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By F. M. Doyle, Jun Li, Milton E. Wadsworth, Ximeng Zhu, E. Peters

The electrochemical behavior of pyrite in borate/sulfate solutions was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. Three anodic peaks at approximately -0.8 V, -0.1 V and +0.5 V (SCE) were detected along with their corresponding reduction peaks. The first two peaks correspond to the oxidation of surface products. The third peak corresponds to the direct oxidation of pyrite with reaction products FeO oxides. sulfate ion and partially oxidized sulfur intermediates present as a surface film of polysulfides and So. The Few oxides and sulfur intermediates were reduced to ferrous hydroxide and HS during the negative-going scan. The HS interacted preferentially with Fe(OH), on the surface to form FeS. Excess fenous hydroxide continued to reduce to metallic iron. During the return positive-going scan, metallic iron was oxidized to ferrous hydroxide and FeS was oxidized to pyrite. These reactions are characterized by a unique double peak observed in the region -0.8 to -0.65 V. The growth kinetics of the surface sulfur film formed during anodic oxidation were studied using chronoarnperomeay. Potentiostatic measurements were well correlated by a paralinear rate equation, suggesting the formation of an intermediate passive film, associated with the simultaneous dissolution of the outer layer of the film. The reaction rates were affected by applied potential, solution pH and temperature, but were independent of electrode rotation speed. A reaction kinetics model which fitted well with experimental results, was developed.

Jan 1, 1993

By B. Pollack, L. G. Stevens

INTRODUCTION In other chapters of this volume many of the important technical aspects in the design of concentration and dewatering circuits have been discussed. This chapter will deal with the steps necessary to bring that information together in order to produce the specifications necessary to purchase the equipment and complete the design. It deals with the plant as a whole rather than just concentration and dewatering, since the steps are essentially the same. Prerequisites to Engineering Design Feasibility studies will have been completed and design parameters established prior to the start of the engineering design stages for a metallurgical plant. The data base for the feasibility studies will have included laboratory and/or pilot plant test work, historical data, proposed plant site data such as climatology, topographic mapping, geological and geotechnical information. These studies will have established the general project design criteria as well as the process design criteria leading to the preparation of preliminary flowsheet ( s) and/or alternative process flowsheets. These will have incorporated metallurgical and material balances, allowing identification of major equipment items, and development of preliminary plant site plot plans. Preliminary technical and economic assessments and recommendations will have been prepared during this phase for Owner's review and evaluation of the technical, physical, and cost effectiveness of the overall project and its component process, process facilities, and supporting facilities elements. After Ownert s approval and decision to proceed, the engineering design can be initiated, using the above information as the basis. Engineering Design Phase The engineering design of metallurgical plants and their elements are generally developed in two sequential stages, namely: (1) Basic ("Front end") Engineering Design (2) Detail Engineering Design Figure 1 relates these engineering stages to the entire program from feasibility through construction.

Jan 1, 1986

By A. G. Fabbri

This paper aims at the application of quantitative criteria for evaluating the mineral potential of square cells representing areas in terrains being explored at a reconnaissance level. The assumption is made here that the evaluation methods used by an expert economic geologist can be organized into geological models for establishing associations within imaged areas, that correspond to pixels with similar characteristics. UTM-registered multiple data sets have been constructed which include seasonal LANDSAT 2 and 4 images, SEASAT scenes, selected airborne radar images, digitized aeromagnetic, gravity, bedrock geology and topographic elevation maps. The area of interest is located in the Bathurst Inlet, District of MacKenzie, N.W.T., where a preliminary mineral potential evaluation was performed by the Geological Survey of Canada to assess its suitability for a national park. The multiple data sets described in this paper can be used for many studies at different resolutions, for comparing processing methods in remote sensing and, most importantly, for evaluating the physical and spatial relationships between the different images in registered data sets.

