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By Roger Lacroix

L?arrivée de nouvelles technologies sur le marché des foreuses portables combinée au besoin des mines à mieux consommer l?énergie électrique ont permis d?identifier le potentiel de deux nouveaux type de foreuses présentement utilisées en Afrique du Sud, à savoir les foreuses électriques et les foreuses hydrauliques actionnées à l?eau. Grâce à la collaboration de mines Niobec et Géant Dormant de Cambior Inc., ainsi que d?Hydro-Québec, le potentiel réel d?économie énergétique des foreuses portables hydrauliques et électriques par rapport aux foreuses conventionnelles à air comprimé a été évalué pour des roches dures et moles. Ainsi, cet article a pour objectif d faire ressortir ces potentiels d?économie énergétiques. En outre, les résultats pour une mine mécanisée et une autre mine de type filonien, dans lesquelles on retrouve des conditions de terrain différentes, seront présentés. Les résultats montrent un potentiel d?économie énergétique d?environ 70% pour la foreuse électrique et d?environ 50% pour la foreuse actionnée à l?eau. Ces résultats montrent qu?il est possible d?obtenir une meilleure efficacité énergétique par mètre foré. Ainsi, il apparaît maintenant intéressant de poursuivre les travaux de développement des deux technologies pour les applications de forage vertical et de tensionnement des boulons, et de viser à accroitre le taux de pénétration de la foreuse électrique pour le rendre équivalent à celui de la foreuse à air comprimé.

May 1, 2007

By David Thomas, Charles Harper, Brian Watters

The Star-Waddy Lakes area lies withjn the northeasterly-trending early- to mjd-Proterozoic volcanoseilimentary-pl utoruc belt referred to as the La Range Domllin. In the area investigated the domajn is composed of the Central Metavolcaruc Belt which is bordered by metasedimentary belts of the Crew Lake and MacLean Lake Belts to the northwest and southeast respectively. The boundaries between the Central Metavolcanic Belt and the flanking belts are generally marked by prominent zones of shearing. The volcanosed imentary succession is intruded by a variety of ultramafic to felsic plutons which, on the basis of lithology, field relations and geochronology, can be broadly subdivided into three groups or episodes. These are: a) an 'early' (ea. 1866 Ma), possibly subvolcanic, episode marked by composite intrusions ranging from gabbro-diorite to granite, b) an 'intermediate' (ea. 1854 Ma) plutonic event distinguished by more homogeneous felsic intru ions ; and c) a 'later' (ea. 1835 Ma) event characterized by leucocratic quartz-rich grani te intrusions. The La Range Domain has undergone polyphase deformation with a strongly developed northeast-trending structural grain. Large scale folding is manjfested by large regional sy nforms, arcuate and triangular patterns associated with many of the plutons and by tight to isoclinal folds within the adjacent metasedimentary belts. Inhomogeneous strain characterizes much of the Star-Waddy Lakes area. With strain gradients being typically very steep, zones of high strain consisting of zones of extreme extensional fabrics, discrete shearing, as well as broader zones of cataclasis and structural slicing, are often juxtaposed with areas of relatively minimal deformation . Dilation structures tend to favour these zones of highly contrasting strain. Late, brittle fractures, faults and shear zones are widespread and appear to be particularly important as loci for gold mineralization. Metan1orphic mineral assemblages indicate that upper greenschist to middle amphibolite facies conditions were attained. Geological and geochenucal evidence indicates that the Central Metavolcanic Belt evolved in an island arc environment. Metavolcanic rocks from both the Waddy and Star Lakes areas display similar characteristics on variation diagrams (e.g. AFM and the Jensen cation plot) in that the dominant trend is calc-alkaline with some basic to intermediate types having a mildly tholeiitic character. A few samples from the southern end of Lower Waddy lake display komatiitic to basaltic-komatiitic afl'injties. The relatively immobile minor and trace elements (e.g. Ti , Zr, Nb, Y, Cr) provide reliable characterization of the metavolcanics, particularly of the basalts, which have highly distinctive trace element properties. Geochemical patterns for the basalts are similar to those for modem volcanic arc basalts. Low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7017 - 0.7019) are consistent with a subduction-related origin for the volcanics. The major plutons have chemical properties typical of volcanic arc granites and are largely calc-alkaline in character, showing little chemical variation from the volcanics.

