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By Douglas A. Grieg

THE EXCUSE for producing still another paper dealing with the oilfields of the Middle East is the overwhelming importance of this area to everyone, both inside and out of the oil industry. Figure 1 shows the area defined as the Middle East for the purpose of this paper. No description of what constitutes the Middle East is generally acceptable to everyone and, in fact, in many parts of the world it is referred to as "Western Asia". At the time ?the writer went to work as a geologist in the Middle East -this was in 1926 -there were just three known oilfields, namely, Hurghada in Egypt, Naft Khaneh in the Transferred Territories of Iraq, and Masjid-i-Sulai-man in Persia. Their combined producing rate at that time was around 100,000 barrels per day. Toda y, just thirty years later, some forty-two fields have been proven to exist, and a recent discovery in Syria -if commercial -may add one more to the list. Producing rates at the end of last year ( 1956) were approaching four million barrels per day. This sizable figure re presents nearly 23 per cent of the total Free World's production. What is more important still, something over 70 per cent of the Free World's proven oil reserves are known to exist in the subsoil of the Middle East.

Jan 1, 1957

By A G. Rogers

This paper discusses the lubrication of surface and underground mining machinery and equipment from the standpoint of machine components. The machine components considered are bearings, cylinders, gears, chains, couplings, fluid drives, hydraulic systems, screws and wire ropes. The best selection of lubricants for these machine components, and for sub-divisions of the components, are outlined. They form general recommendations, for average operating conditions in both surface and under-ground mining operations. The American Petroleum Institute's service classification of both engine crankcase oils and gear oils is de-scribed and used in recommending products for these applications. The practical aspect of lubrication is kept foremost in the recommendations, which are designed to meet the requirements of a wide variety of equipment with the minimum number of lubricants. THE lubrication of mining machinery and equipment presents a variety of problems peculiar to the industry. The type of mine, the ambient temperature, water, dust, and operating and maintenance practices, as well as the age and condition of the equipment, are variables which have to be considered in making lubricant recommendations.

Jan 1, 1963

By T. G. Joseph, M. J. Bolster

ABSTRACT This paper explores passive seismic measurement as an alternative, nonintrusive approach to conducting annual brake testing on surface mine sites. Dictated by the test site location, this evaluation adhered to the brake testing procedure as per British Columbia occupational health and safety regulations. Results showed excellent correlation to those reported via conventional practice: Comparing stopping distance, time, and velocity for the proposed instantaneous passive seismic versus conventional approaches, less than a 0.5% variance was evident. A viable alternative, the passive seismic approach, allowed an entire fleet of trucks to be sequentially evaluated for annual brake testing without disrupting operations by installing mechanical testing equipment.

Jan 1, 2012

By Gerald A. Crawford

"1880s - Unmasking the Sudbury Basin Falconbridge Ltd. turned 60 in 1988 but its roots go back more than a century to the discovery and development of the mineral resources of the Sudbury Basin. Nickel was first identified in the area in 1856 but sustained exploration awaited the early 1880s and the advance of the CPR westward from Sudbury. Rock was laid bare in the right-of-way and by forest fires and logging. Reddish oxidized outcropping or ""gossan"" were exposed, heralding the presence of nickel as the shape of this astounding geological formation gradually began to emerge. Many great mines of the area were opened up in this period on the south rim of the Basin west of Sudbury. To the east the ore dips below overburden, however, and Falconbridge remained a mere dot on the map until the turn of the century when Thomas Edison detected a magnetic occurrence by dip needle."

Jan 1, 1999

By P. E. Cavanagh

THIS REPORT is not intended to be a ?comprehensive survey of the steel industry in Europe. For the past ten years the Ontario Research Foundation has been interested in several developments in the steel industry in Europe which it was felt would be of particular interest in Canada and might possibly find application in this country. This is an account of the present status of some of these developments. The economies of steel making in Canada are somewhat different than in the United States because of the nature of the market and the relative costs and availability of such raw materials as metallurgical coke and electric power. There are cases in Europe where a great deal of effort and money has been spent in trying to make steel profitably by methods which take advantage of locally available and cheap raw materials by modifying standard practices. ln cases wl1ere the investigations have been successful and the data are available to allow translation of the results into Canadian conditions, it is felt that such information may be of great benefit in the future in Canada and at !east should be known to all those in the steel industry in this country. The field to be covered in this report only comprises the steps from concentration and treatment of iron ores to production of iron and is only concerned with those commercially operating processes well known to us and judged to be of present interest in Canada.

