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By G. R. Hopkins

"Refiners are generally considered solely as fuel producers, but actually they also comprise a group one of the largest consumers of fuel. For example, during the year 1929 the refineries-burned 51,544,000 barrels of oil as fuel, or the equivalent of over 5 per cent of the crude oil processed in that year. In addition enough other fuels - coal, natural gas, refinery or still gas, and petroleum coke - were utilized to raise the total fuel consumption based on B. t. u. equivalent to more than 10 per cent of the heat value in the total crude oil run to stills. Refineries utilize fuel chiefly as the heat-forming element distillation, but also under-boilers in the formation of steam used in refining, for the heating of buildings, and in the generation of electricity.In the early days of refining, the problem of fuel utilization and fuel economy was of scant importance to the refiners. Margins of profit were comparatively high and the major portion of the operatros1 attention was directed toward increasing their throughput. However, the keen competition that has prevailed in the refining industry over the past five years or more has taught the refiners that their expenses, one of the largest items of which is the cost of fuel, must be curtailed. Thus in 1925 the refiners used an average of 829,000 B. t. u. to refine a barrel of crude oil, wheras by 1929 this average had been reduced to 639,000 B. t. u., a decline of 23 per cent (see fig. 1)Since 1925 oil has ranked first as a refinery fuel (see fig. 2). The use of natural gas increased during 1926 and 1927 but declined in 1928 and 1929. On the other hand, the use of refinery gas has grown rapidly in importance. Coal has shown a steady decline in use at refineries since 1925. Petroleum coke has never supplied more than a very small fraction of the total fuel requirements, although there has been a steady increase in its use."

Sep 1, 1930

[Chairman ZAY JEFFRIES, Vice-chairman S. SKOWRONSKI, Chairman WILLIAM M, CORSE, Secretary Executive Committee J. R. FREEMAN, JR., Local Section G. E. JOHNSON R. S. ARCHER, Non-ferrous Data Sheets P. D. MERICA EDGAR C. BAIN, Journal Committee L. W. SPRING SAM TOUR, Papers Committee F. L. WOLF H. C. JENNISON, Membership Committee Local Section Committee J. R. FREEMAN, JR., Chairman R. J. ANDERSON, Cincinnati R L. DOWDELL, Minneapolis R. S. WILLIAMS, Boston G. H. CLAMER, Philadelphia W. A. SCHEUCH, Chicago R. F, Woon, New York Papers Committee S. SKOWRONSKI, Chairman F. H. DIx, JR.-Aluminum E. R. DARBY-Bronze C. S. WITH ERELL-Copper H. A. BEDWORTH-Brass W. K. FRANK-BRONZE F. W. HARRIS-Copper R. L. SUHL-Nickel H. M. ST. JOHN--Foundry Metallurgy R. S. DEAN-Theoretical Metallurgy]

Jan 1, 1928

It has long been recognised that Australia can benefit substantially in an economic sense from its rich resource base. The significant resources of the Gippsland Basin are a good example of the wealth of this nation. As cited in popular debate, Australia must value-add to its natural resources to ensure its long term economic prosperity. The significant oil, gas and coal resources of the Gippsland Basin have provided the Strategic Research Foundation with the basis for two major research and development initiatives ensuring the long term economic development of the Basin and Australia. The gas and coal reserves of the Basin together with the area's extensive history in electricity generation provide the rationale for establishing Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. A consortium comprising Australia's leading industrialist - BHP, State energy authorities and the Nation's major research and development organisations, has formed Ceramic Fuel Cells to undertake and manage research, development and commercialisation of solid oxide (ceramic) fuel cells which convert fossil fuels directly to electricity with greater efficiency and less pollution than existing technologies. The oil and gas resources of the Basin together with the valuable experience of the operators in recovering these resources, have provided the impetus to investigate the feasibility of a Marine Engineering Research Centre. The commercially oriented research, education and training objectives of the Centre are well supported by the leading industrialists in related industries.

Jan 1, 1992

By Sharpin P. C

The countercurrent gas-solid heat transfer during the drying of brown coal briquettes in the pilot carbonization plant at Morwell has been analysed and theoretical gas and solid temperature distributions through the drier have been calculated. Although the calculations rest on several simplifying assumptions, the theoretical temperature distributions compare well with those observed in practical operation. Valuable conclusions are reached as to the effects of changes in drier operating conditions on the rate of drying of the briquettes which controls the strength of the char produced. The analysis shows why a limitation was reached in the improvement of char strength in the pilot plant in 1961 due to the performance of the drier and a prediction is made of a way in which the limitation could be overcome.

