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By Qingxia Liu, Mingbo Zhang, Hongbo Zeng

The shortage of freshwater has been a major challenge for mineral flotation in arid areas. When using high salinity water, certain electrolytes are detrimental to flotation while others can improve the flotability of minerals. In this paper, the flotation behaviors and contact angles of pyrite in both Milli-Q water and high salinity water were investigated using different collectors at various pH levels. Results show that the thionocarbamate has a less affinity to pyrite in different solutions under mildly alkaline conditions as compared with potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) and N-isopropoxypropyl-N’-ethoxycarbonyl thiourea (iPOPECTU). At high pH levels, the slime coating on pyrite surfaces, which is caused by colloidal precipitates of magnesium and calcium ions in seawater, was confirmed by SEM, EDX and in-situ zeta potential measurement. The slime coating of colloidal precipitates on mineral surfaces led to low recovery of pyrite at high pH levels. The study of flotation behavior of pyrite in high salinity water improves our fundamental understanding of mineral flotation in seawater.

Jan 1, 2015

By F. T. Mooney

Introduction The Flin Flon mine of the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Limited, is on the interprovincial boundary between Manitoba and Saskatchewan, about four hundred miles north of the Canada-United States boundary. The orebodies are gold, silver, zinc, and copper replacement deposits occurring as irregular lenses of massive sulphides, arranged en echelon, and irregular masses of disseminated copper sulphides in chlorite. The country rocks are of Precambrian age, dominantly lava flows. Development of the Mine The mine is opened by two vertical main shafts- the North Main and South Main shafts- 3,800 feet apart. The North Main shaft has a depth of 2,210 feet and the South Main shaft is completed for stoping operations to the 3,250-foot level (see Figure 1). These shafts are connected by main haulages driven, on the footwall side of the orebodies, at 520-foot intervals down to the 2,210-foot level. No. 3 (subsidiary) shaft is on the footwall side of the orebodies at a point between the North Main and South Main shafts, 2,400 feet south of the former. It has a depth of 3,250 feet and connects with all main haulage levels- with both Main shafts down to the 2,210-foot level and with the South Main shaft on the 2,750-, 3,000-, and 3,250-foot levels. Other openings tO the mine include B North fan raise, the opening due to the recovery of the open pit sill pillar, and several back-fill raises.

Jan 1, 1949

By L. Don Leet

Abstract Earthborne vibrations from blasting and other sources, including rock bursts, can now be recorded effectively. The nature and magnitude of vibrations from various sources have been investigated and certain applications of the knowledge thus gained have been made. Vibrations from blasting have been measured on special equipment over a range from an electric blasting cap at a few feet, through the largest quarry shot in history to date ( 1,-362,985 lb.), to the first atomic bomb, in uew Mexico on July 16th, 1945. Laws relating amount of explosive to amount of vibration at different distances have been developed and tested. Special studies have been made of the effects of vibrations on buildings, particularly from the standpoint of possible structural damage. Recorded vibrations are used to study the effects of modern short-period delay shooting. It ?has been found that short-period delay firing is extremely effective in reducing vibrations under the right conditions, but with certain limitations. In quarry shooting, there appears to be a minimum number of holes below which vibrations are not appreciably reduced by short-period delay firing. In several instances this minimum has been near 7. Vibrations in the ground from rock bursts and the effects of mining in stresesd ground have been studied both underground and on the surface in a search for a rock burst warning system. Introduction Earthborne vibrations from blasting and other sources, including rock bursts, can now be recorded effectively. Analyses of blasting records have been yielding increasing funds of information of practical as well as theoretical interest. The nature and magnitude of the vibrations have been investigated with special reference to their effects on structures.

Jan 1, 1951

By A. M. Girodo

"Dorbyl Heavy Engineering has been manufacturing winders since 1949 mostly for the South African mining industry.Table 1 shows that the vast majority of winders have been double drum winders. At the greater depths with larger ropes being employed, it became apparent that multi-rope winders would be needed. The high stress variation in Koepe winder ropes at great depths especially beyond 2000 m, ruled out this possibility. Thus the original concept was borne for the Blair multi-rope winder where the stress level variations in the rope would be as per the well known, tried and tested double drum winder. The Blair multi-rope was also devised to increase payload by using multiple ropes.With the increasing costs of transporting men and material coupled with fact that orebodies are getting deeper, various feasibility studies have been carried out by South African mining houses. For this reason Dorbyl Heavy Engineering has done conceptual design work of both double drum and Blair multi-rope winders with diameters up to 8.5 m dia (still well within our manufacturing capabilities). These feasibility studies have looked at depths approaching 4000 m*.This paper covers the typical duties leading to the choice of single drum, double drum, Koepe and Blair multi-rope hoists on South African gold mines. A brief synopsis of Dorbyl hoists in use in the South African mining industry, with some indications of future trends, will be discussed.With current installed depths of wind approaching 2500 m, the Blair multi-rope hoist has been used extensively for the heavier payloads.Some of the main considerations pertinent to the design of the Blair multi-rope hoist are illustrated together with the implications of using this type of hoist to winding depths of3000 m to 4000 m in the foreseeable future."