Jan 1, 1957

By Douglas C. Fraser

"Geophysical data are often presented on maps, sections or profiles with minimal data processing. A common example is magnetic data, in which the diurnal-free raw readings are merely contoured on a map. Other examples include profile presentation of VLF-EM data, IP pseudo-sections and airborne EM anomalies which may be shown on a map with only the measured amplitudes indicated.In recent years, efforts have been directed to the portraying of data in more useful forms. A number of algorithms (i.e., manipulative procedures and equations) have proven to contribute significantly to the usefulness of geophysical data. Some can be applied manually; others are sufficiently complicated to require a computer. Some merely alter the data to a more useful geometric form without altering the units. Others yield quantitative estimates of source body parameters such as conductivity and shape. Several examples follow:1. A simple algorithm is in common use which transforms noisy non-contourable VLF-EM data into less noisy contourable data. The input is the dip angle in degrees or per cent and the output is also in these same units.2. A simple algorithm has recently been developed which allows multi-level dipole-dipole IP data to be contoured on a map. Again, the units are not altered.3. A relatively complicated algorithm is in common use which transforms non-contourable height-sensitive helicopter EM data into contourable resistivity data,4. An algorithm has been recently developed which transforms non-contourable height-sensitive EM data into contourable weight per cent magnetite.The purpose of all the above techniques is to present the data in a simplified form. This, in turn, allows an easier assimilation by the user of much of the information content of the data."

Jan 1, 1981

By F. Chevarin

The reaction of O2 with the carbon anode is considered as the main parasitic chemical reaction affecting Hall-Heroult process anodes. The current study aims at investigating the influence of the microstructure of baked anode on its overconsumption. Samples were removed from different positions of an industrial anode. Density, porosity, Lc and BET specific surface area were measured. The anode reactivity was evaluated based on the weight losses for the samples resulting from the reaction of anode with air at 550°C after 7h. The essential parameters determined to control the air reactivity are closed porosity, Lc and pores with a pore entrance radius of 1.5, 8.5 and 12 p.m. The knowledge of effects of these parameters allows better understanding of the reactivity of anodes and consequently reduction of their overconsumption in electrolysis bath.

Jan 1, 2011

By James L. Parks, David M. Kjos

"Designs, installation procedures and performance characteristics of martensitic cast steel concaves are reviewed. Longer wear life, fewer pieces to install and eliminating the need to scarf joints are the principal benefits of using martensitic steel to replace austenitic12% Mn (Hadfield's) steel, the traditional concave material for large gyratory crushers. Installation procedures that reduce the risk of breakage are described. Operating practices that affect concave performance are also discussed.IntroductionThe crushing machine considered to be the forerunner of the modem gyratory crusher was patented in 1878 by Charles M. Brown of the Gates Iron Works(1). The earliest gyratory crushers with receiving openings of 6 to 12 inches were fed by hand, and the crushing capacity of a mine was increased simply by installing more small crushers. The introduction of the steam shovel to open pit mining around the tum of the century provided an incentive for much larger primary crushers, and gyratory crushers with a 48 in. receiving opening were being built by 1910, followed not long afterward by machines with 54 in. and 60 in. openings to . Fortunately for the crusher maintenance people of that era, an austenitic 12% Mn steel with exceptional toughness was already available, having been discovered by Robert Abbot Hadfieldoi in 1882. Although small gyratory crushers working soft- to medium-hard rock reportedly used chilled cast iron (white iron) wear parts, these newer and much larger machines were fitted with ""Hadfield's manganese steel"" concaves and mantles to withstand the impact associated with handling large rocks .M E International first challenged the long-standing convention of using 12% Mn steel concaves in large gyratory crushers in the late 1960s when they supplied upper row concaves in martensitic cast steel for a 60-109 primary crusher at a taconite plant on the Iron Range. Since then, martensitic steels have been successfully substituted for 12010 Mn steel in concaves for more than seventy primary gyratory crushers processing iron, copper and precious metals ores, industrial minerals and crushed stone.This paper reviews materials, designs and performance characteristics of martensitic steel concaves in large gyratory crushers. The principal benefits include significantly longer wear life, fewer pieces to install and the elimination of scarfing. Obtaining the full measure of these benefits and minimizing the risk of breakage is strongly dependent on installation procedures, which are described in some detail. Operating practices that can affect performance are also discussed."

