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By Larson. William

What is Lunar In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)? ISRU involves any hardware or operation that harnesses and utilizes ?in-situ? resources to create products and services for robotic and human exploration In-Situ Lunar Resources ???Natural? Lunar Resources ??Discarded Materials Lunar ISRU Products and Services ??Excavation, Site Preparation, and Outpost Deployment/Emplacement ??Mission Consumable Production ??Outpost Growth and Self-Sufficiency Benefits of ISRU ??Increased science and exploration hardware (instead of consumables) ??Increased safety, crew exploration time, and self-sufficiency ??Technology spin-in/spin-offs help recycling on Earth & space economy

May 1, 2009

By C E. Gordon Brown

Aircraft utilization, weather and cost data are given for three separate projects north of the sixtieth parallel in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon Territory. These operations, carried out by helicopter-equipped geological and prospecting parties, have cost $24 to $30 per square mile, depending principally on the distance from the base. They provide adequate surface exploration of areas with 40 to 50 per cent rock outcrop. A good one-inch-to-one-mile geological map can be made. T HE exploration of the Canadian northland has been given increasing attention by the mining industry during recent years. In many cases, the initial problem is to make an adequate reconnaissance of a large area where existing geological information is meagre. The Geological Survey of Canada pioneered the use of helicopter-equipped geological parties for mapping at a scale of eight miles to the inch.

Jan 1, 1964

By Desmond Y. M. Lee

This paper presents a procedure to prepare input for the computerized pit design system at Iron Ore Company of Canada. The procedure is simple and requires very little training. Also, it is general enough to accept both bench (horizontal cross section) maps and section (vertical cross section) maps. The output of this procedure is data which represent blocks of ore and waste with dollar values based on mineral content. The ultimate pit design is presented in printer-generated graphs, with numbers indicating the depths of pit bottom walls. Roads are added manually by the engineer with the aid of other computer programs. Section maps and bench maps are also printed as part of the output of the ultimate pit design.

Jan 1, 1978

By L. R. Wilkinson, W. J. Howarth, G. J. Wenk

Over a period of three years, a cooperative program in Australia has resulted in the development of radioisotope immersion probes for the on-stream analysis of mineral slurries. Two basic probe types are now available on a commercial basis - fluorescence and absorption probes - and within each type there are a number of variations so that optimum sensitivities can be obtained for elements with atomic number greater than titanium (22), thus covering most metals of interest to modern metallurgy.

Jan 1, 1973

By Karl J. C. Harries

13.1. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ROYALTY CONTRACTUAL ONLY1

Jan 1, 2003

By David R. Lentz

Abstract -At True Hill in southwestern New Brunswick, low-grade porphyry-style Bi-Sn-Mo greisen mineralization is associated with the cupola of an epizonal granite porphyry (granite) that also exhibits three episodes of brecciation. The first episode of brecciation is an in situ, 8 m to 10 m wide transitional zone of net-veined to coarse-grained "blocky" endogranitic mesobreccia that is chloritized and greisenized and hosts weak disseminated mineralization. ln a zone doser to the host rock­ granite contact, angular fine- to coarse-grained endogranitic mesobreccia with greisenized matrix is superimposed on the earlier transitional breccia. The latest episode is fault-controlled and consists of quartz- and chalcedony-hosted subangular to rounded fine-grained "pebble" mesobreccias that crosscut and brecciate the other breccia types, as well as the adjacent altered metasedimentary country rocks. The first two episodes of brecciation are magrnatic-hydrothermal in origin related to hydrofracturing of the granite carapace and are accompanied by greisenization and mineralization, whereas the post-mineralization, silica-hosted, "pebble" mesobreccias related to hydromagrnatic, low­ temperature fluid circulation and/or boiling along faults near the contact. These magmatic­ hydrothermal and hydromagmatic mesobreccias are similar to those associated with W-Mo-Bi porphyry-greisen mineralization at the Mount Pleasant deposit.

Jan 1, 1994

By Adam Chrzanowski, Eugene E. Derenyi, Peter Wilson

"The rapid growth of the mining industry in Canada necessitates a reevaluation of existing mining surveying techniques and the development of new methods. In this connection, the Department of Surveying Engineering at the University of New Brunswick initiated a research program, and the major points of investigation conducted to date are as follows: 1. Based on practical experience and theoretical studies, all factors influencing classical shaft-plumbing procedures were analyzed. Refined methods were developed to increase accuracy. 2. The performance of electronic and optical distance-measuring instruments in underground conditions were investigated. In this connection, test measurements were made in various mines, employing four types of Tellurometers, two models of Geodimeters and a proto-type optical range-finder. 3. Tests were conducted and methods developed for the mapping of large underground chambers by photo-grammetric means. The aforementioned points are discussed at some length in the paper. The authors have also indicated areas where further research is needed and suggested ways and means to improve and modernize mining surveying as a whole throughout Canada."