Jan 1, 1989

By J. Slivnik, A. Stergarsek

[The site] [Z]irovski vrh uranium ore deposit is located in the extreme north-western part of Yugoslavia, some fourthy kilometers from the capital of Socialist Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, not far from the Italian and Austrian border. The sandstone type deposit of uranium ore with medium grade is located in a foothill of Julian Alps. The site shows some typical conditions for this region, which demand special attention in respect to the incorporation of an uranium treatment facility into environment. Among these specific conditions the following site characteristics should be mentioned: - populated area of agricultural and recreational value, - unconvenient climatic conditions with excessive rainfall and long lasting temperature inversions in the winter time, - very pure surface and underground waters which supply the drinking water reservate for large area including the capital of Slovenia, - sharp relief, - unconvenient geological structure. The choise of technology The intention to produce uranium and at the same time respecting the natural characteristics and existing uses of the site made the design of the ore treatment facility relatively difficult one. In general, there were two basic alternatives available perform the task. First alternative was to adopt the usual technological flowsheet with wet tailings disposal and with discharge of used water i.e. liquid effluents into the river. In order to prevent the negative impact of such technology on the sourrounding area sophisticated water purification installation and costly measures in wet tailings disposal e.g. impermeabilisation of large areas by concrete injections, large dam constructions, uncertain capturing of the water sources should be employed. Second alternative was to modify the usual flowsheet by employing the maximal recycling of liquid effluents to the process and to dispose the solid

Jan 1, 1980

By K. C. Ko, M. D. Bunnell

The studied coal mi1e is an underground coal mine located in the northern Wasatch Plateau of central Utah (Figure 1) . Since operation began in 1981, in situ stress conditions have been encountered which differ from the assumed conditions utilized during early mine design efforts. Geologic structures also varied somewhat from those projected during initial geologic interpretations of the area. The encountered geologic conditions combined with the unusual stress conditions prompted a combined study of in situ stress and stress-related geologic structures. The study was conducted in two phases, with phase 1 consisting of detailed underground mapping and analysis of stress-related geologic structures to determine stress orientations from which they originated; and phase 2, consisting of over- coring two sites within the mine to determine present in situ stress orientations and magnitudes. GEOLOGIC ANALYSIS Three types of geologic structures have been encountered in the mine that act as indicators of stress orientations of the geologic past. Two of these structures, faulting, and igneous dikes, are directly measurable in the mine. A third type of structure, photolineation, was detected through remote sensing methods and shoe god correlation to roof conditions in certain areas of the mine. Faults Two major orientations of faulting have been encountered in the studied coal mine, including a system of N 80 W striking normal faults and a system of N 55 to 70 W striking oblique-slip faults. Only data collected from the oblique-slip faults were used for this study due to the fact that these faults offset the N 80 W faults wherever the two systems intersect, indicating that the N 55 to 70 W system was created by a more recent stress field. Figure 2 shows locations within the mine where data were collected from seven locations along oblique-slip faults. Data collection consisted of measurement of fault plane strike and dip, fault slickenside trend and plunge, and slip direction. The data are tabulated in Table 1. The fault data were then plotted on stereo nets to determine the stress orientations present at the td of faulting (Figure 3). The determined stress orientations are 32~0 included in Table 1. The stereo net plots show average principal stress orientations of: 1) [ ] plunge 1 degree. These data suggest that the N 55 to 70 W oblique-slip faults were produced by a nearly