Jan 1, 1993

By J. F. McMahon

Introduction The greater portion of the information presented in this paper was obtained in the course of an investigation on clay gathering and its cost in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario (1). For assistance in the preparation of the paper, the writer wishes to record his thanks to Mr. Howells Fréchette, Chief of the Ceramics and Road Materials Division of the Mines Branch. Clays are mineral substances consisting essentially of hydrous aluminium silicate which become plastic when wet, fairly hard when dry, and stony masses when burned to a sufficiently high temperature and re-cooled. Shales are clays which have been indurated by the processes of nature. Millions of tons of clays and shales are won yearly for the production of brick, tile, sewer pipe, drain tile, roofing tile, fire-brick, china-ware, wall and floor tile, cement, and a host of other products. There are certain types of clay which, due to their particular qualities and limited distribution, are mined entirely or in part for sale to manufacturers, and are even exported from one country to another, as for example china-clays or kaolins, utilized in the manufacture of white-wares and in the paper industry, due to their consistent whiteness; ball-clays, utilized in the white-ware industry, due to their bonding power and whiteness; slip-clays, used in the stone-ware industry because of their glazing properties, and in the grinding-wheel industry for their burned bonding properties; and suspension-clays, such as are used in the enamelling industry. However, the great bulk of clays and shales won are used in the production of heavy clay products, and the manufacturer of these generally owns and operates his own deposit of raw material.

Jan 1, 1933

By John L. Hatton

The author will introduce and describe the nature of Fiberglas-Reinforced Plastics. Successful applications of corrosion-resistant structures will be shown and described, including pipe, ducts, tanks and other equipment. These structures are generally designed to handle corrosive liquids and gases and have proved both satisfactory and economical in service in various industries in Canada. The specification of structures will be discussed in relation to materials, construction and workmanship, physical properties and methods of testing.

Jan 1, 1970

By Yve Potvin, Fabien Miller, Deni Jacob

"The potential benefits of measuring the volume of excavated open stope are enormous. By comparing the actual excavation of the orebody contour, it is possible to determine the “real"" amount of mining dilution, as well as the ore left in place. Noranda Technology Centre (NTC) has developed a stope survey system that allows for rapid and efficency measurement of underground excavation volumes. The system comprises a commercial laser (EDM), a set of lightweight rigid rods, an automated scanning device, a hand-held data logger and Autocad-based software for volume calculation and drawing manipulations. This system is an invaluable tool for the optimization of mining practices and could also be used for the delineation of caving areas. IntroductionDilution is the most common and devastating mine disease. In some instance s it could systematically cripple the profitability of an operation, and in more extreme cases, it could become a terminal disease. The Northern Miner Journal (1988) reported that many operations have closed because of uncontrolled dilution, before they even completed their first year of production. Other studies (Pakalnis, 1986) have shown that approximately 40% of all underground operations have more than 20% dilution. Considering that every ton of dilution costs in the neighbourhood of $25, the total direct cost of dilution to the Canadian mining industry may easily exceed one hundred million dollars per year.The dilution problem has been a major concern to Noranda Minerals for some time and in 1984 a comprehensive geomechanics research program was created at the Noranda Technology Centre (NTC) in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. New empirical stope dimensioning techniques, improved cable bolting techniques and sophisticated ground control instrumentation projects (among others) contributed to improve the situation at Noranda.A new tool which can have a very significant impact on the ""war"" against dilution is being developed by the Noranda Technology Centre. The laser stope survey system allows for a rapid, precise and efficient measurement of underground excavation volumes. By comparing the excavation planned with the volume excavated, it becomes possible to determine the ""real"" amount of mining dilution as well as the amount of ore left in place. This system may also allow for early detection of a dilution problem. As with other diseases, early detection provides the best chance for a fast and total recovery."

Jan 1, 1992

By W. F. Giuvlore, E. Mcroberts, T. S. Golosinski

"The rising demand for Canadian coal and depletion of shallow deposits, most suitable for surface mining, result in rapidly increasing volume of waste materials which have to be moved by the coal mining industry. While at present this challenge is being successfully met using conventional mining methods, in the future, innovative methods must be considered if Canadian coal is to remain competitive.The need for more efficient mining methods is also faced by the oil sands industry to assure competitiveness of the synthetic oil price.A look at the world mining practice indicates that large volumes of material can be economically mined and moved by the continuous mining systems comprising bucket-wheel excavators, belt conveyors and stackers. To assess the state of art and applicability of this mining method to Canadian conditions, the field trip was organized by the Department of Mining Engineering o f the University of Alberta, to several typical mining operations in Europe. It is in Europe where the continuous mining methods were developed and are almost exclusively used in large-scale surface mining."

