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By David J. Hatem

Public-private partnerships (PPP) are gaining in popularity at the federal, state and local levels as the public sector seeks private capital to finance infrastructure and other projects that traditionally have been funded with public funds. In general, a PPP involves a development agreement between a public owner and a private sector concessionaire. Under the development agreement, the concessionaire is responsible for financing, designing, constructing and typically operating and maintaining the completed project for a concession period (often multi-decades in duration). The concessionaire typically enters into an agreement ? the design-build agreement ? with a design-builder to design and construct the project. The concessionaire may secure financing from banks, investors or from a combination of these and other sources (collectively the financier). While the PPP experience in the United States has been modest to date, an increasing number of projects involving tunneling or other significant subsurface work are already being delivered in the PPP mode. Public owners have significant options to address risk allocation for subsurface conditions on PPP projects. The same sound and fundamental principles of fairness in risk allocation that apply in other major subsurface projects should be applied and adopted in the PPP context

Mar 1, 2014

By D. Buranek, J. G. Wulff, F. W. Gifford

I. INTRODUCTION During the past few years, the state of the art of disposal of solid and liquid waste products from uranium mining and milling operations has experienced some rather interesting and significant changes. Some of these changes have resulted from technological advances in the milling operations and in the engineering aspects of the actual design and construction of the disposal facilities. However, the most significant changes, at least those which have had the greatest impact on the comparative cost and economics of modern disposal systems, have been environmental requirements and regulatory controls, which have become increasingly stringent in recent years. Without delving into the details of the myriad of new laws and regulations which now control the uranium industry, it can be stated with reasonable confidence that one of the principal purposes of more rigid state and federal controls over this industry is the basic desire to promote safer, more reliable and longer term means of effectively controlling and disposing of the potentially objectionable waste products resulting from uranium mining and milling operations. It is difficult to take issue with these basic goals because their need was spawned by past lack of awareness and inattention on the parts of both government and industry to the long term environmental problems and potentially hazardous conditions which can be created by limited planning and ill-conceived or poorly controlled and executed disposal practices. On the other hand, despite the good intentions of those who developed and those who are administering the regulatory controls now in effect, the basic danger exists that overgeneralization of the approach to disposal problems and overrestriction of the potentially acceptable solutions for uranium mine and mill waste disposal could have a significant, adverse economic impact on the mining industry and the ultimate consumers of their products. The regulatory pendulum, which perhaps swung too far toward lack of controls over uranium mill waste disposal in the 1940's, could now well be headed too far in the opposite direction, that is toward over-regulation in the form of restrictions based on technically unrealistic or weakly supportable

Jan 1, 1980

By P. T. Bissert, L. Yan, M. D. Klein

"Federal regulations require that refuge alternatives (RAs) are located within 305-m (1000-ft) of the working face and spaced at one-hour travel distances in the outby area in underground coal mines in the event that miners cannot escape during a disaster. The Mine Safety and Health Administration mandates that RAs provide safe shelter and livable conditions for a minimum of 96 hours while maintaining the apparent temperature (AT) below 35°C (95°F). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health used a validated thermal simulation model to examine the mechanisms of heat loss from the RA to the ambient mine and the effect of mine strata composition on the final internal dry bulb temperature (DBT) for mobile tent-type RAs. The results of these studies show that most of the heat loss from the RA to the ambient mine is due to radiation (51%) and conduction (31%). Three mine width/height configurations and three mine strata compositions were examined. The final DBT inside the RA after 96 hours varied less than 1°C (1.8°F) for the three mine width/height configurations and less than 2°C (3.6°F) for the three mine strata compositions. INTRODUCTION Following a mine disaster, workers will try to escape the mine. If their escape is futile, they can take shelter in a refuge alternative (RA). In 2008, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) mandated RAs in mines to ensure that a safe and livable shelter is provided for a minimum of 96 hours, and that the apparent temperature (AT) does not exceed 35°C (95°F) inside the RA [1]. An ongoing concern with RAs is the potential to exceed this limit. The temperature rise inside an RA is due to the metabolic heat released by the occupants as well as heat released by the carbon dioxide scrubbing system. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) tested a 10-person tent-type training unit RA in its Safety Research Coal Mine (SRCM) to investigate heat buildup in RAs. The 10-person capacity for the tested RA is based on 1.4 m2 (15 ft2) of floor space per miner. NIOSH-developed simulated miners, which are heat input devices that generate both sensible and latent heat, were used to represent the metabolic heat generation of an average miner (117 W) for testing in the SRCM. It was found that the number of occupants in an RA may need to be reduced based on the ambient mine temperature, which varies from mine to mine [2]. To further research temperature rise inside an RA, ThermoAnalytics, Inc. (TAI) was contracted by NIOSH to perform thermal simulations of the tested 10-person mobile tent-type RA. TAI developed a thermal model of the SRCM using RadTherm software, which incorporates a human thermal model (HTM) to represent the equivalent metabolic heat loss of a miner within the RA’s enclosed environment. The thermal model was previously validated by comparing simulation results with test results [3]. During a mine disaster in which miners would have to take shelter in an RA, mine ventilation may not be available. As such, mine ventilation was off for both the testing in the SRCM as well as in the simulations. This paper discusses the heat loss mechanisms and the effects of mine strata composition and mine width and height associated with a ten-person tent-type RA."