Jan 1, 1966

By Driver R. C, Moelle K. H R

This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend Peter McKenzie who contributed much to the knowledge of the New South Wales Coalfields.ABSTRACTA fossil river system was recently mapped over parts of the Southern Coalfield, N.S.W. This river system occurs in the roof strata of the Bulli Seam. Sandstone of a fluvial nature was deposited in its course. The sandstone exhibits strong sedimentary vectorial properties and has a marked influence on strata-control in colliery workings.The sedimentary features analysed indicate an approximate S200W flow direction. Petrological studies reveal a clastic, well-cemented sedimentologically and structurally anistropic rock type. Washouts have been found and isopach maps of both sandstone and underlying roof-strata have been compiled. Relevant measurements were carried out in existing colliery workings and on bore cores.Optical determinations of feldspars revealed the presence of plagiocIase feldspars with few exceptions. Most of the feldspars are altered to clay minerals. It was found that a geographical trend exists in the distribution of feldspars, with more basic plagioclase in the northern part of the field.The source area of the fluvial sandstone lies to the north of the Southern Coalfield.Petrofabric analyses were done on several specimens of the fluvial sandstone. In the vicinity of major disturbances, penetrative fabrics were discovered.Calcites (e, 0112), micas (001), and quartz (crystalIo graphic c) show preferred orientations.

Jan 1, 1967

By Maurice Bottiau

It is a quite challenging objective to aim at covering in one paper the most recent evolution in piling and deep foundations technologies. This report has to be understood within the limits of the session 2b. It will therefore concentrate on the technological evolution of deep foundation techniques, addressing design issues only when directly related to execution aspects. For the same reason, it will not address the related codes, as a separate session of this conference is specifically dedicated to this topic. Monitoring and deep excavations being covered in other sessions, they will only be addressed when clearly relevant. We will try to show, from a practical viewpoint what are the main changes and the most exciting or critical issues over the last years, as they appear from the topics addressed in the literature or in the papers published in this session of the conference. As the paper mostly intends to explain trends and critical topics, it cannot be exhaustive, neither can it give the full description of the case studies. The author invites the reader to read the full papers, for a more complete description. We have divided our report in three main topics: Piling, soil improvement and treatment and retaining walls. Anchors and tie-backs will not be treated, neither tunneling.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ronald E. Hamilton

"An attempt to review the recent literature on comminution reveals at once that the subject has many ramifications and that the applications are so diverse that there are very few general statements which can be made.It. seems reasonable to start classification on the basis of size of material as Input to the comminution process. However, we find that this can only be done in a very imprecise manner.The initial step of breaking rock from its natural state of very large pieces in geological formations into sizes suitable for processing is accomplished by blasting. This step in the process has not been ex-amined in this project except to note that great changes have been made during the last decade or so in the explosives used, and in the method of handling them. We should determine what effect changes in mining methods can have on the need for crushing.The second step in the process is usually primary crushing, performed by gyratory or jaw crushers. The largest chunk which can be fed to a jaw crusher depends on the size of the machine, and should be larger than the largest fragment produced in the miring process. It is obvious that the larger the crusher, the less care required in mining to en¬sure the absence of rocks too large to be crushed. The optimum size of crusher to minimize overall cost of mining and reduction is not at all obvious, and no information on this point has come to light in this investigation.It is rather generally accepted that size reduction is most efficiently done in small stages, and that different machines have different opti¬mum size ranges of feed. For example, crushers are preferred for sizes above about 1"", rod mills for the range between 1"" and 0.1"", ball mills are preferred from 0.1""down to perhaps 10 microns, and vibratory mills, or jet mills, below 10 microns."