Jan 1, 1995

By S. Masambi, S. M. Bradshaw, C. Dorfling

The presence of iron in base metal leach solutions complicates nickel and copper recovery processes. Leach solutions are commonly purified by precipitating iron as hematite, jarosite or goethite. Fast oxidation of ferrous to ferric is an important step to remove iron by precipitation at low pH values. This study reviews the ferrous oxidation mechanism and reaction rates in chloride media using molecular oxygen. This work contributes to the development of a better understanding of iron precipitation processing steps, which continues to be an important matter in hydrometallurgy. The specific objectives were to investigate (1) the effect of key process variables (acid concentration, copper concentration, and temperature) on the rate and extent of ferrous oxidation by dissolved oxygen and (2) the oxidation mechanism by varying chloride and hydrogen ion concentrations separately. Batch oxidation tests were performed using synthetic chloride solutions containing 45 g/L Fe and 3 g/L Ni at 50 and 80°C, dissolved Cu concentrations (0.3 to 3 g/L) and HCl concentrations (2 to 4.6 M). Regression analysis indicated that the significance of the effect of different variables on the extent of oxidation achieved after five hours decreased in the following order: HCl concentration > Cu concentration > temperature. Increasing the HCl concentration from 4 M to 4.6 M caused the degree of oxidation achieved after two hours to increase from 58.3% to 98.1%. The catalytic effect of dissolved copper on ferrous oxidation was more significant at low acid concentrations. Experimental data suggest that rapid oxidation of ferrous is possible at high HCl concentrations for two main reasons. First, the formation of ferrous chloride complexes allows ferrous oxidation to proceed without the formation of superoxide as an intermediate product (the rate limiting step in dilute acid solutions). Second, the formation of ferric chloride complexes stabilises the oxidation product.

Jan 1, 2016

By V. Casaletto, L. Widdifield

"Equipment capable of higher production requires more sophisticated maintenance programs. Reduction in fleet size through use of modern technology requires higher utilization and greater availability.Caterpillar's maintenance control system program will display the capabilities of computer technology in a maintenance environment. Utilizing such resources will provide increased availability, lower inventory requirements, fewer last minute disasters, and lower cost per ton for maintenance. High production from premium quality equipment can only be realized by good planning and care, executed by maintenance and operating personnel acting cooperatively.IntroductionAccurate information is the key to accurate decision making. In today' s competitive industry, mines' teeter on the brink between profit and loss. Their survival will be predicated on their ability to retrieve, analyze, and formulate accurate information regarding the operating costs of mobile equipment. This paper deals with the impact of managing equipment operating costs and introduces a computerized control system designed for monitoring and controlling these costs.Caterpillar has produced several computerized modelling programs designed at taking the guesswork out of equipment selection and management. The most basic of these is Equipment Investment Analysis (E.LA.). This model compares two or more alternatives over the projected life of the machine. It deals with comparisons in the owning and operating costs of equipment, as well as, their productivity over a specified period of time.In order for a computer model to be credible as a decision making tool, it must be simple to use and the results measurable and accountable . Caterpillar has introduced several computer models to assist the industry in selecting and managing an equipment fleet. These programs allow the user to predict and monitor the operating costs and production capability of mobile equipment. They are often used in the machine selection process to select equipment which best suits a mine's long-term cost per tonne objectives. After the optimum selection is made, Caterpillar's Maintenance Control System provides an efficient management tool to monitor and verify the data used in the selection model."