Jan 1, 1967

By B. W. Steele

"Dofasco began operations in 1912 as a steel foundry located in Hamilton, Ontario. Today, Dofasco is a fully integrated mill that manufactures hot rolled, cold rolled, galvanized and tinplate steels. Customers include the automotive, construction, tubular, manufacturing, appliance, packaging and steel ser-vice centre industries. Raw steel production and purchased semi-finished steel processed in1994 was 3.5 million net tonnes. Dofasco employs 7300 people at its Hamilton facility.Environmental management at Dofasco is guided by its environment policy and associated commitments. This paper discusses Dofasco’s responsibility for its products as it relates to these commitments. Dofasco is com-mitted to:n the principles of sustainable development that require that activities be conducted in a manner that provides for the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. These principles will be integrated into product design, manufacturing and business planning;n managing renewable and non-renewable resources through the responsible application of reduce, reuse, and recycle principles;n minimizing any potential impact of its operations and products on the environment, employees, customers and the community;n continuous improvement of the effectiveness and integrity of our environmental management systems;n developing understanding among all employees about their responsibilities, and assigning the necessary authority; andn meeting the standards set by relevant legislation and international agreements through participation with governments and the diligent application of economically feasible and scientifically sound methods and technologies."

Jan 1, 1996

By Ginger Gibson

As an occupational culture, mining comes with its own set of rules, agendas and values. Yet mines often also operate in the traditional territories of indigenous communities, with whom specific agreements are negotiated that commit to respect culture, economy and environment. Mines in these locations employ extremely diverse workforces whose value systems often come into conflict in on-the-job relationships. Adaptation of individual worker attitudes and industrial operating culture thus both need to occur if there is to be the negotiation of a workable relationship. This paper will discuss ways that NWT diamond mines have adapted to their workforce, to ensure that rights and cultures of their diverse workforce can be respected. Historically, the concept of culture has been dealt with solely through the forum of ?cross-cultural? workshops. Gibson presents a model of a new type of ?cultural-engagement? workshop based on the top ten cross-cultural conflicts that actually arise at a remote mine-site. This model helps managers, team leaders, and workers to tackle in-mine conflicts that arise based on differing value systems of aboriginal and non-aboriginal workers and management. In addition, Gibson suggests that the concept of culture must be more rigorously applied throughout the mine structure and not discussed only in the forum of the cross-cultural workshop.

May 1, 2007

By Ralph W. Edie

"IntroductionTHIS PAPER presents some analyses of diabases from a number of metallogenic provinces in Canada and the United States. It is intended as a contribution to the literature on the genesis of mineral deposits associated with diabase.As it has been in the past, opinion today on the origin of the cobaltnickel- native silver and associated pitchblende type of deposit is sharply divided. Some geologists hold that this type of deposit is in some way genetically related to intrusive diabase; others are of the opinion that the deposits are related to granite. The controversy, like others of a similar nature, probably will not be settled satisfactorily for many years to come, •but in the meantime it is recognized that, with respect to most deposits of the type referred to, altogether too few facts are known for accurate conclusions on genesis to be drawn. To contribute in a small way to factual data on this whole .problem, the writer analyzed diabase from several districts in Canada in which deposits of the aforementioned type occur. For comparative purposes, the copper, cobalt, and nickel content of diabase from Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and of norite from the Sudbury basin of Ontario, was also determined.Insofar as is known, none of the analytical work undertaken had been previously carried out."

Jan 1, 1953

By G. F. Liu, S. Owada

Platinum Group Metals (PGMs), Pt, Pd, Rh, have been widely used as a three-way catalyst to clean discharged gas from automobiles and therefore a considerable amount of the spent catalysts is generated annually. This paper proposes a novel concentration technology of PGMs by utilizing the double-deck structure of PGM bearing alumina-ceria and cordierite phases. The applied technologies are a combination of heating-quenching, selective grinding and screening for separating alumina-ceria phase from cordierite. Temperature change as a function of quenching time and the thermal stresses applied to both phases were simulated and calculated by FEM, and it was clarified the mechanism of micro-cracks generation at the phase boundary and micro-cracks in alumina-ceria phase, which indicated that separation of alumina-ceria phase from cordierite and selective breakage of alumina-ceria phase could be achieved in the subsequent selective grinding with an attritor. This process could concentrate 46 wt% of alumina-ceria phase into fine fractions with 86 % recovery efficiency. The remaining alumina-ceria phase can be further recovered by applying flotation and so on.