Jan 1, 2016

By P. A. Schmitz

The characteristics of gold leaching from carbonaceous matter by sodium cyanide, and sorption of gold cyanide to carbonaceous matter in autoclaved and non -autoclaved gold ore from Barrick Goldstrike Mines Inc. (BGMI), Nevada, was investigated. Much greater gold cyanide complex sorption was observed for the carbonaceous matter in high preg-robbing ores relative to the low preg-robbing ores. This observation corroborates previous reports that have attributed observed preg-robbing behavior to the carbon in the ore. Gold cyanide complex sorption was found to be reversible for carbonaceous matter from low preg-robbing ore, but was irreversible for carbonaceous matter from high preg-robbing ores. Autoclaving the ore appeared to enhance the sorptive behavior of the carbonaceous matter from both high and low preg-robbing ores.

Jan 1, 1999

By W. Gibson Jaworek

It has become apparent in recent years to everyone intimately concerned with the future of the American fuels industries that the growth in demand for energy has become a topic receiving considerable attention, and that investigators are leaning more and more toward a mathematical approach to deduce what pattern that growth will follow. Though coal has been included by necessity In all-studies of future energy markets, it has not been the subject of mathematical analysis or description as frequently as has been total energy or some of the other fuels, particularly petroleum, It is the intent in this particular paper, to subject bituminous coal consumption to a preliminary mathematical scrutiny which can lead to a more logical estimation of the general level of bituminous coal consumption for the next decade, as well as formulating an approach toward describing how coal consumption may vary as the result of the annual variations in activity in the United States, economy, The approach utilized is more sophisticated than the mere projection of the historical trend of bituminous coal consumption. Such a projection would lead to a continuation of the recent decline, indicating that coal consumption would reach zero some thirty years from now. On the other hand, the mathematical analysis described here is a relatively simple, straightforward approach and- is not intended to represent the-ultimate in mathematical economic analysis as now practiced, It is hoped that this will contribute to our knowledge of bituminous coal markets. Even more, it is hoped that it will help arouse a greater interestin utilizing mathematical and statistical analysis when studying the bituminous coal industry. - Since this is a preliminary study, comments and criticisms are anticipated.

Jan 1, 1960

By Bror Nyman

Wide settlers are a way to decrease the linear velocities of advancing liquid phases. It has, however, been found unnecessary to risk a proper settler performance by building shallow settlers in order to avoid a so-called interface turbulence due to a too big difference between the linear velocities of the organic and the aqueous phase. This conclusion has been reached from tests using a large transparent settler model, where the behaviour of a clean interface between two advancing liquids has been investigated. Also in a more realistic case, making an organic in aqueous or an aqueous in organic dispersion to move between the liquid phases, no obstacle has been found to use a somewhat more deep and correspondingly ore slowly t10wing aqueous phase. Based on above findings, support can be given to a new trend to build the settlers slightly deeper than what has been typical for the so-called low-profile design. In this way, it is much easier to avoid an excessive air introduction and other severe difficulties, like those caused by crud moving from one stage to another. It is further shown, how gravity can be used to slow down and distribute a dispersion being fed into a settler of a VSF unit. Entrainment levels have been found to be reduced by a careful design of primary dispersion distributors and picket fences of the settler. Finally, it is demonstrated, how outlets from the side of the settler can be used to simplity interstage pumping and to decrease the rotation speed of any pumping device.