Jan 1, 1986

By G. Scamans, J. Lazaro-Nebreda, Z. Fan, J. B. Patel

"Melt quality is crucial for both continuous and shape casting of light alloys and in order to improve it, removal of excessive inclusions, accumulated impurities and unwanted gases becomes necessary. To address this problem, a new multi-purpose high shear liquid metal treatment technology, based on intensive melt shearing by a rotor/stator unit, has been developed. The device ensures achieving uniform temperature and chemical composition and an efficient dispersion of gas and solid phases in the melt with minimal disturbance of melt surface, and can be used, among other things, for de-gassing and de-ironing of Al-alloy melts. Efficient degassing is achieved by dispersing each argon bubble into many small ones, which significantly increases the overall surface area of the bubbles and the time they remain in the melt capturing hydrogen before reaching the surface. This allows using much lower inert gas flow and mixing times than conventional rotary degassing. When applied to Al-alloy scrap, with accumulated iron, the high shear melt treatment speeds up the nucleation and growth of primary Fe-rich intermetallic particles, allowing a faster removal rate. Therefore it reduces processing times, increasing recycling productivity, and facilitates full metal circulation of secondary Al-alloys.INTRODUCTION Aluminium and magnesium alloys are widely considered in various industrial sectors for the purpose of weight saving (Polmear, 1995). In particular, they are used in the automotive sector, where components are mostly manufactured by high pressure die casting (HPDC) because of its simplicity and relatively low cost, but efficiency and mechanical properties are quite low compared with other processes. To date, the main focus to overcome this problem has been for improving the HPDC machinery (Dahle, 2001) but little attention has been paid to the opportunities of controlling the nature and quality of the molten metal supplied to the die. In this way, liquid metal treatment, which involves a variety of physical and/or chemical processing methods to improve melt quality prior casting, is crucial for both continuous and shape casting products."

Jan 1, 2018

By F. Doxey

Introduction Numerous papers have been written dealing with the construction and functions of, and the environmental conditions created by, Diesel locomotives. Therefore, it is not my intention to attempt to deal with these phases of Diesel transportation other than to make reference to them in ?relation to and in connection with actual operation. The rapid expansion of industry during recent years and the necessity of products being made available at competitive prices in home and world markets has made the demand for cheaper coal a very serious factor for the coal industry. This condition has meant each coal producing country looking into ways and means whereby greater productivity and reduction in cost could he achieved. Surveys made show that, in addition to face mechanization, savings, in some cases substantial, can be made in transportation. Ventilation The most efficient mines are in-variably the well ventilated ones, for it is true that, where there is good ventilation, there are usually good roads. These combined factors are very essential where Diesel locomotives are used. Good roadways and track allow speed, and good ventilation dilutes rapidly any disagreeable exhaust gases. Locomotive Development In the older types of auxiliary rope haulage, coal hauled per haul-age hand is usually very low.