Jan 1, 1986

By Charles G. Weakly, Alan M. Lander, Pamela B. Zohar, Robert W. Leonardson

The cluster of gold deposits at the Goldstrike property is located in the Northern Carlin Trend in northeastern Nevada (Fig. 1). At many mature mining camps like Goldstrike, exploration innovation and success may wane with time. In this regard, sufficient exploration drilling was conducted in the area immediately north of the ultimate pit crest and under the final planned pit wall to test for a major deposit. No indications of large deposits were found, however, the majority of drill holes did intercept mineralization. Mining along the northern pit wall exposed significant structurally controlled ore-grade mineralization that had been missed by exploration drilling. In 2002 and early 2003, the mine geology group added reserves to the pit and improved the definition of underground resources by targeting specific ore-controlling structures within favorable stratigraphic units by utilizing relatively inexpensive horizontal RC drilling from the pit wall. The widespread occurrence of mineralization to the north of the pit was re-interpreted to be an indication of continuity of these mineralized zones. In January 2003, 70 feet of 0.332 opt Au at a depth of 710 to 780 feet was intercepted in a dewatering well. This intercept was significantly thicker and higher-grade than average for the area, which confirmed the existence of high-grade structural continuity, and helped secure management support for additional exploration. A timely and cost effective solution was needed to confirm the potential of the area. Immediate follow-up drilling on tighter grid spacing was rejected in favor of improving the geology model. Exploration across the property would benefit from an improved geology model, but to provide results in a timely manner, the area to the north of the Betze pit was chosen as a starting point (Fig. 2).

Jan 1, 2005

By Ditend Tesh, Godfrey Dzinomwa, Harmony K. Musiyarira

Namibia is known as water stressed country with a limited amount of fresh water. Therefore, the use of water is an important topic in the country’s development agenda. Water is a shared and finite resource, with high social, cultural, environmental and economic value. However, freshwater resources are under pressure from ore processing, industrialization, urbanization and the demands of a growing population. In Namibia, ore processing, coupled with the anticipated increase in water demand for human consumption and other uses, has created significant stress on the limited water resources of the country. This is critical in the mining industry as water remains typically the prime environmental medium (besides air) that is affected by mining activities. This study sought to investigate the strides made in water management in mining, especially in environmentally sensitive areas of Namibia. Most mining companies operate next or alongside farms, national parks and fishing areas. The overall objective of this research was to highlight the current practices in Namibia’s mineral industry operating in environmentally sensitive areas especially in areas where uranium is being mined and processed. The methodology consisted of comprehensive literature review, field visits to the case study areas, and comparative studies with best practices. This study shows that over a ten-year period, freshwater consumption was reduced by over 55% per tonne of milled ore in uranium mines, resulting in substantive financial savings as well as the delay in water augmentation through desalination. The strategies employed by the Namibian companies involve inclusive stakeholders’ engagement, recycling and reuse, and the minimization of water losses. The realization that the water challenge cannot be solved by any one party acting alone has been fundamental in ensuring environmental compliance within the mining industry in Namibia. Namibia’s industrial leaders have increasingly recognized that reducing the water footprint of mining activities must be one of the key performance indicators for management. The major finding of this study was that Namibia with its unique ecosystems, mineral reserves, and emerging industries can harness a wide range of resources both to improve the welfare of its citizens and to protect the integrity of its environment.

Jan 1, 2017

By R. Todd Swinderman

Variations in designs between belt cleaner systems are so wide that it is impractical to establish a dimensional stan- dard. The number of variables that affect the efficiency of belt cleaners is too great to assume a required number or style of cleaners for broad classifications of bulk solids or typical applications. The amount of carryback remaining on the belt is more dependent upon the characteristics of the bulk solid and the physical parameters of the conveyor system than it is on tonnage of material conveyed. Therefore, a performance-based standard is proposed. Three levels of cleaning performance are proposed: • Level I cleaning is general specified when concerns about carryback are not critical. Cleaning systems normally associated with achieving a Level I performance are single or double cleaner systems with one-piece blades undergoing poor to average maintenance. Frequent cleaning of the carryback that falls from the return run will likely be required. • Level II cleaning is generally specified when carry- back is of concern but does not create a safety or environmental problem. Cleaning systems normally associated with Level I1 performance are multiple cleaner systems with segmented blades undergoing the manufacturer's specified maintenance. Regular but infrequent cleaning of the carryback that falls from the return run will likely be required. • Level III cleaning is generally specified when con- cerns about carryback are critical. Concerns range from safety to environmental to product contamination. Cleaning systems normally associated with achieving a Level 111 performance are multiple cleaner systems in conjunction with at least one low- volume water spray. Scheduled inspection and the manufacturer's specified maintenance would have to be performed to maintain a high level of cleaning performance. Difficult-to-clean bulk materials may require the use of a washbox system with multiple cleaners using a combination of low-volume eater sprays to lubricate the cleaners and high-volume sprays to keep the washbox and discharge piping freely flowing. Further addition of a water and sludge recycling system reduces the amount of water that ends up in the product to a negligible amount. Very infrequent cleaning of the carryback that falls from the return run will be required. PURPOSE The purpose of this proposal is to propose a standard method for specifying belt cleaner systems based on user expectations and equipment performance over time. DEFINITION In bulk solids handling by conveyor belt, carryback is the material that adheres to the belt after the belt discharges its cargo. PROPOSED STANDARD Required Basic Good Practices There are a number of basic design and operating principles that are good practice for the selection, installation, and maintenance of belt cleaning systems on conveyors in order to achieve "standard belt cleaning performance over time. 1. The Belt Cleaning System shall be designed to meet the performance requirements based on the worst operating conditions and worst bulk solids proper- ties that are expected. 2. Each conveyor discharge point shall be designed to readily accept the manufacturer's recommended minimum number of belt cleaners. In addition, the discharge chute shall be designed to accept, with minor modifications, at least one additional cleaner if it is required.