Jan 1, 1992

By P. J. Noakes

Remote and isolated, located in a frigid, hostile environment, the Black Angel mine in Greenland had to create a warm social environment which would help attract and retain a stable work force of miners and support staff. The high cost of personnel turnover plagues many mines and, when the mine is inside the Arctic Circle, accessible by helicopters which are highly vulnerable to unpredictable weather conditions during the long, dark winters, the potential costs of personnel turnover become critical factors in the success or failure of the mining venture. Manpower planning should start from the date the engineers begin the technical design of the new mine. The plan should include provisions not only to ensure an adequate, skilled work force, but also to ensure a stable work force of people who are happy enough in the mining environment to want to remain, take their vacation and return to work at the mine. The skilled work force was assured with training courses of four months, designed to produce highly specialized underground workers from unskilled Danes and Greenlanders supported by trained Swedish and other Scandinavian miners. The stable social unit was assured by plans the primary attribute of which had to be flexibility. The accommodation changed from shared accommodation with communal washroom facilities to single accommodation with private washroom facilities. A recreational director was hired to help the workers make use of elaborate recreational facilities. A closed-circuit TV and radio system was installed to operate as a private broadcasting system using taped programs originally broadcast on European TV networks or developed by the mine personnel themselves. The liquor rules were changed and the mine manager became a licensed innkeeper responsible for the orderly operation of the Black Angel Bar in accordance with the Danish laws governing the services of a public bar. The result is a relatively stable work force. Some 35% of the people have more than two years' service with the company, Greenex A/S, and some 62% complete 10 months of service.

Jan 1, 1978

By H. Golzarpoor

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with a product during its life cycle. LCA is identified as the most reliable method for verifying environmental impacts; however, current LCA-based approaches have certain limitations for environmental analysis of construction products. Integration of the LCA methodology with Discrete Event Simulation (DES) provides a sound framework for modeling and analysing the environmental impacts of construction products. LCA and DES is one possible combination for analysing the cause and effect of various scenarios where time, resources, and randomness of input variables affect the outcome and, therefore, has the potential to address the shortcomings of LCA in construction. Recent studies in disciplines other than construction such as manufacturing systems have revealed positive effects on evaluation of environmental metrics while integrating LCA with DES; however, this integration has not yet been applied for environmental analysis of construction products. By implementing LCA data in a DES model, this research proposes an environmental model of earthmoving operations in a case study. Environmental variables are simultaneously assessed with production variables in the same simulation model and the integration of DES and LCA is discussed.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. R. Larocque

"The Loss Prevention Program and management style applied at Kidd Creek enabled them to maintain a 1.02/200 000 man-hours accident frequency over a 20-year period. Falconbridge Limited, Kidd Creek Division operates a major zinc, copper, silver mine, two gold mines and a metallurgical facility in Timmins, Ontario. The metallurgical site and the base metal mine are 17 miles apart and joined by their own railroad. The minesite consists of two shafts, one 3000 feet deep and the other to 5200 feet deep, as well as the necessary maintenance and service shops. The metallurgical site consists of a 14 000 STPD concentrator, a zinc refining plant, copper smelter, copper refinery, and the necessary maintenance shops. The two gold mining operations are adjacent to the metallurgical site.At the time of writing this paper the workforce consisted of some 2500 people divided between the two sites. Nine hundred and ninety-two employees are stationed at the minesite, with the remainder at the metallurgical site and gold mines. The workforce in the Timmins operation is non-unionized and reflects the belief that employee interests are well served.Beside providing competitive wages and an excellent benefit package, Kidd Creek takes special pride in its employee relations practices and continued efforts in communication.In each of the programs referred to, there have been equal involvement by both management and the employees. Each crew, under the direction of a supervisor, makes up its own health and safety committee. To maintain a successful Loss Prevention Program, it is essential that management and the employees work closely together and provide meaningful input and effort to succeed.At this point, refer to the lost time injury frequency as a measure of failure and refer to the opposite end of the scale as the measure of success. The ultimate goal of every operating company is to have a zero frequency, therefore denoting 100070 success. The company uses most of the tangible safety aids found in other mining operations, such as safety posters, safety reminders, check lists, and the use of the Neil George Safety System. The difference is the manner and style of management at the Kidd Creek Division. Their ""open door"" policy and the close association, between management and the employees, has always served them well. Also, at Kidd Creek they believe they have a well-trained and dedicated workforce."