Jan 1, 1976

By Paul Girodo

Government Approval For Foreign Workers 1.Service Canada Work Permit Tasks: i. Prove there are no Canadian Journeymen; ii. Use heavyweight stakeholders; iii. Understand the FWU transformation taking place today. Government Approval For Foreign Workers 2.Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) i. Build relationships; ii. Use heavyweight stakeholders; iii. Continually demonstrate benefits to the Province from foreign Journeymen. Government Approval For Foreign Workers 3.Letter from Union Supporting Temporary Foreign Workers i. Easiest path to approval ?CLAC model

May 1, 2006

Silver is one of the three major metals produced from the Broken Hill mines. The accurate determination of the silver in these ores, therefore, is of economic importance.With due appreciation of the divergence of opinion of many who are interested in the subject of the determination of silver, the writer has been prompted to present the results of some recent experiments on silver losses during cupellation and conclusions from these experiments in the present paper. The losses of silver in the fire assay for this metal are due to silver retained in the slag during the fusion or scorification of the ore, and to silver volatilized from, and absorbed by the cupel during the process of cupellation.The literature describing the results of experimental work on silver losses due to the above causes is extensive, and the general conclusion of these experiments is that the silver lost in the slag is small, but that lost by cupellation is larger and more variable.The term cupellation loss in this paper refers to the total cupellation loss, no distinction being made between the absorption and volatilization losses.Volatilization loss is shown by King to be 0.5% of the total cupellation loss and, as it is generally accepted among assayers as being only a small fraction of the cupellation loss (3) (5), it will not receive further consideration in this paper.The factors causing the loss of silver by cupellation and the precautions to be obs~rved to reduce the loss in this operation are described in (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). The...

Jan 1, 1940

This paper focuses on two sites in the Mount Pleasant - McCormacks Bay area of Christchurch where residential development has taken place either within or immediately adjacent to former quarries for the extraction of volcanic rock. At the Quarry Road site less overburden was dumped on adjoining land around the turn of the century, and c.1980 dwelling and related construction took place on approximately 6 m of relatively loose fill material without the recognition of its presence or geotechnical characteristics. Subsequent settlements led to abandonment of a swimming pool and the underpinning of the 3-storey architect-designed house, whilst litigation brought by the owner resulted in findings of negligence against both the architects and engineers. At the Tramways Quarry site the Council approved subdivision of the former quarry area in the early 1980s without requiring any geotechnical evaluation of batter stability or related issues. During development it became apparent that significant blast damage had occurred to rock faces, necessitating a variety of remedial measures, and that waste materials had been dumped down faces without regard to long-term stability. Both case studies confirm the requirement for careful documentation of former quarry sites by territorial local authorities as part of their administrative function, and for detailed engineering geology and geotechnical evaluation of such areas prior to any residential use of the land.

Jan 1, 1998

By Erik M. Westerberg

The Soilex Pile combines a slender shaft, for quick and easy installation, with an enlarged pile toe, for high capacity. The key component is the Expander Body, which is inflated by injecting cement grout when in position. The latest development in the Soilex Pile System results in a reduction of the total cost of Soilex Piles, in many cases values that are competitive with pre­cast concrete piles and displacement piles. Soilex Piles can now be installed on top of a bearing soil layer, instead of 3 to 4 m into that soil as previously required, further minimising the ground disturbance. Soilex Piles achieve high capacity in relatively loose soils, with ultimate loads typically between 1000 and 2000 kN in a sand with CPT qc = 5 to 10 MPa or SPT N= 10 to 20. It is possible to pre-load and proof-load all piles with dynamic testing up to 2000 kN or using built-in jacks, thereby verifying the capacity. The vibratory installation method, which is extremely quick and causes very little soil disturbance and noise, is exemplified by two case histories.

Jan 1, 2000

By C E. J de Ronde, J G. Scott

Economic gold mineralisation was discovered at Round Hill by Homestake NZ Limited in 1984 and was subsequently put into production by Macraes Mining Company Limited (MMCL) in 1990. The total mineral resource in 1990 was estimated at 41.4 Mt @ 1.42 glt at a 0.7g/t cut off, for 1.8 Moz of gold. Since project start up the mill has been upgraded twice to increase throughput and reached its current capacity of 3.2 Mtpa. At 31 December 1996, a total of 16.2 Mt of ore at average grade of 1.73 g/t has been excavated, yielding 655,000 oz of gold. MMCL began exploration along the Hyde Macraes Shear Zone in 1994. Since 1994, exploration has been successful with the discovery of over 3.5 Moz of gold. The resource now stands at 110 Mt @ 1.46 g/t gold for 5.1 Moz. This success has led to a planned expansion of the processing capacity to 9 Mtpa with the building of a new 6 Mtpa processing plant.