Jan 1, 1984

By H. Sahay

"DISCLAIMER NOTICEThe views and conclusions contained in this presentation are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or recommendations of the Department of Mines and Energy, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. ABSTRACTThis paper describes the main testing procedures that should be carried out to evaluate the capacity and capability of the service brakes on the large-size diesel-electric trucks now in common use at open-pit mining operations. Brake testing programs in general are described, and then consideration is given to different techniques of service brake testing, brake performance evaluation, braking energy and typical performance characteristics.IntroductionThe first diesel-electric truck with a capacity of about 85 tons was introduced in 1963 by Unit Rig and Equipment Company of Tulsa in cooperation with General Electric Company, who successfully developed and supplied the most important component- motorized wheels. Since then, its popularity and numbers have continued to grow, and now more than 3700 such units are in operation in mines around the world. In Canada alone, their number is more than 700, including about 150 in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Similarly, their size has also grown from that initial capacity of 85 tons to 350 tons.Although the introduction of the electric trucks proved to be invariably economical, their indiscriminate use was not without severe consequences. Many runaways and even fatalities occurred when the dynamic retarder failed while the truck was travelling loaded down severe grades. The service brakes in such cases proved incapable of stopping runaway trucks, mainly due to their limited capability and the fading caused by excessive heat produced during the act of braking itself. This eventually led the various governments, the open-pit operators and the manufacturers to seriously question the braking capability as well as function of both service brakes and dynamic retarders. Extensive testing"

Jan 1, 1980

By James Logan

BC Alkaline CuBC Cu--Au PorphyriesAu Porphyries ?Formed over narrow time interval ~205 Ma ?from silica deficientvsalkali-enriched magmas ?At shallowdepths ?Structuralcontrol ?Cu-Au-Ag, trace Mo ?Oxidized system anhydrite, magnetite ?Multipleintrusions & multiplemineralized centres

May 1, 2006

By B. K. Ayres

Modern management of uranium mine or mill waste storage facilities (WSFs) often requires that they be remediated or decommissioned with a cover system. In addition to creating a self-sustaining landscape that supports the end land use, cover systems are intended to reduce long-term risks to human and ecological receptors from the stored waste to acceptable levels. The performance and longevity of a cover system will be strongly influenced by the features or shapes of the WSF final landform. Hence, cover systems and landforms must be thought of as an integrated design. Based on the author’s experience, the most important elements of the design process for maximizing the potential of WSF final landforms / cover systems being sustainable over the long term are noted in this manuscript. Several key items that must be considered and addressed during the planning phase of constructing a WSF final landform are also described. Various methods for monitoring performance of a WSF final landform are also reviewed. Key aspects associated with decommissioning a tailings WSF and waste rock pile at the former Cluff Lake uranium mine in northern Saskatchewan are included to illustrate many of the practical insights provided in this paper.

Jan 1, 2020

By John McEwen, Ian R. Jonasson, David H. Watkinson

"Mine Gallen is a zinc-rich pyritic volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit that occurs in a fault-bounded block of intermediate volcanic rocks. The block is completely surrounded at the present erosion level by the eastern part of the Lac Dufault granodiorite. The volcanic succession includes a massive feldspar porphyry that is probably a subvolcanic intrusion, an andesitic flow unit and lapilli tuffs. The latter are variably sericitized and pyritic, especially in the vicinity of the massive sulphide into which they grade.The ore body is predominantly pyritewith local sphalerite contents as high as 20%; minor chalcopyrite and trace galena are disseminated, but are found mainly along late cleavage. Most ore is a breccia of massive to banded pyrite-sphalerite, veined by massive and complexly banded sulphides. These structures formed by repeated blocky jointing, cracking, sealing, healing and annealing as hydrothermal fluid repeatedly passed through a developing sulphide mound. The deposit is interpreted to have grown on the seafloor in a manner similar to active mounds in the Galapagos rift.RESUME La Mine Gallen exploite un gisement de sulfures massifs volcan géniques comprenant essentiellement de la pyrite riche en zinc. Ce gisement se trouve a /'intérieur d’un bloc de roches volcaniques de caractère dacitique a andésitique, limite par failles et entoure de tout cote par la granodiorite du Lac Dufault. La séquence volcanique comprend des coulées andésitiques et des tufs à lapilli ainsi qu'un porphyre feldspathique massif sub-volcanique. Les tufs sont sericitises et pyritises, tout particulièrement au voisinage des sulfures massifs."