Jan 1, 1989

By J. A. C. Fortescue

"Reconnaissance geochemical mapping, based on the chemical analysis of waters, stream, and / or lake sediments had its origin in geochemical prospecting surveys carried out in New Brunswick during the 1950s. More recently, reconnaissance geochemical surveys carried out by government agencies for mineral resource appraisal purposes have been seen as a special case of regional geochemical mapping which is carried out with the aim of describing geochemical patterns f or elements which may he interpreted for mineral resource appraisal, environmental or geological purposes. The interpretation of pal/ ems on regional geochemical maps is based on the concepts of landscape geochemistry, in this paper, the regional approach 10 geochemical mapping is described with reference to an experimental regional geochemical survey which was completed in southwest Ontario during 1981-82. II is concluded, on the basis of data pal/ems for one element only (i.e. arsenic), that the new approach has much potential for solving modern problems in geoscience.""If things don 'I alter they will stay as they are... An old adage.IntroductionDuring the past hundred years topographic, geological, and geophysical maps have been made for all, or nearly all, of Ontario. During the past thirty years these maps have become related as components of what is now called geoscience. Geoscience maps at the regional (i .e. 1 :250,000) scale are often used together to solve general problems in earth science especially in relation to prospecting, or mineral re source appraisal."

Jan 1, 1986

By G. Tairova, M. Murchie, B. Esford, E. Lam

"The objective of this project is to investigate methods to lower the sulphate concentrations in the mill effluent. Currently, the concentration of sulphate in mill effluent is approximately 2 g/L. The high concentration of sulphate ion in the effluent has the potential to become a regulatory issue. The target sulphate concentration in mill effluent for this work was less than 500 mg/L. The pilot studies, using sulphate precipitation, were carried out at the mill. The results of the sulphate precipitation pilot study, using calcium hydroxide and sodium aluminate, indicated that:• The sulphate concentrations in effluent could be reduced to less than 500 mg/L.• The concentrations of most other elements of concern, such as selenium, arsenic, cobalt, nickel and vanadium, were also reduced.INTRODUCTIONHistorically, the concentration of sulphate, SO4 2-, in water has not generally been subject to regulation. However, with the increasing global consumption of water, stricter regulations on sulphate quantity may be imposed. Sulphate is a concern in process waters as it forms scale on process equipment and leads to operational problems. High sulphate concentrations may result in adverse health effects. The taste theshhold for the most sulphate salts in drinking water ranges from 250 to 500 mg/L.A literature search and review to identify methods to reduce sulphate concentration in the mill effluent was carried out. A number of methods were selected and tested in the lab. The experimental results indicated that the precipitation methods, using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compounds, barium compounds, as well as the ion exchange and the membrane methods, were effective for the removal of sulphate to below the required limits. Some other elements, such as vanadium, nickel, cobalt, selenium and molybdenum, were also removed.The process, using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compound for sulphate precipitation, similar to the Cost Effective Sulphate Removal (CESR), also known as “Walhalla” process, described in the Montana Tech report (“Demonstration Of Sulfate Removal” 1999), was selected for further consideration [1]. In the CESR process, the water is treated with lime for precipitation of gypsum, followed by the reaction with a proprietary aluminum compound for removal of a residual sulphate. The final pH adjustment is carried out using carbon dioxide. Results of a preliminary cost estimate indicated that the removal of sulphate using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compound was the preferred method of treatment, considering its low cost, availability of chemicals and minimal changes to the existing plant circuit."

Jan 1, 2012

By J R. M Hutcheson

Advocate Mines Limited came into initial production on June 30, 1963, with an annual capacity in excess of 60,000 tons of high-quality chrysotile asbestos fihres, thus strengthening Canada's position in world production. The history of this development is traced from discovery through initial exploration, financing, orebody delineation and evaluation, pilot-plant production and product evaluation, construction of the plant, construction of deep?-sea shipping facilities, provision for a closed shipping season, and provision for the remoteness and for the lack of services, through to realization of full production capacity. The many unique aspects of the project are given special attention, particularly in the light of the first year of full-capacity operation. The marketing of the products in a highly competitive world market is reviewed, with special emphasis on product evaluation, quality control and the shipping of high-quality products to consumers throughout the world. C ANADA'S newest asbestos producer, Advocate Mines Limited, is located at the north end of the Burlington Peninsula, White Bay District, Newfound-

Jan 1, 1965

By Longjiang Li, Song Mao, Zhengyang Qiao, Qin Zhang, Guizhou University, Ling Wang