Jan 1, 1996

By M. Javier

Management is a major part of sustainability research. Many different aspects of sustainability have already received significant research attention, but the management processes in mining from the perspective of their impact on society are less understood and integrated as a holistic frame. It is evident that mining technology has received major blame in past ecological disasters and major mining-induced environmental hazards, but the management-mining process has escaped unscathed. This should not have happened. Instead, the management processes should share equal blame with obsolete technology for the failure to identify and monitor potential environmental hazards before their inception of mining. We will present an emergent style of management for the future of mining. It challenges the actual ?mind-set? of mining management. It describes balance and equilibrium: physical, chemical, and biological in nature as an understanding of nature?s language, which is Geomimic along side ?the bottom line?. The goal is to minimize loss instead of maximize profits (waste design) at the design stage of mining and to develop clean technologies (nature's values) to achieve non-social environmental impacts that provide a prosperous legacy to future generations.

Jan 1, 2010

By Hou Xilun

Three production methods of rapid cold bonding and low temperature bonding pellets using sponge iron powder as a binder have been successfully developed. These methods differ from ordinary bonding method by no addition of salt and other catalyzers, no corrosion of equipment and no pollution of environment. Mechanism of pellet bonding is studied. Experiment shows that these pellets have good metallurgical properties. A semi-industrial test has proven the laboratory results, with the production of metallic pellets continuous and stable. These methods are substituted for traditional high temperature firing of oxidized pellets in direct reduction. As a result, the plant for oxidized pellets can be saved and substituted for grate in the grate-kiln system. Thus, 20% of the investment could be saved. Production cost may also be decreased. The production of cold bonding pellets does not need additional area.

Jan 1, 1980

By W. T. Walter

High-G centrifuges from five preparation plants were sampled to determine and quantify the various operating factors affecting performance. The operating factors that were considered include feed rate and percent solids, size of feed material, screen-basket type, hardness of coal and age of the flights. The performance parameters that were measured include product surface moisture, recovery and degradation of the coal. Regression equations with good significance levels were developed.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. Dell’Era, E. Ciro, C. Lupi

The paper explores the recovery of indium via electrowinning from sulfate baths, focusing on the impact of different cathodic supports (AISI 316L and nickel) on process parameters such as electrolyte composition, current density, and temperature. The study compares productivity, morphology, and structure of indium deposits on both cathodes, finding that nickel cathodes generally yield better results.

Nov 1, 2023

Accidents that resulted in 16 deaths in three West Virginia coal mines, two in Kentucky and one in Utah have government and industry re-evaluating current safety regulations. Even though U.S. mines continue to improve on their safety records, the deaths reminded the industry and state and federal agencies that mining remains a dangerous business. Even so, data from the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) show that new technologies and a highly trained workforce has allowed the nation’s coal mines to increase production while providing safer workplaces. Since 1970, coal production at U.S. mines has increased by about 83 percent. During the same period, fatal injuries have fallen by 92 percent. And more than half of the U.S. coal mines operate each year without a lost-time injury. In 2005, there were 22 deaths in U.S. mines, a record low.

Jan 1, 2006

By V. Svalbonas

In the establishment of a useful failure criteria for complicated, fabricated structures, two basic areas of knowledge must be evaluated: 1. The accuracy of the applied stress analysis must be known in comparison with actual stresses encountered during mill operation. 2. The metallurgical fracture properties of the basic materials must be established with reference to non-destructive examination (NDE) methods to be used during fabrication. Both of the above can only be evaluated by use of full scale tests on the structures, and/or components, of interest. This paper describes such tests and comparisons as applied to several large mill installations. In addition, weldment component fatigue tests arid flawed casting strain gauge tests are also discussed. The combination of such test results allows for the formulation of failure criteria directly applicable to the fabrication and examination procedures followed in grinding mill structure manufacture.