Jan 1, 1951

By G. J. Heferen, A. Pranowo, N. J. Aslin, P. O. Eriksson

Glencore Technology (GT) has over four decades experience supplying stainless steel cathode plates (“cathode plates”) to the electro-refining and electro-winning industry. Cathode plates are typically the single biggest capital investment in a refinery. Refineries may view cathode plates as fixed asset or consumables depending on their operational characteristics. This paper examines the issue of cathode plate life and the strategies and philosophies used by different plants in the management of their cathode plate asset. Some plants operate with their original plates after more than 20 years. Others accept high turnover and regular maintenance as normal operating practice. Reference data are provided on plate life for various operating plants including benchmark plants achieving best-practice plate life and operating cost. The role of the electrode handling equipment on cathode plate longevity is also examined, including latest developments in Cathode Stripping Machine, robotic copper stripping, and full-automation production cranes. The ability to identify and manage the population of plates in service is also critical for maximising plate life and minimising its overall operating cost. This paper discusses a novel and unique RFID system for tracking and managing cathode plate inventory. INTRODUCTION Permanent cathode plates The adoption of permanent stainless steel cathode electrodes in the electro-refining of copper was the most significant process development since the first commercial electro-refineries were built in the late 19th century. It provided significant improvement over the labour intensive and complicated starter sheet system. Copper grows over the permanent cathode blade for a number of days before being stripped, and the permanent cathode can be returned straight back to cells for the next cathode cycle. Glencore Technology (formerly Mount Isa Mines (MIM), then Xstrata Technology) has been manufacturing permanent stainless steel cathode plates from the late 1970s with the birth of ISA PROCESS™, and the Kidd process that came one decade later. Invented and commercialised by Mount Isa Mines, the ISA PROCESS™ was first implemented into Copper Refineries Limited (CRL), Townsville, in 1978. The KIDD PROCESS by Falconbridge evolved in the 1980s and was first implemented into the Kidd Creek Tankhouse, both operations converting from traditional copper starter sheets.

Jan 1, 2019

By Adrian Dance

Newmont Ghana Gold Limited?s Ahafo operation have been working with Metso Process Technology & Innovation (PTI) since early 2009 to increase mill throughput from a combination of controlled blasting practices and optimised primary crusher and grinding circuit conditions. For such Mineto- Mill projects, PTI?s methodology is termed Process Integration & Optimisation (PIO). Ahafo operate a SAG mill, ball mill and pebble crusher (SABC) circuit that processes a range of primary ore of varying hardness from different pits which is blended with soft oxide material. The PTI study focussed on ball mill limited material from the Apensu open pit. Following a benchmarking study of all blasting, crushing and grinding practices in January 2009, PTI recommended changes in both blasting and crushing conditions in order to generate a finer feed size to the SAG mill. Additional operating changes in the grinding circuit were recommended. A series of trials were conducted in November 2009 where three blasts were fired using a different blast design (hole diameter and explosive type) in the same area of the Apensu pit as the benchmarked material in January 2009. Top and bottom benches (or flitches) from each blast were sent exclusively to the grinding circuit and the material was tracked using PTI?s SmartTag? system. The results from the six trials showed a significant increase in primary ore throughput at a reduced blend of oxide material. Ahafo have since standardised on these modified blasting conditions for all Apensu ore zones and have been able to sustain higher throughput compared to historical performance on similar material. This paper summarises the phases of the PIO project, the changes made in operating practices and the outcomes of the blasting trials that validated the predicted increase in mill throughput.

Jan 1, 2012

An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between glass sphere and silica plate in CnTAC1 (n=12, 14, 16, 18) solutions. The results showed the presence of long-range attractive forces that can be fitted to single exponential functions. With a given surfactant, the attractive force increased with increasing concentration, and reached a maximum at the point of charge neutralization (p.c.n.). The decrease in the attractive force above the p.c.n. is probably due to the inverse orientation of the surfactant molecules. A plot of the log (p.c.n.) vs. the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon chains of the Cn TACI homologues showed a linear relationship with a slope of -0.37, indicating that the surfactant adsorption entails a decrease in free energy by -0.85 kT per mole of CH2 (or CH3) group. These results suggest that the adsorption of long-chain surfactants is controlled by hydrocarbon chain association during the process of forming surface hemi-micelles (or domains). Possible origins of the long-range attractions are discussed on the basis of the results presented in this communication.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. W. Bartley

DURING the field season of 1938, the Ontario Department of Mines assigned a combined geological and geophysical survey patty to the investigation of the location, genesis, structural relationships, and economic possibilities of the hematite deposits at Steeprock lake. The investigation was carried out by detailed mapping of the rock exposures and a magneto-metric survey of the drift-covered portions of the area. This was supplemented during the winter of 1938-39 by further geophysical work conducted on the ice. Dr. A. A. Brant, of the Department of Physics, University of Toronto, was in charge of the geophysical work for the Department of Mines in the summer and for the Sterola Exploration Company in the winter. The writer supervised the geological examination. Scope of the Paper The present paper is an attempt to acquaint the members of the Institute with the structure and mode of occurrence of the deposits, since many people are of the erroneous opinion that they are analogous to the Mesaba and Michigan deposits. It is hoped that, from this discussion, they may be able to draw some conclusions of their own regarding the nature of the deposits, and the importance and future possibilities of the region.