Jan 1, 2015

By W. B. Boggs

A paper describing the Noranda smelter was presented at the 1930 annual meeting of the Institute (1). A lacer article appeared in the Trans-actions of the A.I.M.&M.E. in 1933. Since that time there have been many changes and improvements in plant operation and it is the abject of this paper to give an account of developments up to the beginning of 1939. The Noranda smelter was built originally for a capacity of 30,000 tons a month. At present, the average tonnage being treated is 110,000 tons a month, the tonnage of custom ores alone amounting to almost the total rated capacity of the original plant. This increase has been accomplished by increasing the capacity of the reverberatory furnaces from 700 tons of solid charge per furnace day in 1928 to 1,500 tons per day at the present time. In 1935, it appeared chat the limit of furnace capacity had been reached at about 1,300 tons of charge per day because of the short life of the sprung silica arches. However, the adoption of the suspended magnesite roof, which had been developed at the Flin Flou smelter of the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, overcame this difficulty and it is believed that the limit of the capacity of the present reverberarory furnaces has not been reached. A brief account of the changes to equipment in the various departments will be given, followed by a description of the more important features of present smelter practice.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. Mueller, M. Rocheleau, E. Dimroth

The paleogeographic evolution of the Abitibi Belt is subdivided into three phases, namely: 1) a phase of the growth of a submarine volcanic chain, 2) a phase of the emergence and growth of volcanic islands and 3) a phase of uplif t and erosion of volcanic islands. Isostatic calculations suggest that the volcanic sequence in the south of the Abitibi Belt rests on oceanic basement or on the mantle; the volcanic sequence in the north of the belt rests on about 13-14 km of tonalitic basement. 10-15 km of plutonic material accreted to the volcanic islands during paleogeographic phases 1 and 2, and caused the uplif t during paleogeographic phase 3.

Jan 1, 1984

By Trygve Høy

"Important stratabound lead-zinc deposits in southeastern B. C. occur in rocks that range in age from Proterozoic Helikian to Middle Cambrian. The Sullivan deposit, and similar but smaller deposits in the Sullivan area are the only important deposits that occur in clastic rocks with little carbonate content. The highly deformed and metamorphosed Shuswap deposits, of probable Hadrynian to Helikian age, are in mixed marble, calc-silicate gneiss and pelitic schist assemblages, rocks transitional between clastics and carbonates. Deposits in younger rocks, such as the Kootenay Arc deposits in the Lower Cambrian Badshot-Reeves Formation and the Monarch -Kicking Horse deposits in Middle Cambrian dolomite, are hosted by platformal carbonate rocks.An important regional control for the distribution of deposits appears to be a northeast-trending tectonic zone that crosses the Rocky Mountains and the Purcell Mountains just south of the Sullivan area, and projects southwestward toward the Salmo camp at the southern end of the Kootenay Arc. Pronounced northeast-trending gravity and magnetic anomalies, basic volcanism of Hadrynian age (the Irene volcanics west of Creston) and a preferred alignment of Mesozoic granitic rocks indicates that the zone coincides with deep crustal structures. Within the zone are dramatic and abrupt thickness and facies changes in Hadrynian Windermere rocks and lower Paleozoic rocks, and on the east side of the Rocky Mountain Trench in Helikian Purcell Supergroup rocks, indicating that block-faulting was active intermittently within the zone from Helikian through to lower Paleozoic time. Right-lateral and reverse movements occurred on northeast-trending tear faults within the zone in Mesozoic time."

Jan 1, 1982

By Peter A. Amelunxen, Richard LaDouceur, Courtney A. Young

"Many of the rare earth elements, the lanthanide series on the periodic table, are on the U.S. Department of Defense Strategic and Critical Materials list. In this regard, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has funded several projects at Montana Tech focusing on rare earth element recovery from natural resources. Current froth flotation operations utilize octyl hydroxamate for rare earth mineral extraction, however recovery is not ideal and flotation performance can be improved. Salicylhydroxamic acid (C7H7NO3) was identified as a novel collector due to similarities with n-octyl hydroxamate, notably the amine head group. Salicylhydroxamic acid is primarily used in the medical industry but due to the amine head group is ideally suited as a collector for rare earth mineral flotation.Parametric studies were performed for the flotation of rare earth minerals by modifying a wide range of variables. Mechanical variables of a 6L bench scale flotation cell, such as air inlet flow, rotor speed, and milling time for liberation were modified to elucidate energy input parameters for the desired minerals. Chemical parameters such as collector concentration and pH were varied to understand solution chemistry considerations of the salicylhydroxamic-rare earth mineral system. The study obtained a statistically significant experimental model for the flotation of rare earth minerals. A two stage compartmental model was also utilized for the determination of the first order flotation rate constants for each mineral. Optimized recovery of rare earth minerals was found to occur at near neutral pH ranges using salicylhydroxamic acid with maximum recoveries approaching ideal industrial standards although rare earth mineral grades were still not sufficient.INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements (REEs) are found in minerals that contain several REE which makes costeffective separation of the rare earths difficult. Significant scientific challenges have hindered mineral separation. The molecular similarity of rare earth elements results in minerals containing several REEs, such as bastnaesite [(Ce, La) CO3F]. This prevents efficient separation during concentration steps, for instance flotation, and has a direct impact on successive metallurgical processes. Consequently, concentration during flotation is of rare earth minerals (REM) as opposed to REE."