Jan 1, 1982

By Dennis C. Martin

Assessment of the potential for mining induced subsidence and determination of ultimate design requirements for a mining operation should be based on a number of assessment approaches. Although the rock mechanics engineer has a variety of limit equilibrium and numerical modeling tools available for assessment and prediction of subsidence effects, empirical approaches based on precedent experience provide a powerful tool for calibration/verification of analytical models and prediction of subsidence. Three separate analyses approaches have been applied to the assessment of potential subsidence for a proposed block caving mine in eastern Canada. The investigations have included an assessment of documented historical information from previous block cave mining at the site, deterministic analyses using limit equilibrium approaches to assess kinematically possible failure mechanisms, and three-dimensional numerical modeling techniques. Analyses results have been used and compared with precedent experience and documentation of subsidence behavior from previous mining to optimize the subsidence predictions for the proposed mine.

Jan 1, 1998

By L. P. Johnson

Longwall mining has gained acceptance as a safe method of maintaining coal production where conventional systems were unsuccessful or uneconomic due to bad roof conditions (Kuti8). One of the major problems confronting American operators involves the correct choice of equipment which should be selected to suit the local mining and geologic conditions for optimum productivity. To achieve this, factors such as rock strengths, local geology, panel geometry, and panel orientation must be examined to optimize production and minimize down time due to ground control problems. Little quantitative information is available in the literature regarding the effects of geologic conditions on American longwall operations, and past implementations of longwall systems appear to have been based largely on experience. When mining engineers are able to assess the geologic conditions both quantitatively and qualitatively, they can more fully optimize equipment selection and panel design.

Jan 1, 1977

By Charles Kimbell, L. Nahai, E. Shekarchi

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY World mineral trade during 1960 to 1984 has shown substantial changes both in value and tonnage. Although fuel commodities dominated total mineral trade during this period, this paper will focus attention primarily on nonfuel minerals. Brazil and Australia, modest producers of iron ore in 1960, have become dominant producers and exporters, together accounting for about half of major iron ore exports in 1984, far surpassing traditional export suppliers such as Sweden. Australia has also become the largest producer and trader of bauxite and alumina, and worldwide alumina trade has increased at the expense of bauxite trade. Similarly, shipments of ferroalloys have increased more than shipments of ores such as those of chromium and manganese. Canada, retaining its first rank in world export of zinc, has become also the leading source of potash and sulfur in world trade, and South Africa has been the dominant factor in chromite, manganese and their respective ferroalloys. Developing countries' share of world copper trade has increased, with Chile maintaining first rank, but developed industrialized countries have continued to dominate production and trade of lead and zinc. Phosphate, sulfur, and potash have been the principal crude nonmetallic minerals traded worldwide. Looking to the near future, dramatic increases in export of iron ore, phosphate, potash and sulfur are not envisaged. Bauxite exports will continue to decline relative to alumina but at a slower rate than in the recent past. Zinc concentrate will continue to be exported but lead will be traded more as metal than as concentrate. For iron and steel, there will be some production shift from traditional producers to certain developing countries and recently industrializing developing countries such as Brazil, India, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan. In the following sections dealing with specific commodities, it should be understood that information is presented only on the major forms of each commodity that move in trade, and only for a selected group of countries for each commodity or major form of each commodity. Thus, totals shown or mentioned generally represent only the totals of figures presented here and do not include estimates for minor forms of material or for countries that are not listed. However, the data provided is regarded as sufficiently complete to reflect major patterns and trends, and exclusions are there- fore not seen as affecting conclusions that may be drawn from the material provided. FUEL AND NONFUEL TRADE Values of Fuel and Nonfuel Trade The value of world export trade in major mineral commodities (ores, concentrates and scrap, crude minerals, iron and steel, nonferrous metals, nonmetallic minerals and mineral fuels) in 1983, the latest year for which comprehensive data are available, was reported by the United Nations in May 1985 to have totaled over 514 billion current U.S. dollars (Table 1). This was 79% of the historic record high of nearly $649 billion ,current dollars set in 1980, but almost 18 times the current dollar value reported for 1960. [1/] The value of these 1983 exports in constant 1960 dollars was $164 billion (Table 2), only 66% of the record 1980 high of almost $250 billion, and only about 5.7 times the 1960 dollar level.

