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By Rossiter Raymond

This regiment, originally known as the First Engineer Reserve, will be remembered as the one recruited in New York City through the efforts of the Joint Military Committee of the National Engineering Societies. It was sent to England in August, 1917, and, after a few clays, forwarded to France and attached for immediate service to the British Expeditionary Force, without any opportunity for further field-training. This circumstance has led in some quarters to the impression that the regiment was one of engineers and mechanics merely, and had never been drilled under arms; whereas, in fact, it had received such instruction at Fort Totten for some time previous to its embarkation. It is true that in the famous affair of the German counter-attack after Byng's victory near Cambrai, the men of the Eleventh Engineers fought with pick-axes and tools, as well as with rifles borrowed from dead or wounded soldiers; but that was because they had left their own arms in camp, while doing the railroad-building work to which they had been detailed. The accomplishment of that work is really more remarkable than the behavior of the men under a German surprise-attack. It was before that counter-attack, and immediately after Byng's advance, that Field-Marshal Haig issued his despatch, announcing that the engineers deserved as much credit for that victory as the infantry, having performed miracles in keeping the railway transportation up to the fighting line. Indeed, the subsequent scrimmage, of which so much has been said, was ?Date possible only by the extraordinary position of the engineers at the very front, instead of in the rear, as might have been expected of them. A letter recently received from an officer of the regiment says: We have only recently been receiving the New York papers of early December, in which our regiment seems to have received much favorable mention. The stories were, in the main, true. Our men behaved themselves creditably, and certain of the officers received special mention for valor. Two of our 2d lieutenants were pro-moted to 1st lieutenant rank by special orders of General Pershing for "gallant con-duct in action," and about four others would have been decorated by the British,

Jan 4, 1918

Lucien Eaton, Ishpeming, Mich. (communication to the Secretary *):—I began to use water Leyner drills at the Cliffs Shaft mine at Ishpeming, Mich., over four years ago, and now have over 20 in use. The ore in this mine is hard specular hematite, and is mined by the room-and-pillar system, the rooms being driven as breast stopes. For many years only 3 1/4-in. piston drills were used in the mine, each machine ordinarily being able to drill from 15 to 25 ft. of holes in a shift. In the hardest ground, however, it was often, impossible to drill more than 2 or 3 ft. in a shift. When water Leyner drills were used the footage drilled was materially increased, especially in the hardest ground, but it was found that in very hard ground the breakage of machine parts, and especially of drill steel, was very high. At this time round steel with lugs forged on the shanks was used, and most of the breakage occurred at or near the lugs. Many experiments were made in an endeavor to overcome this breakage, and it was finally decided to do away with the lugs altogether, and use hexagonal steel. Accordingly I designed a chuck to use hexagonal steel without luge, a tappet being interposed between the hammer and the shank of the' drill steel. The design of this chuck of the proper size for the No. 18 Ingersoll-Leyner drill is shown in Fig. I. The different parts are also shown photographed in Fig. 2. A is the barrel of the chuck, which revolves inside the front head. It is made of machinery steel. B is the bushing which screws into the front end of the barrel A, and in which the drill steel fits loosely. This is turned down from a steel casting, the hexagonal hole being cast and then broached out to the proper size. It is case hardened inside. C is the tappet, which fits smoothly inside A just behind the bushing B. It is made of " N " temper Crescent tool steel and is carefully tempered. D is the tappet ring, which prevents the tappet from being pushed back too far by the