Jan 1, 1939

By G. Armand, G. Arnold, A. Giraud, C. Auvray

The knowledge and understanding of the mechanical behavior of claystone is of critical importance in the aim of nuclear wastes storage. In this study, specimens of Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) have been obtained from the ANDRA underground research laboratory in Meuse/Haute-Marne (France). This claystone is composed of carbonate inclusions (10-50µm) embedded in an argillaceous matrix (representing expanding clay minerals, such as smectites). The matrix itself is also multiphase and composed of clay aggregates of 1µm-size carbonate and quartz inclusions. This multiphase microstructure leads to a high heterogeneity witch was analysed through nanoindentation test grids. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of the claystone matrix is highly sensitive to humidity and temperature. The nanoindentation tests were performed in a climatic (i.e. temperature and humidity controlled) chamber at relative humidity levels from 50% to 98% and at two temperatures: 20°C and 60°C. In a first step, the curves of indentation were analysed using the commonly used Oliver and Pharr’s approach. Other wellknown parameters as the creep factor were also extracted. In a second step, Fisher-Cripps model (Fischer- Cripps, 2004) and Vandamme and Ulm model (Vandamme & Ulm, 2006) were used to identify viscoelastic properties. A statistical analysis is used in order to extract mechanical characteristics of the different phases. Hardness and elastic modulus decrease drastically with saturation (above 80% humidity) and to a lesser extend with temperature.

Jan 1, 2015

By Ivan Malinsky, Gérard Castonguay

"On a développé un procédé qui donne une fonte (2,3% C, 0,07% V) du V2O5 (99%) et un rutile synthétique (94% TiO2) à partir d'un minerai, dont les réserves au Québec sont importantes. Le procédé comprend les opérations suivantes: 1) la concentration magnétique du minerai (30% Fe, 9% TiO2 et 0,65% V2O5) pour produire un concentré (65% Fe, 7% TiO2 et 1,6% V2O5); 2) le smeltage du concentré aggloméré dans un four à arc, sans fondant, pour produire une fonte et une scorie (30% FeO, 40% TiO2 et 8,0% V2O5) qui contient plus de 95% du vanadium et du titane présents dans le concentré; 3) le grillage alcalin (37% Na2CO3) de la scorie suivi d'une lixiviation à l'eau et de la précipitation de l'hexavanadate d'ammonium à partir du filtrat; 4) la lixiviation du résidu par l'acide sulfurique pur ou usagé pour produire un rutile synthétique. Un estimé préliminaire de la valeur économique du projet laisse croire à sa rentabilité à la condition que l'investissement pour le smeltage soit inférieur à environ 400$/tonne de fer.IntroductionLes gisements de magnétites titanifères sont nombreux dans le monde. Ils consistent en une magnétite étroitement liée a l'ilménite, La teneur trop élevée en TiO2 empêche l'exploitation de ces gisements pour la production de fer. Cependant, dans certains cas, la magnétite a une teneur intéressante en vanadium qui peut rendre l'exploitation de ces gisements rentable. Aujourd'hui, les magnétites titanifères constituent la plus importante source de production de vanadium. On estime qu'environ 70% du vanadium produit provient de ces sources."