Jan 1, 2004

By Darrell E. Young

This presentation will define what talc is, how it is mined and processed, and how talc is used in the paper industry. It will also give you some idea about who Luzenac America is and from where it came. Luzenac America was formed in July, 1992 as a result of the acquisition of the talc assets of Cyprus Minerals by RTZ of the United Kingdom. Cyprus Industrial Minerals was then merged with the other RTZ talc interests under the Luzenac name. Luzenac is a town in the Pyrenees of Southern France -and the home of Talc de Luzenac, RTZ's first talc acquisition. The Luzenac Group is the largest talc producer in the world.

Jan 1, 1993

By Moreno Pescara, Luca Soldo, Piergiorgio Grasso

"Risk management in tunneling is more important today than it was a few years ago, considering increasing demands for safety and environmental and socio-economic sustainability, which are now required by citizens, owners, lenders, and insurers. Moreover, our current risk management philosophy should not only address risk avoidance and mitigation, but should also be used as a means of value creation, benefiting the overall project. Given the strategic implications of risk management, the authors intend to present, in this paper, a comprehensive overview of references and experiences from current practice—e.g., what is missing or weak, as well as possible or necessary developments that can have a key role in implementing effective risk management, particularly for a project’s design and construction phases. Therefore, as God has set some things in broad daylight; as he has given us some certain knowledge, though limited to a few things so, in the greatest part of our concernments, he has afforded us only the twilight, as I may so say, of probability (John Locke) PREFACE Many large-scale engineering and construction projects suffer millions of dollars in cost overruns, delays in design and construction, and operability troubles once finally completed (Edward W. Merrow, 2011). The undesired effects of these problems can become disastrous for large-scale megaprojects (those that typically cost US$1 billion or more), particularly considering that these are increasingly used as the preferred delivery model for infrastructure (Bent Flyvbjerg, 2014), often in public-private partnerships (PPPs). McKinsey G.I. (2015) has estimated that bridges and tunnels average 35% in cost overruns, and roads 20%. Some of the values published by Flyvbjerg (ibidem, 2014) for projects with relevant underground elements are the highest, with cost overruns from 60% to 300%. The analysis of 32 other case histories (from 1994 to 2010) given by Hartmut, R. (2011, IMIA Annual Conference, Amsterdam) indicates an average increase of costs around $55 million, with a 20-month average delay."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Ge, C. Mborah