Jan 1, 1914

By C. Baldwin Sawyer

J. S. Vanick,* Washington, D. C. (written discussion).—To those who have been confronted with the study of the gas-metal reactions, this paper is a most welcome contribution. My personal interest in work bearing upon this general problem, stimulated by an appreciation of the difficulties inherent to problems of this type, prompts a few words of discussion. Table 2 of the paper shows a gradual increase in the nitrogen content with an increase in pressure, and an interpretation follows in which nitrogcn is used as the compressed medium when the conditions admit that cyanogen gas could be active as a contaminating ingredient. Fusions of electrolytic iron made in the induction furnace in an atmosphere of deoxidized nitrogen and out of contact with contaminating materials have shown no microscopic evidence of -a nitrogen increase; using a refractory-lined graphite crucible in the furnace under the same conditions or admitting air often resulted in the occurrence of nitride needles in the solidified melt. These results suggested that a nitrogenous compound served as a vehicle for the introduction of nitrogen and that such compound was not available when the pure gas and carbon-free refractory were used. The fusion of pure iron in pure nitrogen is perhaps a matter of theoretical interest. The author's work serves a more practical purpose when applied to steels rather than iron. Table 2 reports the absence of nitride needles in melts made under pressure of one atmosphere, although the quantity of nitrogen present would seem to exceed microscopically detectable percentages. In some recent work29 on carburized iron, nitride needles have been observed in areas analyzing as low as 0.015 per cent. nitrogen. This low percentage of nitrogen would indicate that the solubility limit is less than 0.030 per cent. for hypoeutectoid steels. There is the possibility that the areas of pearlite which exist in a hypoeutectoid steel restrict the distribution of nitrogen and limit its presence to the ferritie fields. In view of this work and the references quoted by the author, I am led to expect that the value for the solubility of nitrogen in solidified iron may approach

Jan 1, 1924

By Bryon W. Cheever

The greatest objection to be brought against the present methods for estimating phosphorus in iron and steel, is the time consumed in the operation. The following method, originated and perfected by Mr. E. D. Campbell, assistant in the chemical laboratory of the University of Michigan, will, 1 think, if carefully followed out, give results that are sufficiently accurate for technical purposes, and will give them in less time than they can be obtained by any other process. The process consists in comparing the color obtained by the action of stannous chloride upon a solution of the phospho-molybdate precipitate obtained from the solution of iron or steel, with that obtained from a standard solution of molybdie acid which represents a given amount of phosphorus. The operation is as follows : Take of ordinary steel 1 grm. and treat as in any of the wellknown processes until the phosphorus is precipitated as ammoniumphospho-molybdate. When precipitated, the phospho-molybdate precipitate is filtered out, thoroughly washed with an acid solution of ammonium nitrate, and, finally, twice with water, to remove most of the ammonium nitrate. The precipitate is then dissolved in about 1 c. c. of 10 per cent. potassium hydrate, which is let fall drop by drop on the filter till the precipitate is dissolved ; the filter is now washed with about 25 or 30 c. c. of water, and the potassium hydrate solution, which now consists of 25-32 c. c. of solution, is boiled until the peculiar frothy appearance, which first appears on boiling, is entirely gone. The solution is then cooled until perfectly cold, and about 10 or 15 c. c. of strong hydrochloric acid added ; if the solution is kept cold this will form no precipitate, but a light yellow or colorless solution. The solution is now ready for the addition of stannous chloride, and the subsequent comparison of color produced with that obtained from the standard molybdie acid. The comparison is made in tubes that are calibrated like carbon-tubes, but which are larger, about 5/8-inch bore, and graduated to 100 c. c.; this makes them about 18 inches long. To make the comparison of color, first transfer the now acid solu