Jan 1, 1983

By Marc C. Bétournay

Replacing diesel power in underground metal mining vehicles with available clean energy (e.g. hydrogen, lithium-ion batteries) is now a priority due to worker health issues, the increasing price of diesel, ventilation costs and air quality. Hydrogen fuel cells are a known and broadly applied power technology. They have been the focus of a dedicated research program to carry our proof of concept projects as well as regulatory developments for mining application. However, hydrogen remains a demanding energy vector to use in confined, underground applications. Standardization and safety considerations are being addressed in the industrial consortium Hydrogen Mine Introduction Initiative (HMII). Research projects are being carried out to resolve the gaps for regulated use. This article focuses on HMII objectives and Project results. The first has reviewed the relevant codes and standards and mine regulations, indicating that hydrogen and fuel cells could be allowed underground and that current codes, especially the Canadian Hydrogen Installation Code would be sufficient for hydrogen use. The second project established the standard hydrogen storage and distribution architecture along with related risks and safety requirements for its use in the third project, using an underground test chamber to delineate the behaviour of hydrogen leaks in confined conditions with various ventilation regimes and ignition studies. This project will end in 2013. It will be followed by the last project, which will establish best practices in support of regulations development, and develop the ISO standard for mine hydrogen infrastructure and underground application.

Aug 1, 2013

By Cheryl Devine, Radhakrishnan Mahadevan, Vladimiros G. Papangelakis, Srinath Garg

The microbial-mediated recovery of valuable metals locked in mining wastes presents an economical alternative to conventional hydrometallurgical processes. The present study investigated the bioleaching response of a low-grade nickeliferous pyrrhotite tailings (0.6 wt% Ni) and an upgraded pyrrhotite tailings (1 wt% Ni) produced by Vale Base Metals in the Sudbury Basin of Ontario, with the ultimate aim of maximizing Ni recovery. The initial part of the study focused on the bacterial adaptive evolution protocol, by repeatedly sub-culturing an indigenous culture from an acid mine drainage site on 2% (w/v) pyrrhotite tailings. The results showed that the extent of Ni dissolution is positively correlated with microbial activity. Microbial profiling revealed A. ferroxidans to be the dominant member of the microbial consortium. The enriched culture was used for optimizing the growth medium by varying the concentration of essential growth nutrients. Finally, an aerated biotic and abiotic leach of a 10% (w/v) upgraded pyrrhotite tailings with and without pH control, showed a higher recovery of Ni in the pH controlled experiments. These results demonstrate that a high concentration of the oxidant Fe3+ in solution promotes the dissolution of Ni. Furthermore, the sulphide conversion into So was found to be higher in the pH controlled experiments (32%), relative to the experiment without pH control (10%).

Jan 1, 2015

By A. J. Ouellet, A. Coulombe, B. Salmon

The no. 7 vein system cuts the Ventures gabbro which has undergone folding and fracturing; the latter, in response to movement on the nearby Campbell Lake fault. It fills a shear fracture which pinches and swells in the upper mine levels but has a more uniform width in the lower levels. The best copper and gold grades in the upper levels occur in the widest parts of this structure. The vein is richer in quartz on upper mine levels and in carbonate on lower levels. The north wall of the vein is more affected by major and minor element wallrock alteration than the south wall. The isocumulative ci;rves for gold and copper show a direct correlation between the two metals in the upper levels and their increased concentration in the wider parts of the vein. Gold grade decreases in lower levels. A proposed structural model identifies the no. 3 and no. 7 veins as second order conjugate fractures, related to the Campbell Lake fault. The fractures pattern suggests that a conjugate system developed between these two parallel veins as a consequence of rock competence and a relatively low confining pressure.