Jan 1, 1986

By A. Bruynesteyn

Results are presented from a series of tests designed to determine the beneficial effects of the microorganism Thiobacillus ferrooxidans upon the leaching of uranium from a pyritic uranium ore. Minus 1-inch (-25mm) 0.0711 percent uranium containing, pyritic ore from the Rio Algom Mine at Elliott Lake, Canada was leached with lixiviants of various Eh and pH as well as being subjected to a biologically-assisted ferric iron leach. In all cases, the biological leach gave superior extraction. At pH 1.6, the biological leach gave 100.6 percent extraction and the ferric iron leach 69.8 percent. This improvement in extraction is associated with a relatively rapid biological breakdown of the pyritic material, thus liberating uranium mineralization associated with these pyritic materials and regenerating the ferric sulphate lixiviant in situ.

Jan 1, 1981

By John M. Ackerman

INTRODUCTION In the spring of 1988 the Joint Venture of Freeport-McMoran Resource Partners, Limited Partnership, IMC Fertilizer Inc, and Homestake Mining Co. was awarded the sulphur lease for Main Pass Block 299, lease number OCS-G 9372. This was one of eleven leases awarded to the Joint Venturers. Following the initial discovery wells in December 1988, a program of delineation drilling confirmed proven sulphur reserves of 67 million long tons. Proven, recoverable oil and gas reserves are 39.4 million barrels and 7.2 billion cubic feet, respectively. Development of the sulphur mine was given approval as a fast-track project by the Joint Venturers in 1989. The oil and gas reserves were acquired from the original hydrocarbon lessee in 1990 and given fast- track status immediately. Fast-track for these projects meant design and engineering would not be complete before construction began JOINT VENTURE The Main Pass Joint Venture is one of thirteen joint ventures formed between Freeport and three other companies - IMC Fertilizer, Inc., Felmont Oil Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Homestake Mining Co., and Texasgulf Minerals and Metals Co. Felmont has subsequently changed its name to Homestake Sulphur Co. and Texasgulf assigned their interests in the three leases they participated in to their parent company. Texasgulf did not participate in the Main Pass 299 joint venture. Joint venture negotiations, anticipating a lease sale in mid-1988, began in December of 1987. This Joint Venture was the first of its kind; created to acquire offshore leases, explore, develop and mine sulphur. The Minerals Management Service announced a lease sale date of February 24, 1988 on the first business day of 1988. This greatly accelerated the joint venture negotiations. Of the thirteen leases the Joint Ventures bid on, eleven were awarded. Freeport holds its interest in all the leases through its ownership interest in Freeport-McMoRan Resource Partners, Limited Partnership, and Resource Partners is the operator on all of the leases. The Main Pass joint venture percentage ownership is: 58.33 Freeport-McMoRan Resource Partners 25.00 IMC Fertilizer, Inc. 16.67 Homestake Sulphur Co. 100.00 The Main Pass Joint Venture paid $3,401,757 for the Main Pass lease and will pay a royalty of 12.5 percent of production value to the MMS . LOCATION The Main Pass mine complex is located in the Gulf of Mexico, in U. S. federal waters, about 27 kilometers (17 miles) east of Venice, Louisiana or 140 kilometers south east of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is situated in about 63 meters (210 feet) of water. HISTORY The Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the United States Department of the Interior administers the mineral properties of the United States located in federal waters. Periodically the MMS holds lease sales of blocks under its jurisdiction. Prior to the offshore discoveries of sulphur associated with salt domes leased for hydrocarbons, the MMS leased blocks with all minerals including hydrocarbons awarded to the successful bidder for the block. In 1963 MMS held the first lease sale of blocks specifically for sulphur. This sale was followed by a similar sale in

Jan 1, 1992

By B. Qiu, Y. Luo

Longwall and/or room-and-pillar mining operations in multiple coal seams may not only induce subsurface and surface subsidence but also cause interactions between these mined coal seams. The interaction might destabilize underground mine structures and subsequently induce additional strata movements. Mathematical models to use the predicted subsurface deformations to assess the interactions and the consequences have been developed. The models are incorporated into a computer program, CISPM-MS, for predicting the final surface movements and deformations, as well as the mining interactions associated with multiseam coal mining operations. It predicts final surface movements and deformations caused by the individual mining operations and by the interactive effects. The program can also be used to assess mine structural stability in multiseam mining operations. The paper presents the developed interaction models and their application in surface subsidence prediction caused by multiseam mining operations. A case study involving mining in two coal seams, using longwall and room-and-pillar mining methods, respectively, will be used to validate the program.