Jan 1, 2016

By S. P. Singh

"The geological features of a rock mass have a direct influence on its blasting characteristics. It has been observed that perimeter control techniques provide excellent results in massive crystalline formations but may give poor results in weak and or highly jointed formations.A field study was conducted with the objective of understanding the role played by the geological features of a rock mass in producing and controlling blast damage. The field work involved the assessment of blast damage at several operating mines and the blasting of drift rounds in a geologically dominant rock mass.The effect of rock strength, rock quality designation (RQD), joint parameters and hydrogeological conditions on blast damage is described below. The influence of number and thickness of weak layers on blast damage is also discussed below on the basis of quantitative data. In addition, critical particle velocity ranges for damage to different rock types have also been outlined in this paper."

Jan 1, 2001

By C. J. Hartley

"Scandium oxide can be recovered as a by-product from process streams in a number of chemical and metallurgical plants including TiO2 sulphate pigment, Ni/Co laterite, zirconium oxychloride and uranium operations. The feed materials available for processing can be either mid or end of process streams containing many species in solution. This paper describes the strategies available to limit coextraction of elements into scandium containing streams from TiO2 pigment production and the removal of these elements to deliver high purity scandium oxide.A critical part of process development is to work within the constraints of the main process in terms of introducing new unit processes and producing minimal additional process intermediates and residues. This requires flexibility in designing flowsheets and plants to find novel process routes that avoid production of intermediates and/or the introduction of reagents that can compromise the main process operations.Bloom Energy has developed novel solvent extraction processes for the extraction and refining of scandium oxide that minimise impacts on core process streams within TiO2 pigment plants. The additional unit processes are designed to have minimal contact with pigment plant process streams to produce a concentrate that is refined to nominal 3N purity scandium oxide in a simple, small scale commercial plant."

Jan 1, 2016

By Peter McGoldrick

This Talk ?Australian deposits in world context ?Geological setting: the importance of the basin fill ?Key deposit features using HYC (McArthur River) and Century as examples ?The difference between Aussies & Canuuks(that is between Australian & Canadian sedexdeposits!) ?Timing of mineralization ?Sources for metals and ore fluids ?What makes a super giant sedexdeposit?

May 1, 2006

By L O. Montpetit

The economics of the asbestos mining industry of Canada, and the physical and chemical characteristics of asbestos fibre, as well as exploration, mining, milling and quality control methods, have been described by several authors in the past few years. The scope of this presentation is to survey the application of asbestos fibres in the major product groups of the construction industry in North America. Principal categories considered include flooring materials, asbestos-cement pipes and building products, high-temperature insulation, textiles, saturated asbestos felts and asphalt com pounds. During 1962, the asbestos mining industry of Canada produced an estimated 1.3 million tons of chrysotile fibre grades, and production capacity is expanding. The market demand for chrysotile fibre, on this continent, has been in the order of 50 per cent of the production volume. The asbestos industry is dependent for growth on the construction industry. Product research is active in finding new uses for asbestos fibre; some of the new developments are presented, including the use of short-fibre asbestos grades for extending the life of asphalt pavement.

Jan 1, 1963

By P. M. Dranchuk

"""PLANET EARTH seen from space appears as a fragile and limited life-supporting system in a vast emptiness. That such a view is, in fact, an accurate one is now more widely accepted than it was not long ago, before Earth's problems of over-population, overconsumption, limited resources and environmental degradation attained the limelight. The danger is that a government and public now deluged by doomsday prophecies and bemused by equally confident reiterations that technology will cure all may hesitate in coming to grips with the problem, in the hope that, given time, it will go away."" With these words, Preston Cloud begins a recent editorial, in Science(l), in which he presents a brief resume of some of the findings of the Committee on Resources and Man of the National Academy of Science-National Research Council(20.Their report, which is based on a two-year study by an extremely competent group and consists of some 250 pages of text, is even more far-reaching and sobering than the report on Energy Resources(3). It begins by quoting Sir Macfarlane Burnet as follows:""There are three imperatives: to reduce war to a minimum; to stabilize human population, and to pre-vent the progressive destruction of the earth's irreplaceable resources.(4)"

Jan 1, 1971