Jan 1, 1984

By C. S. Lord

"AbstractThe slow progress of conventional geological reconnaissance of the northern Canadian Shield during the past twenty years clearly indicates the need for a radically new field technique. Operation Keewatin, involving the use of helicopters as the traversing vehicles, was planned and executed by the Geological Survey of Canada in response to this requirement.About 57,000 square miles of District of Keewatin, N.W.T., were mapped during the 1952 field season in appropriate detail for publication at 1 inch to 8 miles. The Operation disclosed about 14,100 square miles of Precambrian sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging in •age from Archaean to Late Proterozoic. About 7,700 square miles of this area are underlain by greenstone. This work was accomplished in a field season of 113 days, including the spring break-up. Routine aerial geological observations were made from two helicopters flying about 300 feet above the ground; these observations were checked by more than 1,700 landings and about an equal number of aerial observations from heights of less than 50 feet. Logistical support was •provided by a Norseman aircraft on skiis or floats. Combined helicopter and Norseman flying time was about 990 hours. More than 1-00 square miles were mapped per helicopter-hour, and about 815 square miles were examined each day that both helicopters operated. The reconnaissance cost about $207,000, or $3.63 per square mile mapped.As a result of this trial use of helicopters there is now available a reasonably proven method whereby an acceptable geological reconnaissance of the barren grounds of the Canadian .Shield within the Districts of Keewatin and Mackenzie might be completed within a decade. Thus, within a few years, it could place at the disposal of the prospecting and mining fraternity data which, by conventional methods, might not be made available to this generation. Due weight must be accorded this time factor when evaluating the aerial technique."

Jan 1, 1953

By G. G. Hatch

FOLLOWING World War II there was an urgent need for the development of domestic sources of ilmenite to take care of the expanding needs of the titanium dioxide pigment industry. In addition, there was the interest by the pigment manufucturers and others in titanium metal. Prior to the war the pigment industry in the United States had obtained its major tonnage of ilmenite, analyzing 55- ?60 per cent Ti02, from India. However, as a result of the shipping situation which developed during the war, the pigment manufacturers had to consider the use of lower grades of ilmenite located on this continent .and several companies undertook extensive exploration programmes to locate and develop such orebodies. Probably the most significant deposit that was found as a result of these ?programmes was the orebody .at Allard Lake, Quebec, owned by the Quebec Iron and Titanium Corporation. This ?Company was formed in 1948 by the Kennecott Copper Corporation and the New Jersey Zinc Company to mine this ilmenite ore and treat it in electric furnaces to produce titanium dioxide slag for the pigment industry and iron for the steel industry.

Jan 1, 1956

By M. Mezbahul-Islam

Thermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Cu-Ni system is carried out as a part of multi component thermodynamic database for Mg alloys. This system is being modeled for the first time using the modified quasichemical model, which considers the presence of short range ordering in the liquid. The thermodynamic descriptions of the binaries Mg-Cu, Cu-Ni and Mg-Ni have been extrapolated to the ternary Mg-Cu-Ni system using Toop geometric model. The constructed database has been used to calculate and predict thermodynamic properties, isothermal sections and liquidus projections of the Mg¬Cu-Ni system, which showed very good consistency with the experimental data.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. U. MacEwan

Introduction The equilibrium between copper, zinc, and chlorine may be considered as the simultaneous equilibrium of the two separate chemical reactions of formation of the stable chlorides of copper and zinc at the temperature of the reaction i.e., l440°K. (1,167°C., 2,133°?F.)§ [Zn(g) +Ciz(g) ZnCl2z(g). ... (1) ] [2Cu(l)+Cbi'g) Cu2Cl2(l 1 ....... (21 ] Subtracting, [Zn(g) +Cu2(Clz(l i ZnClz(g) +2Cu!l) ... . (3) ] If this reaction is carried out with a copper-zinc alloy at some constant temperature above the melting point of brass, and at a total pressure of one atmosphere, the equilibrium concentrations obtained will depend on the free energy decrease .of the reaction as written in (3) and on the activities of the various components in. the reaction mixture. If the equilibrium is examined from the point of view of the phase rule, it is a three-component system, and if it exists in two phases (liquid and gas) it will have three degrees of freedom. If the restrictions of constant temperature and pressure are imposed, the degrees of freedom are reduced to one. This means that, in a two-phase system under these conditions, each different alloy phase will be associated with a gas phase of constant composition.