Jan 1, 1886

By V. C. P. Morfopoulos, N. Arbiter

Theoretical and experimental studies of the interactions of mineral particles with electrical fields of cylindrical symmetry have been made. Theoretically, an expression relating field gradient and intensity to the force experienced by a dielectric particle was derived in a manner paralleling the magnetic analog. Pauthenier's and Cohen's expressions were considered in the evaluation of coulombic forces. Comparison of dielectric and coulombic interactions of minerals exhibiting a wide difference in dielectric susceptibility revealed the potential significance of dielectric forces in a field of appropriate characteristics. Experimentally, apparatus was designed for the study of forces experienced by a single stationary particle in an electrostatic field. This permitted the separate and precise measurement of dielectric interactions in the field. The experimental results were in good agreement with the theory and with relevant published data. Dielectric forces were found of comparable magnitude with coulombic in the presence of an adequate field gradient. Prolonged exposure of minerals to an inhomogeneous field was found to enhance the dielectric response. Dielectric inter- actions properly employed may thus be important in electrostatic concentration techniques. Conventional electrostatic separation techniques employ forces between charged particles and field electrodes to establish the trajectories which effect separation. Uncharged mineral aggregates, although unaffected by homogeneous electrical fields, should respond to fields exhibiting appropriate orientation and electrical gradients. The purpose of this paper is to establish the theoretical and experimental base for the comparison of the forces due to dielectric-field interactions with those of electrostatic origin. Apparatus and techniques developed for the determination of dielectric interactions are described and data on the dielectric forces experienced by stationary particles in cylindrical fields are reported. Finally, a quantitative comparison of dielectric and electrostatic forces is given. THEORY Dielectric Forces: When dielectric particles, minerals for example, are placed in an inhomogeneous field they experience interactions that give rise to substantial dielectric forces.' The latter were shown proportional to the intensity of the field, the potential gradient, the size of the particles and the dielectric permittivity difference between the particles and the medium. The properties of the inhomogeneous field, E, and the magnitude of the gradient, dE/dl, depend on the geometry of the system in question.

Jan 1, 1965

By Fred P. Peters

T. D. Yensen.*—As my information is of a negative nature, I think it belongs under this paper. We are particularly interested in magnetic materials and we would like very much on occasions to make use of powder metallurgy. We have tried repeatedly to use powder metallurgy in preparing our nickel alloys but always. with negative results; that is, we cannot get as good magnetic properties by powder metallurgy as we can by starting with a molten material. We have tried by all possible means to make materials' like 50 per cent iron-nickel alloys by powder metallurgy. The compacts can be regularly lorged and rolled but no matter what we do in the way of annealing, the magnetic properties come out very much poorer than if we start with molten material. F. V. Lenel. †—I want to mention one characteristic of articles made from metal powders which distinguishes them from die castings; that is, their wear resistance. Die castings usually are made from zinc or aluminum alloys and a few copper-zinc alloys; all of them are comparatively soft and not very wear resistant. I know of a number of cases where powder metallurgy rather than the die-casting method was used for producing a certain part because higher wear resistance was needed than could be attained in die castings. A, J. LanghammeR.*—The subject of powder metallurgy is somewhat difficult to discuss, and portray, in the time that his been allotted. Most of you would rightly be bored if we went into details. However, I will cite one incident that possibly will help illustrate some of the potentials. Last summer I was in Washington and met Navy officials for the purpose of studying the possibility of making a certain part by powder metallurgy. The part is highly intricate and I happened to remark that the material cost would be high; that is, the cost on one raw material. Promptly a high-ranking Navy officer said: "Mr. Langhammer, if you must pay x dollars a pound for the raw material, but achieve the desired results, the cost of the finished part would still be low."