"The acoustic emission/microseismic monitoring (AE/MS) technique has widely been used in the mining environment for the monitoring of rock mass stability. A successful implementation of the method is hinged on being able to accurately determine the P- or S-wave arrival which is then used in the determination of the source of an event. Determination of the arrival phase is usually performed visually by a human expert. However, the mining environment is characterized by high noise levels and different noise types of varying intensities. Therefore, performing manual phase picking on time series data acquired from the AE/MS monitoring system can sometimes be tedious and time consuming if not impossible. In this paper, a proposal for improving manual P-wave phase arrival picks is discussed. The method involves the filtering of the AE/MS data using a stationary discrete wavelet transform (SDWT) method. After filtering, appropriate scales/levels of the multi-level decomposition process are then selected for further processing. The first step in the picking process after filtering, requires the computation of the signal power and the root mean square (RMS) using the signal amplitudes at each scale. The preliminary P-phase arrival time is picked using the results of the calculated power and RMS values respectively. The calculated RMS values are then superimposed on the calculated power values to determine the final arrival picks. If the arrival time picks obtained by both methods coincide or are within 5 to 10 sample points, the pick is considered reliable. The accuracy of the method was verified using AE/MS data from two datasets obtained from two separate underground mines. The results of the study showed that the picking method is reliable and robust. Based on the data studied, it can be concluded that the method will help reduce the time usually spent in processing AE/MS data from mines. INTRODUCTION A successful identification and location of the source of acoustic emission/microseismic (AE/MS) events is mainly dependent on the onset time of the P-wave phase. In many seismic networks, initial picks are performed by picking algorithms followed by manual picks by human experts. If the waveform signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, the P-wave onset time picks by the human expert is generally reliable and accurate [1]. However, for waveforms with high SNR, picking of the P-wave onset could be a major challenge. Also, due to the volume of data acquired daily, manual processing could be stressful and time consuming [2]. These challenges continue to provide motivation for alternative means of providing reliable and efficient ways of improving manual phase picking. The AE/MS technique has been an intergral part of safety monitoring in mines [3] due to its capacity to identify zones of instability in a monitoring area. To obtain an accurate source of an AE/MS event however depends on the quality of the data used for P-wave phase picking [4, 5]. AE/MS data from mines are generally contaminated with excessive background noise generated by the different mining operations. The AE/MS signals of interest are mostly buried in background noise which makes it difficult to pick the P-wave phase arrivals [4]. Processing AE/MS data acquired in noisy environment remains a major challenge due to the weak nature of AE/MS signals [6]. As noted by [4] most of the data recorded in the mine environment are mainly due to events not related to AE/MS events of interest. The complexity of data in this type of environment makes the detection and picking of P-wave arrival by human experts a very difficult task."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. M. Gaudin

The recent study by R. M. Hays(l) prompted the study summarized in this paper. In his Interesting paper, Mr. Hays shows fine results to be attainable by a relatively complex flowsheet on a semi-taconite, a manifestly difficult ore to treat. We obtained a semi -taconite from Minnesota, and treated this sample by wet magnetic separation alone. The device in which the separation was accomplished is the standard pilot-plant, laboratory separator in use at Magnetic Engineering Associates' laboratory (MEA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It consists of a cylindrical space which can be magnetized by turning on the magnet of the separator. In this cylindrical space, there is a canister which provides the special configuration of the magnetic field and magnetic field gradients that MEA considers to be required. The ore pulp is made to flow through the canister while the current is on. A portion of the pulp is retained in the canister, and the rest is evolved as a non-magnetic fraction. The laboratory device is cyclic, but it accurately predicts the results obtainable by an Industrial unit of either cyclic or continuous type (moving matrix). The ore tested was 99.5°%o -325 mesh, and approximately 75% -500 mesh. The concentrate from this ore was, therefore, eminently suitable for pelletizing. In passing the ore through the magnet, we had the choice of repeatedly passing the concentrate from the first step through the operation, or of repeatedly passing the non-magnetics. In our experiments, the first method was clearly superior from the stand¬point of the cleanliness of concentrate. Of the many tests which we have made, we think that we have to retain two which

Jan 1, 1971

By W. M. Aubrey

Cobbing, as used in this; paper, refers to coarse dry magnetics separation. It is applicable when, by its practice, plant cost can be reduced or the value of its products increased by the removal of a barren or lean reject or a high grade final product. This paper attempts to describe cobbing as it is now being practiced, and also the problems that are of concern to the operator and design engineer. In preparation, 16 plants were contacted, all of which were very cooperative with their time and data.