Jan 1, 1997

By A D. Stewart Gillies

Resource rent taxes are taxes which only become effective at such a time as a pre-determined rate of return has been achieved by an operation. Resource Rent Taxes have from time to time been considered for implementation in bothAustralia and New Zealand. The offshore petroleum industry in Australia is already subject to RRT as is the Roxby Downs (Olympic Dam) Mine in South Australia. Both the mining and petroleum taxation regimes in Papua New Guinea include a resource rent tax component called Additional Profits Tax.   The implications of the current form of additional profits tax for shareholder cash returns are that the tax burden on the operation may suddenly increase at some stage in the life of the mine if and when the threshold level of profitability for the tax to be triggered is exceeded. From that point in time onwards the cash return to the shareholders on the capital invested is greatly diminished. For mining companies in Papua New Guinea, the effective tax rate increases from 35% to 57.75% as a result of the onset of additional profits tax. This tax rate penalty is so severe that there appears to be merit in considering the concept of managing profitability through time rather than purely maximising annual pre-tax profits as is currently the case in most mining operations. This would have the benefit of deferring or perhaps preventing altogether the onset of the tax. One possible method for the effective management of profitability is through the control of average mining grade by cutoff grade manipulation.   Traditional cutoff grade theory has usually considered taxation as a direct cost at a fixed or variable percentage of annual profits. As a result of this most analyses are conducted on a pre-tax basis. If tax is included in analyses it is usually present as a time independent function of gross profit. Additional profits tax is both time, and rate of return dependent and therefore not adequately accommodated by currently accepted cutoff grade theory.   A review has been made of the effects of resource rent taxes on both the investment decision-making process as well as possible development and mining strategies which may be employed by mining companies faced with resource rent taxes. The review includes examples based on the structure of additional profits tax which is levied in Papua New Guinea.

Jan 1, 1995

By Jean Cayouette, Paul Blatter, Paul Cousin

"The Laronde mill was commissioned in 1988 and has been treating the Laronde Penna ore since 2000. The Laronde plant, situated in the Abitibi region of Quebec, has experienced mill expansions to accommodate 7500 mtpd and to recover gold and silver as well as important amounts of base metals (Cu, Zn, Pb). Ten sequential metallurgical and environmental processes are responsible for metals recovery and process viability. Over 200,000 ounces of gold, 4,5 million ounces of silver, 7000 tonnes of copper, and 78,000 tonnes of zinc are produced annually.In 2008, the Goldex plant began trucking high grade (35-45 g/t Au) pyrite sulphide concentrate (TCGO) for gold extraction at a newly constructed treatment plant, increasing gold output at Laronde by 40,000 ounces. In 2009, the high gold grade Lapa ore processing facilities were annexed to the Laronde plant increasing output by 120,000 ounces of gold. TCGO and Lapa productions are forecasted until 2018 and 2015 respectively, with known reserves of each mine.Today, up to 140 permanent employees run and optimise the Laronde plant operation. As a result, Laronde has intricacies intrinsic to a large and varied operation. The paper will outline the metallurgical highlights, challenges, and future outlook related to the treatment of each ore type (Laronde, TCGO, and Lapa).INTRODUCTIONFollowing the 2000 to 2003 expansions, the Laronde plant evolved into a mature milling complex with developed processing, man power, and water treatment capabilities able to accommodate the complex Laronde ore. The ore requires a series of grinding, copper/lead flotation and separation, zinc flotation, zinc tails precious metals leaching, followed by a counter-current decantation circuit and Merrill Crowe precipitation. A paste backfill and SO2-air cyanide destruction operate intermittently. The tailings area has a dedicated cyanide destruction and metals precipitation plant prior to water recycling to the mill. A biological water treatment plant was put into service in 2004 to address the build-up of thiocyanate in the tailings ponds at Laronde. This was the result of the high sulphide content of the Laronde ore and 90% recirculation of the process water. The plant uses bacteria to oxidize and destroy thiocyanate, and removes phosphate from the water before it is released to the environment."

Jan 1, 2011

By George S. Rice

In response to numerous requests for information as to the status of internal-combustion mine locomotives of the Diesel type that use heavy or non- volatile oil for fuel, with special reference to their safe use in coal mines, the United States Bureau of Mines is issuing this report. Data mere obtained, on application of such locomotives to cod mining only in Belgium, France, Germany, and Great Britain. The locomotives are used in coal mining in other countries, as well as in potash, iron, and other kinds of mining, but their chief development has been in coal mining in Germany, France, and Belgium. Recently popular interest in the Diesel type of engine for motive purposes was aroused in this country by the successful application of Diesel engines to railroad locomotives hauling fast transcontinental trains, and, according to published statements, at a low cost of fuel per mile of run.

