (Annual Lecture), by A. F. Westgren; Suppressed Constitutional Changes in Alloys. by G. Sachs; Texture of Metals after Cold Deformation; by F. Wever. Theoretical Metallurgy: Studies upon the Widmanatitten Structure. I.—Introduction. The Aluminum-eilver System and the Copper-silicon System; by R. F. Mehl and C. S. Barrett; Studies upon the Widmanstatten Structure, 11.—The Beta Copper-einc Alloys and the Beta Copper-alumnum Alloys, by R. F. Mehl and 0. T. Mareke; Application of X-rays in the Manufacture of Telephone Apparatus, by M. Baeyerts; Thermal Conductivity of Copper Alloys. 11.—Copper-tin Alloys; 111.—Copper-phosphorus Alloys, by Cyril Stanley Smith; Thermodynamic Study of the Equilibria of the Systems Antimony-bismuth and Antimony-lead, by Yap, Chu-Phay. Ganeral: Cemented Tungsten Carbide; a Study of the Action of the Cementing Material, by L. L. Wyman and F. C. Kelley; Influence of Casting Practice on Physical Properties of Die Castings, by C. Pack; Fabrication of the Platinum Metals, by C. S. Sivil; Effect of Certain Alloying Elements on Structure and Hardness of Aluminum Bronze, by 9. F. Hermann and F. T. Sisco. The WorkinG oF Metals: Metal Working in Power Presses, by E. V. Crane; Forming Properties of Thin Sheets of Some Nonferrous Metals, by W. A. Straw, M. D. Helfrick and C. R. Fischrupp; Die Pressing of Braas and Copper Alloys, by J. R. Freeman. Jr.; Plasticity of Copper-sina Alloys at Elevated Temperatures. by A. Morris: Directional Properties in Cold-rolled and Annealed Copper, by A. Phillips and E. 9. Bunn; Effect of Combinations of Strain and Heat Treatment on Properties of Some Age-hardening Copper Alloys by W. C. Ellis and E. E. Schumacher; Constituents of Aluminum-iron-silicon Alloys, by W, L. Fink and K. R. Van Horn; Equilibrium Relations in Aluminum-antimony Alloys of High Purity, by E. H. Dix, Jr., F. KeUer and L. A. Willey; Equilibrium Relations in Aluminum-magnesium Silicide Alloys of High Purity, by E. H. Dix. Jr., F. Keller and R. W. Graham; Constitution of High-purity Aluminum-titanium Alloys, by W. L. Fink, K. R. Van Horn and P. M. Budge; Experiments on Retarding the Age-hardening of Duralumin, by E. H. Dix. Jr. and F. KeUer; Aluminum-silicon-magnesium Casting Alloys, by R. S. Archer and L. W. Kempf; Modulurr of Elasticity of Aluminum Alloys, by R. L. Templin and D. A. Paul; Quenching of Alclad Sheet in Oil, by H. C. Knerr.

Jan 1, 1931

By Oren C. Baptist, Carlon S. Land, Eliot J. White

The water sensitivity of the oil - gas - producing sandstones in three fields in the Patrick Draw area of southwestern Wyoming was estimated by laboratory testing . The tests used to estimate sensitivity , which is a measure of the loss of well productivity if the producing formation is invaded by fresh water , are : Porosity ; permeability to gas , water , and brines ; saturation characteristics with air displacing water from the samples and by mercury injection ; and identification of clay minerals by X - ray diffraction . Laboratory results indicate that the degree of water sensitivity of the sands in the Patrick Draw, Table Rock , and Desert Springs fields vary , in that order , from moderately sensitive to highly sensitive . The main cause of the sensitivity appears to be the movement of fine particles in the pores , but the swelling of a small amount of an expandible clay mineral may also contribute to the permeability reduction observed in the samples . Laboratory results further indicate that the permeability of the sands to fresh water is seriously reduced if they are first flushed with sodium chloride brine ; calcium chloride brine is less harmful to the sands than sodium chloride brine . The low original permeability of the oil sand in the Patrick Draw field , together with its moderate sensitivity , indicate that the rate of water injection for the secondary recovery of oil will be low . Limited field experience in two pilot - injection wells confirms this prediction .

Jan 1, 1964

By Clyde M. Pearce

This paper describes the facilities at Pointe Noire, Quebec that Wabush Mines utilizes for the receipt, distribution, stockpiling and shipping of iron ore concentrate and pellets. The main topics to be covered will be: 1. - General description 2. - Concentrate receiving facilities 3. - Conveying circuits 4. - Stockpiling 5. - Vessel loading GENERAL DESCRIPTION The map of the eastern Quebec - western Labrador area as shown in Appendix #1 shows the location of Wabush Mines properties. You will note the Scully Mine located at Wabush Lake, Labrador, 235 miles north of the town of Sept-Iles, Quebec. Our neighbors, the Iron Ore Company of Canada have their properties further north at Shefferville, near by at Carol Lake and at Sept-Iles. To the Southwest, our other neighbors, Quebec Cartier Mining, have their iron ore processing facilities and their terminus on the St-Lawrence at Port Cartier. Concentrates are prepared at the scully Mine by mining, crushing, grinding, concentrating, drying and high tension separation for shipment by rail to Pointe Noire, Quebec. Pointe Noire is situated across the bay from the town of Sept-Iles, Quebec on the North Shore of the St-Lawrence River. The concentrate consists of 66% iron, 2 ¼ percent silica and practically no moisture, permitting the use of specially constructed railroad cars and handling facilities to convert the concentrate into pellets, the final product.

Jan 1, 1967