Jan 1, 2013

By Mark Van Dyke, Mark Mazzella, Gamal Rashed, Nicole Evanek, Brent Slaker

In the past decade, there have been several incidents of massive ground collapses in underground stone mines in the eastern United States. Fortunately, these events have not resulted in any fatalities. However, three mine workers were injured and many others were at risk due to the hazard from the fall of ground and/or the airblast associated with these massive collapses. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated a project to better understand the causes of these massive ground collapses to help prevent their future occurrence. The main objective of this study is to investigate the main factor(s)that initiated one of these massive ground collapses. The authors relied on several tools including three-dimensional (3-D) LiDAR scans for the surface subsidence feature and the underground mine workings around the collapsed area, borescope data at multiple locations around the collapse, S-Pillar analysis for average and unfavorable conditions, and numerical models. The emphasis has been placed on the impact of the following limestone pillar stability parameters: pillar width-to-height (W/H) ratio, benching, the existence of karst features, weak roof, and geological discontinuities. 3-D LiDAR scans were utilized to show the shape and the extent of karst cavities observed within stable pillars around the perimeter of the collapsed area. Together, this coupling of field measurements and observations and modeled systems suggests the potential causes of the collapse.

Jul 1, 2023

By A. Ballester, F. Gonzalez, M. L. Blázquez

Pyrometallurgical process are usually used to recover valuable metals from metal sulphide concentrates. However, their use is diminishing as the cost of energy rises and pollution controls become strictes. An alternative method of treatment sulphides could be bacterial leaching due its simplicity and negligible contamination (1-2). This process is presently used commercially to re cover metals such as Cu and U from low grade ore concentrates. In spite of numerous researchs during recent years (3-5) there exists very little kinetic data concerning the speed of bioleaching process. The kinetic analysis of bacterial activity is related with the metabolism and growth of microox ganisms . This fundamental information permits ma- king the best utilization of bacterial oxidation and to suggest techniques which might increase the production of the products desired. However, bio- kinetic models are especially complicated due to the existence of many metabolic routes and parallel reactions which are important for the life of the bacteria. Microbiological oxidation of a mineral substrate is influenced by its own inicial concentration: This influence can be determined by means of a kinetic study. In a medium with sufficient concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) and an adequate supply of 0, and CO2, as the only & L source of carbon for the biochemical synthesis, the substrate concentration would remain the only limitation in the rate of leaching. In this case the Michaelis-Menten model could be applied (6). The model is based on an association of the enzyme (El with the substrate (S) with consequent decomposition of the latter into enzyme and products [ ] The rate of dissolution is defined by the equation : [ ] Were V is the rate of metal extraction (mg 1-1 1 h-1 ) ; S is the pulp density Mn is the maximum rate for metal extraction (mg 1-1 h-1) and K is the constant of Michaelis (concentration of substrate that yields Vm/2). This method is applicable only when the rate of bacterial growth is similar to the rate of metal extraction. It would therefore be sufficient to control the concentration of metal in the medium over the period of time. In the present work a systematic study of the kinetics of ZnS and CuFeS bioleaching in sphalerite and complex ore concengrates was carried out. The rate of dissolution of the Zn and Cu as function of the pulp density and temperature was determined. However, most oxidations of sulphide dissolution take place with a very slow kinetic; but, this can be accelerated considerably by the addition to the solution of suitable catalytic ions, as was Suggested many years ago by Bjorling (7). Such ions can exercise an important influence on the rate of the oxidation-reduction reactions, both homogenous and heterogenous, which take place during the leaching of sulphides; they also affect the nature of the reaction products. The action of catalytic ions has been fully developed in aqueous systems, but in the absence of bacteria (8 - 11) although the actual machanisms is not totally known. The mechanisms proposed as hypotheses in the literature (8) indicate that, in the case of ZnS, the catalyst ion act through an electrochemical mechanism according to the reactions: [ ]

Jan 1, 1989