"After a study on the advantages and disadvantages of flotation column, according to the limitation of ordinary flotation column only is used for a flotation of microgranular minerals, the paper designed a new kind of layered convection coarse particle flotation column.Using a bauxite to test the rationality of the flotation column.The test results show that the new layered convection coarse particle flotation column is feasible.It has certain advantages about coarse particles flotation.INTRODUCTIONFlotation column has many advantages, for example,a simple structure, high efficiency and energy saving, the obvious advantage of fine particles flotation , the index superior and so on. The advantages gradually getting people's recognition. Research of flotation column has been a breakthrough, however, due to it only is used for the flotation of microgranular minerals, and the microgranular mineral particles will lead to a series of problems, and makes the processing cost is increased. Due to increase grinding fineness can save the grinding time and reduce the cost of grinding, also can avoid the disadvantage of fairly granular mineral particles cause a deterioration in the flotation. So it is necessary to research a kind of coarse particle flotation column.After a research on the advantages and disadvantages of flotation column, the authors designed and manufactured a new layered convection coarse particle flotation column, the flotation column both in theory and operation is better than flotation machine.DESIGN OF THE LAYERED CONVECTION COARSE PARTICLE FLOTATION COLUMNAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Traditional Flotation ColumnIn the field of mineral processing, as the increasing proportion of ore that has low grade, fine dissemination size, complex mineral composition characteristics. The limitations of traditional flotation machine is increasing[1],for instance, the high energy consumption, severe wear, inconvenient configuration , large amount of maintenance and so on. Compared with flotation machine, the flotation column with high separation efficiency, low investment and production cost, covers a less area low installation cost, less reagent dosage, more suitable for separation of fine particles and can automatically control, etc[2]. At present, the ore is facing the world energy crisis situation, and becoming increasingly difficult to flotation. So it is important to invent a coarse particle flotation column."

Jan 1, 2016

By Donald Brisebois

The mining of high-grade, narrow vein deposits is an important field of activity in the precious metal mining sector. The principle factor that has undermined the profitability and effectiveness of mining such ore zones is the substantial dilution that occurs when blasting with explosives during extraction. In order to minimise dilution, the Thermal Fragmentation Mining Method enables the operator to extract a narrow mineralised corridor, 50 cm to 1 metre wide (according to the width of the vein), between two sub-level drifts. By inserting a strong burner powered by diesel fuel and compressed air into a pilot hole previously drilled directly into the vein, a thermal reaction is created, spalling the rock and enlarging the hole to 80 cm in diameter. The remaining ore between the thermal holes is broken loose using low powered explosives, leaving the waste walls intact. This patented method produces highly concentrated ore, resulting in 400% - 500% less dilution when compared to conventional mining methods. The mining method reduces the environmental affects of mining operations since much smaller quantities of rock are displaced, stockpiled, and treated using chemical agents. The fully mechanised equipment operated by a 2-person team (1 thermal fragmentation operator, 1 drilling operator) maximises the effectiveness of skilled personnel, and increases productivity and safety. The Thermal Fragmentation is currently employed in 3 mining operations in North America.

May 1, 2010

By Sanat Talmaki

Construction and mining worksites pose unique challenges to workers and equipment operators due to their dynamic and unstructured nature. Narrow haul roads, crowded work spaces and presence of workers and equipment in close proximity, combined with large blind spots and overall poor visibility afforded to operators lead to collisions and run-over-type accidents between equipment, workers, and other entities that may be present on the jobsite. Operations that involve machine-infrastructure interaction, particularly in the case of concealed infrastructure such as excavation and drilling lead to unintended strikes between the equipment?s end-effect or and the infrastructure. Such accident-prone scenarios can be avoided by providing operators with real-time feedback and warnings using 3D visualization and proximity monitoring of the entities present in the equipment?s vicinity. Thus the jobsite in the real world is abstracted and represented in a 3D virtual world. However, this requires the ability to create a seamless link between real-world sensors present on the equipment and/or the jobsite and the virtual environment. This paper describes a non-restrictive acquisition allocation framework that allows position and orientation sensor streams from construction and mining job sites to be used for updating 3D virtual scenes in real-time for providing vital collision avoidance warnings to equipment operators.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. Song

Magnesium has excellent bio-compatibility in terms of its density, strength, elastic modulus and toxicity. However, due to its poor corrosion performance, so far magnesium has not been successfully used in the human body as a permanent implant material. Nevertheless, there is a possibility to utilize the low corrosion resistance of magnesium to make magnesium into a temporary implant component that can gradually dissolve in the human body after surgical region heals. This will avoid the secondary operation to remove the temporarily implanted component and the chronic inflammatory discomfort caused by the implant. This paper is aimed at exploring the possibility of using magnesium as a degradable bio-material through investigating the corrosion behaviors of pure magnesium and surface treated magnesium in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. It was found that magnesium corroded rapidly in the SBF solution, resulting in vigorous hydrogen evolution and a strong alkalization effect. Hence, it is impractical to use magnesium as a permanent implanted material or even a degradable implant. However, a proper anodizing treatment can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium, and hence slower down the hydrogen evolution and alkalization processes, which will allow to control the corrosion or degradation of magnesium at a desired rate in the human body. With a controllable corrosion rate, it is believed that magnesium as a degradable implanted material will be eventually achievable.