Jan 1, 1990

By Joseph Hirschi, Behrooz Abbasi, Harrold Gurley, Yoginder P. Chugh

"The research goal was to assess if analytical tool/s can be developed to quantify displacements around a geological fault as longwall face moves toward it and past it. A company was faced with crossing a 2-3 m (6-10 ft.) normal up-thrown fault in the development entries and the face while mining a 375 m (1,200 ft.) wide longwall face. A field monitoring and numerical modeling study was performed to develop data. Field measurements consisted of roof-to-floor convergence and rectangular rosettes in the immediate roof. Numerical modeling consisted of constructing a 3-D structural model using the FLAC3D software with the fault plane incorporated as ubiquitous joint. Based on analyses and field observations data, the coal company was informed of impending movements along the fault plane and likely impacts on the development entries. Additional stiff supports were installed in head gate entries around the stage loader and equipment about 60 m (200 ft.) outby of the longwall face (solid). As the longwall face approached the fault, predicted displacements were documented and manifested by severe loading on the installed supports.BACKGROUND AND STUDY OVERVIEWThis paper summarizes results of a cooperative study aimed at improving longwall mining operations in Illinois. More specifically, the study focused on: 1) In-mine measurements in development entries while mining ahead of and behind a faulted zone, 2) Making observations on stability of pillars and entries while mining through the fault, and 3) Developing simplified analytical structural models using FLAC3D to assess if predictive techniques can be developed to plan mining operations through fault zone. Available data on geometry of the fault with estimates of the cohesion and frictional parameters were used for modeling."

Jan 1, 2015

By R. W. Culley

"In many areas of Saskatchewan, known gravel deposits have been depleted or are diminishing rapidly; in other areas, particularly in the north, demands for all-weather highways and access roads are far exceeding the supply of gravel sources with which to surface them. These two problems have made conventional methods of air-photo and ground surveys insufficient for gravel location. In the first case, hauling costs on construction now warrant searching for buried deposits and for smaller, less obvious surficial deposits that may be closer to the project. In the second case, search and access conditions are so difficult and costly that the ratio of successes to failures must be kept very high. The Department of Highways has long been aware of the oncoming scarcity of quality gravel deposits and is continually investigating ways of forestalling it. One of these ways is the use of airborne geophysical methods that permit rapid coverage of large areas and that sense and discriminate between earth properties to a significant depth below ground surface. In 1967, the Department began an investigation of an airborne conductivity survey method called INPUT*, or ""Induced Pulse Transient'', leading to a trial in 1968 and data analysis in 1969. The results of this trial initiated• modifications to the technique to improve its sensitivity for mapping shallow deposits. Part way through this modification in 1970, a decision was made to change to an airborne resistivity survey method called EPHASE*. Trials with this technique were conducted and analysed in 1971. This paper is an explanation of the E-PHASE system and a summary of the results from one of three areas mapped in 1971."

Jan 1, 1973

By E. M. De Souza, A. M. Coode

"When Canadian potash was brought into production in the 1960s substantial research was carried out to develop the technology needed to cope with the unique conditions in Saskatchewan mines. The intense research has established Saskatchewan's position as a leader in production technology on a world scale, and as a leader in setting international standards for potash production. The industry is now more than two decades old and, although the mines operate efficiently, there are a number oj prominent areas of concern. High among these is the prediction, prevention and control of sodium rich brine inflows. Control has proven difficult or elusive in the potash mining horizon, but work continues in this area. Control of brine in the superincumbent limestone formation has proven to be easier and more conclusive.The first part of this paper describes the rehabiltation, diamond drilling, and grouting completed at Central Canada Potash, which reduced the brine inflow from approximately 82 l/min . at the beginning of the work to O.9/1min. when the backfilling was placed.The second part of the paper describes the rationale for choosing the rock mechanical instrumentation, the reasons for their placement and the rock mechanical data recorded with some interpretation.IntroductionCentral Canada Potash is located approximately76 km southeast of Saskatoon, near the Yellowhead Highway. The commercial production of potash at CCP started at the end of 1969 at a depth of 1021m below surface. The potash zone, which is presently mined, is approximately 3.35 m thick . Stress relief methods using yielding pillars are used in the design of the mining layouts. The planned extraction ratio averages 35070 . The mine is designed to produce approximately 3.3 million tonnes of sylvinite per year to give approximately 1.3 million tonnes of finished product (muriate of potassium) per year."

Jan 1, 1990

Weekly Capacity ? Current Schedule Rate (198.5 tonnes / hour) X Skip Time (112.7 hours) X Effectiveness (85%) = Weekly Capacity (19,015 tonnes) Capacity Conclusions - Existing hoists optimized are best option for Fraser Morgan (>20M + schedule for other). - Peak will have to be managed. - Critical to have equipment & infrastructure in best possible condition to ensure reliability.

Feb 1, 2008