Jan 1, 1936

By A. Dean, J. Roberts, I. Stone, J. R. Merefield

Paper presented at the conference: Risk assessment in the extractive industries, held in Exeter, UK, 23-24 March 1994, and first published London: IMM, 1994, preprint volume, 10pp., 11 refs. No completely reliable method for characterising and quantifying airborne dust risk exists. A new monitoring technology has been developed whereby dust collected from four-way directional and high volume samplers is analysed for mineral content and particle size for integrated dust mapping. A dust database was set up for the area surrounding the Ffos Las open cast coal site in South Wales. It included XRD directional traces from 17 gauges over 20 months, XRD traces from window ledges in the nearby communities, the major soil types in the area, dust data from haulage roads and public roads and reference-type mineral samples. The database can be accessed relationally to compare and analyse the data using mineral, direction, time, weather and geographical relationships. The data has been used to assess areas of low, intermediate and high levels of risk from dust fall-out

Apr 1, 1995

By H. M. Lawrence

"The land-pebble district, the larger of the two producing areas of Florida, is situated in Polk County and in the eastern part of Hillsborough County. About 80 per cent at the phosphate rock produced in the United States in recent years has been mined from this area. The phosphate ores, locally termed matrix. are beds of sands and clays containing the phosphate pebbles, considered to be Pliocene in age, derived by marine action from underlying Miocene phosphatic marls, and are covered by practically barren sands and clays that have been deposited more recently. Open-pit mining is practiced; hydraulic mining, which has been intensively developed in this district, is used exclusively for mining the matrix and, by some companies for removing the overburden, although drag-line excavators have become established and are proving economical for stripping operations. From the pits the matrix is pumped to adjacent washing plants for beneficiation. The product of the washers. after drying, enters the world markets as Florida pebble phosphate.In this district recovery of the phosphate pebbles by the washing plants has not been particularly effective in the past. The screening, designed to effect a seperation at about 20 mesh (0.033 inches), has not been well controlled. Washer rejects discarded to the waste dumps have contained appreciable amounts of material analyzing above the minimum commercial grade - 66 per cent B.P.L. (bone phosphate of lime). Such losses of commercial fractions should be considered avoidable, and have been discussed at length in a previous paper.3"

Jul 1, 1930

By Claudio Olalla

This paper relates to the foundation of a steel structure located at the San Martin de la Vega (Madrid) amusement park. The structure has more than 100 supports with various loading conditions, including important horizontal and uplift forces. Additionally, the settlement tolerances are very strict. A massive gypsum formation with interbedded clay layers and random solution great voids at various levels constitute the soil. The foundation design has been conditioned large enough these difficulties (load conditions and soil problems). The piling machine used was powerful to drill through the soft rock (UCS up to 11Mpa). The integrity of each pile had to be guaranteed by continuous recording of drilling and concrete pouring parameters. In order to fulfil all those conditions, a STARSOL type-piling rig was used. More than 4500 meters of piles were performed. The diameters of the piles were 450 and 550-mm and their depths varies from 6 to 23 meters. All piles were reinforced over their full length.

Jan 1, 2002

By S. A. Montague

In spite of the many new insulating materials, both synthetic and manufactured, that have been put on the market since the end of World War II, and notwithstanding the many millions of dollars applied to the development of synthetic mica, natural block mica1 is still a most indispensable insulator in various electronic components. It will remain so, barring some spectacular break-through in research that might provide a substitute fully acceptable as a replacement for mica in all of its superior properties. But this is not to say the future for mica is assured, or free from serious problems. Technological advances have created problems requiring a solution to be found if future requirements are to be filled.

Jan 1, 1962

By Sherwin F. Kelly

One of the most succinct and illuminating perspectives of the field of geophysical exploration to appear in recent years is an article by E. A. Eckhardt, in the magazine Geophysics for October 1949. Although his review covers the year 1948, many of the data presented are apropos to a review of 1949, and form a pertinent background for a consideration of current progress. He presents charts of the world-wide distribution of gravimeter and seismograph activity in oil exploration, which show that surveys in the United States accounted for practically 68%; of all gravity work and 80%; of all seismic activity. Canada ranked second, with a proportion of roughly 6%, in each case; South America accounted for about the same percentage of seismic work, and double that amount for gravity surveys. Within the United States, Texas and Louisiana were the scenes of the greatest activity, both claiming about 60% of all surveys by each method.

Jan 1, 1950