Jan 1, 1958

By L. Kulik

Sustainability of lignite mining in the Rhenish lignite mining area is ensured by a preceding study of the overall project, with the involvement of all those affected. The supporting holistic consideration of the various sustainability elements is essential for a later balancing of the several ecological, economic and social concerns. In what follows, a brief overview of the Rhenish lignite mining area is given as introduction to the focus of this report, which is on sustainability, starting with the approval procedure under regional planning law incl. opencast mine planning, and extending to concrete on-the-spot implementation, taking the Garzweiler II follow-up mine as example. To illustrate the issues involved, an account is given of some selected sustainability elements.

Jan 1, 2005

By Randall C. Divito, Craig R. Eckdahl, Bruce D. Wagener, Joseph Klejwa

The existing Central City Tunnel was built primarily in the 1930s with a small portion as old as the 1880s. It conveys stormwater in downtown Minneapolis. It is a 4,400-ft long tunnel located 80 feet underground. The Central City Tunnel has experienced surcharging and surface overflows during heavy rainfall events. This paper presents the details of tunnel and shaft design for the new Central City Parallel Tunnel to mitigate the overflows. The design considered hydraulics and geotechnical engineering for the structural geologic conditions including the weak Saint Peter Sandstone and overlying strong Platteville Limestone. Ground conditions resulted in tunnel designs including large flat-back box tunnels and unique cathedral-shaped tunnel sections.

Jun 13, 2023

By George R. Huebner

The White Pine Copper Company, subsidiary of Copper Range Company, is located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The offices, plant, and mine are six miles south of Lake Superior in Ontonagon County. Employing 1700 people, White Pine is the largest single industry in the Upper Peninsula. 970 underground employees produce 16, 700, tons of ore daily. From this tonnage 363,400 pounds of refined Lake Copper are produced in various shapes as specified by the customer. The following paper explains the geology of the ore body and briefly outlines present mining methods. It enumerates the reasons for considering longwall mining of a hardrock* ore body and the preliminary investigations leading to the decision to undertake the initial test panel. Selection of the initial test panel location is covered in detail. Equipment choice and reasons for that choice are described as well as selection and training of personnel.

Jan 1, 1964

By Takayuki Sakai, Takefumi Takuma, Lee Roesner

"70-foot deep rectangular-shaped bulkheads were built with sheet piles as launching and receiving shafts for a pipe jacking operation for new underground waterlines in a densely populated section of Los Angeles, California. The Press-in Piling Method was specified to drive 95-foot long sheets (a record for the method) to form the bulkheads for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power’s LA-29 (DWP) Connection Modification and Pipe Jacking. The piling was chosen because of its very low noise and practically vibration-free nature since the site is surrounded by houses, an apartment complex, and existing water lines. The out front areas of the bulkheads were grouted to let the TBM go through without major ground water leaks. Hydrophilic foam grout was also injected in addition to welding steel scab plates on the inside to seal them to achieve sufficient watertightness behind a few split interlocks. BACKGROUND This project was located in the Crescent Heights area of Los Angeles which is a few miles south of Beverly Hills. The project represents the completion of the last phase of the Stone Hollywood Trunk Line. This was an 8-mile long water trunk line that averaged 60 inches in diameter and was built to improve the reliability of the DWP’s major water system. This section of the project involved driving 2 deep shafts to allow for the installation of a 350-foot-long 72-inch steel casing using microtunneling construction. See Figure 1 for the shaft locations and the tunnel alignment. The challenge for the project was that this water line would have to pass beneath the Hollyhills buried box drain (15 feet high by 20 feet wide). Further complicating the construction was the soils beneath the drain. The DWP chose to drive the tunnel at a depth of approximately 65 feet to ensure that the ground conditions were uniform and suitable for the microtunneling equipment. There were two previous attempts to construct this work which failed because of poor ground conditions and very high water levels. This third attempt was critical because the DWP could not afford to have another failure due to the fallout with the residents being impacted by the project."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. E. Hulse