Jan 1, 1945

By W. T. Turrall, D. Porter

The paper describes a machine developed for the purpose of concentrating clear optical grade fluorspar crystal from a feed material containing less than 1 pct impurities. The principle of concentration is based on the fact that in a liquid having an index of refraction equal to that of fluorite (n — 1.434) clear crystals are invisible, whereas crystals containing occluded impurities absorb a part of the light. As the crystals pass through a light beam, undesired crystals give themselves away by creating a shadow on a photoelectric receiver. .The shadow is converted by the photoelectric cell into an electric pulse. An electronic circuit amplifies this pulse and commands the operation of a mechanical concentrator. Hp HE crystal laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Massa--*- chusetts lnstitute of Technology, was confronted with the problem of obtaining a supply of optical grade calcium fluoride (CaF,) for use in growing synthetic CaF, crystals. A search of the known fluorspar deposits did not indicate that any quantity of optical spar could be obtained. Even the best material had to be sorted by hand to remove impurities. The process for growing CaF, crystals developed by Professor D. C. Stockbarger of the Dept. of Physics, M.I.T., necessitates very pure feed materials. Exclusion of impurities is required, even in amounts detectable only spectrographically. The impurities occurred as minute inclusions of SiO,, BaSO,, CaCO,, FeS2, water or air. Crystals up to 4 in. in diam and weighing several pounds are made by the Harshaw Chemical Co. in Cleveland. Since the time required to grow a 4-in. crystal is about one week, and since the cost of manufacture is high, removal of impurities by any concentration method appeared practical. The mineral engineering section of the Dept. of Metallurgy undertook to investigate the possibility of concentrating clear optical fluorspar, —4 mesh + 10 mesh, from a feed containing over 99 pct CaF,. Various innovations of the known methods of concentration were considered, but in each case the minute amount of impurities associated with the crystal produced such extremely small differences

Jan 1, 1953

By H. W. Kerr, B. Soutiere

THE possibility of using unidirectionally solidified eutectic alloys as high-strength composite materials has been investigated by several workers. Unidirectionally solidified lamellar and fibrous eutectics have been shown to have good short-time structural stability at temperatures close to the eutectic melting temperature.'-4 Several investigations of both short-time high temperature tensile properties and creep properties of eutectic alloys have been carried out,3-" with promising results. Little work has been reported, however, on the thermal stability of eutectic alloys which have been unidirectionally solidified and subsequently deformed in compression. Since processes such as rolling and grinding introduce compressive stresses, and since the properties depend on the spacing and perfection of the composite structure10,11 this aspect is of definite importance if unidirectionally solidified eutectic alloys are to be considered for commercial use. A Cd-Zn alloy made from 99.999 pct starting materials was cast into a graphite boat and zone levelled12 to obtain a completely lamellar structure at one end of the bar. Sections from this region of the bar were removed, recast into 6.5 mm I.D. Pyrex tubing, and solidified unidirectionally upwards at a rate of 2.8 cm per hr. Specimens were cut from the solidified rods, heated in air at 200°C (0.88 of the eutectic melting temperature) for various lengths of time, and examined metal-lographically. Compression specimens were also cut from the solidified rod carefully machined to a length of & in., and deformed with the compressive axis parallel to the original growth axis to produce a total longitudinal strain of 12 pct. Some of these specimens were examined metallographically; others were heated in air at 200°C for various lengths of time and then examined. Metallographic examination of the deformed specimens showed the two types of deformation previously described; slip lines13 (smoothly bent lamellae) and kinks13,14 (sharply bent lamellae). Very close to the specimen ends there were a large number of deformation bands, but at a distance of about -re- in. the deformation was very localized, as shown in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. T. Turrall, D. Porter

The paper describes a machine developed for the purpose of concentrating clear optical grade fluorspar crystal from a feed material containing less than 1 pct impurities. The principle of concentration is based on the fact that in a liquid having an index of refraction equal to that of fluorite (n — 1.434) clear crystals are invisible, whereas crystals containing occluded impurities absorb a part of the light. As the crystals pass through a light beam, undesired crystals give themselves away by creating a shadow on a photoelectric receiver. .The shadow is converted by the photoelectric cell into an electric pulse. An electronic circuit amplifies this pulse and commands the operation of a mechanical concentrator. Hp HE crystal laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Massa--*- chusetts lnstitute of Technology, was confronted with the problem of obtaining a supply of optical grade calcium fluoride (CaF,) for use in growing synthetic CaF, crystals. A search of the known fluorspar deposits did not indicate that any quantity of optical spar could be obtained. Even the best material had to be sorted by hand to remove impurities. The process for growing CaF, crystals developed by Professor D. C. Stockbarger of the Dept. of Physics, M.I.T., necessitates very pure feed materials. Exclusion of impurities is required, even in amounts detectable only spectrographically. The impurities occurred as minute inclusions of SiO,, BaSO,, CaCO,, FeS2, water or air. Crystals up to 4 in. in diam and weighing several pounds are made by the Harshaw Chemical Co. in Cleveland. Since the time required to grow a 4-in. crystal is about one week, and since the cost of manufacture is high, removal of impurities by any concentration method appeared practical. The mineral engineering section of the Dept. of Metallurgy undertook to investigate the possibility of concentrating clear optical fluorspar, —4 mesh + 10 mesh, from a feed containing over 99 pct CaF,. Various innovations of the known methods of concentration were considered, but in each case the minute amount of impurities associated with the crystal produced such extremely small differences