Jan 1, 2006

By D. Yuan, L. Yan, M. J. Collins, P. Kalanchey, I. M. Masters

ABSTRACT Pressure oxidation tests have been conducted by Sherritt for a refractory gold-silver project in China. The feed contained 39 g/t Au and 970 g/t Ag; the major gold-bearing minerals were pyrite and arsenopyrite. Because the feed contained a significant amount of silver, which can be refractory to cyanide leaching after pressure oxidation due to the formation of argentojarosite, the test program included investigation of methods to enhance silver recovery. The “lime boil” process proved successful and was incorporated into the flowsheet. Gold extraction from the lime boil product solids was 95–98%; silver extraction was up to 94%.

Jan 1, 2013

By S. Khoshkhooei

In this research, the effects of rare earth elements addition on thermal fatigue behaviors of AZ91 alloy were studied. Repeated heating and cooling cycles were applied on the samples at 170°C and 210 °C to develop thermal fatigue cracks, Crack growth mechanisms and microstructural influences were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Thermal fatigue behaviors were improved successively by addition of up to 2-wt% RE, This improvement is attributed to consummation of the aluminum of the melt by precipitation of the needle shape Al 11 RE3 phases, This process reduces the volume of Mg17Al12 phases and consequently decreases the brittle Mg/Mg17Al12 interfaces which are the main reason of weak thermal properties of the alloy at rather high temperatures, Further additions of RE, however, reduced the thermal shock resistance of samples by increasing in the mean length of the brittle needle shape phases.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. S. Douglas

THE Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company, Limited, is engaged in the mining and concentrating of copper ores, and, incidentally, in the mining of coal and the production of electric power. The Company has been engaged in these various operations both on the mainland of British Columbia and on Vancouver island for the past forty-five years. This paper will attempt to cover their present operations in the Similkameen mining district of southern interior British Columbia. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISTRICT The Interior Plateau in southern British Columbia ranges in elevation from 3,000 feet to 6,000 feet. In the vicinity of Princet0n, a depression in the Plateau forms a well defined basin which is floored with a series of nearly flat-lying Tertiary sediments containing some workable seams of lignite. From this basin, the upland surface rises gradually t0ward the south, from an elevation of 2,000 feet at Princet0n to 4,000 feet at Copper mountain, and 6,000 feet in the upper parts of the Similkameen basin, where it merges into the rugged and diversified t0pography of the Cascade system, with glacier inhabited peaks rising to over 9,000 feet. The valleys of Similkameen river and its tributaries are wide, having flaring sides and gentle slopes, and are separated one from another by subdued rounded spurs, of which Copper mountain is typical. The drainage of this district is taken care of by Similkameen river and its larger tributaries, such as Pasayten river, and Wolfe, Friday, and Whipsaw creeks. The name Copper mountain is applied to a gently arched, nearly flat-topped spur between the deep valley of Similkameen river to the west and the shallower valley of Wolfe creek tO the east. The mountain is appro-priately named from the number of copper deposits occurring on its sides and summit, some of which have been developed int0 an important producer, known as the Copper Mountain mine.

Jan 1, 1943

By Fred V. Seibert

The Functions and the Responsibilities of the Institute The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy is unique. ln addition to the welfare of its members, it has a real interest in the welfare and promotion of one of Canada's largest and most important basic industries. It is because of this that the membership is composed of both individual and corporate members. The individual members are both technical and non-technical (Members and Associates). Both Members and Associates have the same status in the Institute and all are interested in the welfare of the mineral industry. The aims and objects of the Institute 11re twofold. The education and welfare of its individual members and the sound promotion and welfare of the mineral industry. Perhaps it might be well if we reviewed these aims and objects as stated in our Constitution: "First - To promote the arts and sciences connected with the economical production of valuable minerals and metals, by means of meetings for the reading and discu11ion of technical papers, and the subsequent distribution of such information as may be gained throo.gh the medium of publications". It cannot be denied that we have do ne a good job in this particular phase of our work. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement. It has been suggested that we might have more discussion and, on occasions, more criticism of our papers and programmes. This can best be done if the authors will have their papers prepared in sufficient time to permit of preprints being made availa1ble before the meeting at which they are to be presented.

Jan 1, 1950