"Social License, the consent of the neighbors and community to develop and operate a mine, has received little attention until recently. Though social license is intangible, not having this relationship with the community carries operational and economic risk to a project, potentially including future impairment of the asset. Acquiring and maintaining social license is a long term personal relationship. It requires communication, commitment, consistency, and transparency. This presentation will review the building blocks to acquire and maintain a social license based on experiences with mining projects in Mexico. INTRODUCTION Mining has been a source of controversy for at least 500 years. “Since there has always been the greatest disagreement amongst men concerning metals and mining, some praising, others utterly condemning them” (Agricola 1556). In 2015 it is widely recognized that mineral resources and reserves must give due regard to the social license in order to operate. “Most commonly, the SLO is understood to refer to ‘the ongoing acceptance and approval of a [project] by local community members and other stakeholders that can affect its profitability’ (Moffat 2014).” “Social License to Operate has gained traction, in part, because it is also a concept which – while remaining poorly, technically defined – is generally easily and widely understood by community stakeholders.” (Bice 2014) A generation ago I learned that mining is based on a stable platform supported by three pillars, geology, mining and metallurgy. The three legged stool is a very stable structure.In 2015 it seems that we have added some other legs to the stool. The JORC code addresses “social, and governmental factors” (JORC 2012), and refers specifically to social license in Section 4 of the Report Template “Estimation and Reporting of Ore Reserves”. The Canadian CIM Guidelines refer to “environmental, legal and social data” (CIM 2003).Compared to these the 2014 SME Guide is positively verbose stating “a discussion of any potential social or community related requirements and plans for the project and the status of any negotiations or agreements with local communities,” (SME 2014) although in all cases the scope of this disclosure is left at the discretion of the Competent Person."

Jan 1, 2016

By James P. Odendahl

Missouri is a state rich in mineral commodities. There is a variety of types of mining as well as minerals in the state. Different phases of mining are controlled by a variety of state and federal laws. What I hope to do today is to present briefly some of the interaction and interplay that has occurred in the recent years between the mineral industry and the Missouri regulatory agencies, as well as some of the interactions by federal agencies. First a little history which dates back to the late 1600's. For many years Missouri has been a leader in the production of lead and zinc. In fact, recent studies have indicated that Missouri produces better than three-fourths of the nation's present lead supply. Less well known but important resource is iron mining. Some of these operations were the source of confrontation during the Civil War. Major battles were fought in and around Ironton, Missouri where iron mining has occurred for many years. One of the largest pelletizing operations in the state is currently located within the city of Ironton. Joplin, Missouri, the home of Thomas Hart Benton, the famous Missouri painter, has a history of lead and zinc mining, going back to the later 1800's. Many of the paintings by Benton contain reference to the early days of mining in Missouri. There is a Benton mural in the City Hall at Carthage depicting the early days of lead mining in that area. Later, the center of lead mining moved to southeast Missouri near Bonne Terre and Flat River. The names of the towns in this area reflect the history of mining, examples - Leadington, Old Mines, Rivermines, etc. The history of lead mining in Missouri has been referred to in some detail in various publications(l).

Jan 1, 1977

By Samuel W. Woods

The Tacoma, Washington plant is one of six plants in the United States Gypsum Company's Acoustical and Mineral Fiber Division. The Tacoma facility was acquired in 1959 along with six other mineral wool plants from the American Rock Wool Company. Originally, the Tacoma plant was built as a carbide plant during the Second World War and after that was converted and operated as a mineral wool plant by several insulation companies. Through these early years, the use of raw materials at Tacoma consisted primarily of slags along with small percentages and various combinations of silica (in various forms such as gravel), limestone and basalt. These raw materials were melted in cupolas using coke as the heat source. Raw material usage and types as well as mineral wool production methods and equipment remained without major changes for many years.

Jan 1, 1983