Jan 1, 1953

By A. H. Taitt

During 1938, the exploratory drilling by the D'Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd., subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd., was continued. The original basis of the search for oil and results to the end of 1937 have already been described.' During 1938 two further wells were drilled in the south, making a total of five wells completed in that part of England. Test wells were also commenced in the Midlands, East Yorkshire and Scotland, where one well, which proved natural gas, was completed during the year. Southern England.—The test well at Kingsclere, in Hampshire, which at the end of 1937 had reached a depth of 5032 ft. in the Lower Lias, entered the Trias at 5060 ft. and was abandoned in that formation at a depth of 5125 ft. A shallow test well was also drilled near Pevensey, in Sussex, to test the lower horizons of the Wealden series and the Purbeck and Portland beds. Traces of oil were encountered in the Wealden series but no production was obtained and the well was abandoned at a depth of 842 ft. in the Kimeridge clay, which underlies the Portland beds. A geological borehole was begun north of Lulworth in Dorset, where the outcropping Wealden series, Lower Cretaceous, is strongly impregnated with oil, to determine whether a more pronounced pre-Albian anticline underlies the very gentle arch of the unconformable Upper Cretaceous. Drilling is not yet completed. Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire ad Yorkshire.—Geophysical investigations were continued in the eastern part of England where the structural conditions of the Carboniferous rocks are concealed by an unconformable blanket of Permian and younger sediments. Seismic methods failed to confirm the structural picture obtained by the previous gravity traverses, but confirmation of a structure near Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, which was suspected on evidence from colliery workings, was obtained. A location was made for a test well on this structure. Eskdale No. 1, begun on the Eskdale pericline near Whitby, in Yorkshire, to test the magnesian limestone of Permian age, was abandoned at a depth of 2486 ft. in the Trias after protracted fishing operations. A

Jan 1, 1939

By A. H. Taitt

During 1938, the exploratory drilling by the D'Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd., subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd., was continued. The original basis of the search for oil and results to the end of 1937 have already been described.' During 1938 two further wells were drilled in the south, making a total of five wells completed in that part of England. Test wells were also commenced in the Midlands, East Yorkshire and Scotland, where one well, which proved natural gas, was completed during the year. Southern England.—The test well at Kingsclere, in Hampshire, which at the end of 1937 had reached a depth of 5032 ft. in the Lower Lias, entered the Trias at 5060 ft. and was abandoned in that formation at a depth of 5125 ft. A shallow test well was also drilled near Pevensey, in Sussex, to test the lower horizons of the Wealden series and the Purbeck and Portland beds. Traces of oil were encountered in the Wealden series but no production was obtained and the well was abandoned at a depth of 842 ft. in the Kimeridge clay, which underlies the Portland beds. A geological borehole was begun north of Lulworth in Dorset, where the outcropping Wealden series, Lower Cretaceous, is strongly impregnated with oil, to determine whether a more pronounced pre-Albian anticline underlies the very gentle arch of the unconformable Upper Cretaceous. Drilling is not yet completed. Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire ad Yorkshire.—Geophysical investigations were continued in the eastern part of England where the structural conditions of the Carboniferous rocks are concealed by an unconformable blanket of Permian and younger sediments. Seismic methods failed to confirm the structural picture obtained by the previous gravity traverses, but confirmation of a structure near Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, which was suspected on evidence from colliery workings, was obtained. A location was made for a test well on this structure. Eskdale No. 1, begun on the Eskdale pericline near Whitby, in Yorkshire, to test the magnesian limestone of Permian age, was abandoned at a depth of 2486 ft. in the Trias after protracted fishing operations. A