Jan 1, 1951

By Colleagues from Process and Operation departments, Guy Chevalier

"QCM's pellet plant, located in Port-Cartier, Quebec, produces up to 8.6 million tons of iron ore pellets annually. Four different types are produced: three for blast furnace operations and one for direct reduction furnaces. The paper presents the scientific approach that led to the installation of new process equipment to improve the reducibility of direct reduction pellets (DR pellet). The findings, the equipment selection and some post start-up modifications are presented.This low silica DR pellet is used in Midrex and HyL shaft furnaces. A good DR pellet has to meet strict chemical, physical and metallurgical specifications. An important metallurgical property is its ability to release oxygen when exposed to reducing gases. Considering that the market for DR pellets is expanding and being aware that reducibility is critical for our clients, a program to improve the latter was undertaken. Test work showed that one factor which has a negative effect on reducibility is the proportion of particles larger than 75 microns. Knowing that the best way to reduce the amount of coarse particles was to close our open grinding circuits, we began evaluating the most suitable classification equipment applicable to our process operations. We settled on hydro-classifiers based on their very sharp cut and their low operating costs. In light of the hydro-classifiers performance it was also decided to replace the hydro-cyclones of an already closed circuit.INTRODUCTIONAt the Québec Cartier Mining pellet plant, continuous improvement programs are aimed at increasing levels of consistency and improved chemical, physical and metallurgical properties. This is being accomplished while still maintaining pellet plant production volumes to satisfy market demands.QCM produces three types of pellets for blast furnace use: acid pellets, designated as ""BHF"", fluxed pellets, designated as ""BAF"", and low silica fluxed pellets, designated as ""BSA"". For direct reduction, a low silica acid pellet or DR pellet, designated as ""BBS"" is produced. This low silica DR pellet is used in Midrex and HyL shaft furnaces.The demand for DR pellets has been increasing during the last few years and is believed to continue so in the future. Wanting to be present in this growing market QCM found that it would be essential to work at improving its DR pellets quality. Efforts have been focused on improvements in three areas: SiO2 reduction, elimination of sticking and increasing reducibility. Improvement programs have begun with laboratory research followed by plant trials and full-scale implementation as a cooperative effort among QCM, COREM, and key customers."

Jan 1, 2002

By E. O. T. Simpson

"IntroductionAS COMPARED with coal mines in the United States, and even with some of those in eastern Canada, the coal mines of western Canada, generally speaking, :have made little progress toward mechanization at the working faces. So far as Vancouver island is concerned, there are three main reasons for this : ( 1 ) in some areas, conditions• easy for hand-loading but unsuitable for mechanical loading make high outputs per man •possible by the former method; (2) faulting of the coal seams in ..some areas precludes long-term planning and the introduction and efficient use of expensive equipment; (3) thinness •and other characteristics of the seams in many areas favour hand-loading.No. 8 MINENo. 8 mine of Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Limited, is located in the Cumberland sub-area of the Comox coalfield on Vancouver island about 90 miles west-northwest of Vancouver. The geological structure of this coalfield has been described by J. D. McKenzie. The seams occur in the Comox formation, a subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. The formation is of near-shore origin and was laid down on an irregular surface of' older rocks. The irregular generally have a northeasterly dip, modified by gentile folds and by a •few large, and a number of smaller, faults.Four seams have been worked in the Cumberland area and all vary in thickness and in the amount and number of interstratified bone and rock •bands."

Jan 1, 1953

By K. M. Murphy, M. B. Wittrup

ABSTRACT The Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment recognizes the importance of environmental protection as an important contributor to Saskatchewan’s economy, with the environmental performance of industry closely monitored. Unfortunately, environmental regulation is often accompanied by significant process that does not always add value to environmental protection activities. The Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment has embarked on a visionary restructuring of its regulatory framework from conventional command and control regulation to a results-based regulatory framework. This new regulatory framework will provide for establishing clear environmental protection and resource management objectives; streamlining the environmental acts and regulations; developing an environmental code of practice; relying on qualified persons; enhancing compliance and enforcement tools; eliminating of many permits; and developing greater certainty in environmental assessment decisions. Results-based regulation promises to deliver enhanced environmental protection with less process. The uranium industry in Saskatchewan will be used as an example of the potential effects of results-based regulation.

Jan 1, 2012