Jan 1, 1939

F. WEIMER,* Washington, D. C. (written discussiont).-For electrical measuring instruments, especially those types that involve the Wheat-stone bridge or potentiometer principle and standards of electrical resist-ance, there has been, for a considerable time, a need for better resistance materials. For a satisfactory resistance material, much depends on the purposes for which it is to be used. For potentiometers and Wheatstone bridges, such as are in more or less general use, and the more common forms of resistance standards, a good quality of manganin answers fairly well. However, it should not be presumed that manganin is considered ideal for the purpose, for in measuring instruments and resistance stand-ards, there is still much to be desired. An experience of more than 10 years in the study of the resistance standards and resistance apparatus shows that manganin resistances change with time in a way that is very annoying and the maintenance of the unit of resistance to the desired accuracy requires an excessive amount of work or may be said to be prac-tically impossible. The changes in resistance are generally most rapid and erratic in resistances of very low and very high values. In resist-ances of low value, the resistance material is often in the form of thin sheets so that the surface is large and usually more or less unprotected from the atmosphere, or the oil in. the case of oil-immersed standards. In resistances of high value, the resistance material is in the form of fine wire and, therefore, the surface is large compared with the cross-section. In resistances of medium value, the surface is less, compared with the cross-section, or better protected, usually by a silk wrapping impregnated with shellac. This suggests that one of the difficulties with manganin is slow surface action or oxidation, even when an effort has been made to protect the surface from such action However, the changes observed cannot all be accounted for on this basis. There are, presumably, also some internal changes in the resistance material even when it has been annealed. Further; the changes in manganin resistances seem to be more or less independent of its electrical properties. In other respects, too, manganin is not ideal.

Jan 11, 1919

By A. H. Taitt

The original basis for the search for oil in Great Britain was described last year.t During 1937 the exploratory drilling by the D'Arcy Exploration Company, Ltd. has been continued. Three wells have been completed in the south of England and a fourth is nearing completion. In addition, test wells are now being drilled in Scotland and East Yorkshire. Southern England The test well on the Portsdown structure, which at the end of 1936 was drilling in the Lower Lias at 5792 ft., entered the Triassic at 6540 ft. and was completed in that formation at a depth of 6556 ft., without encountering further indications of petroleum. The Henfield well encountered the Lias at a depth of approximately 4090 ft., and after drilling 800 ft. of an argillaceous development of that formation entered a series of marls, breccias and conglomeratic limestones of the Carboniferous. Drilling was suspended at a depth of 5105 ft., in the latter formation. The consistently impermeable nature of the strata encountered in the Portsdown and Henfield test wells focused attention on the desirability of obtaining shore-line conditions of the Jurassic. With this end in view the Kingsclere anticline, a few miles south of Newbury in Berkshire, was selected for a next test. The Kingsclere well has now reached a depth of 5032 ft. in the Lower Lias and has encountered a full development of the Jurassic. With the exception of the Portland sand, which has a slightly greater porosity, and the Corallian, in which relatively great thicknesses of impervious limestone were met, conditions of sedimentation have been found to be comparable with those of the earlier wells. Small traces of petroleum have been found in cuttings and cores, but formation tests carried out at frequent intervals have yielded no flow of oil. In order to test the Corallian, from which series an outcropping oil sand had been found, a test well was drilled in a near-by anticline at Poxwell in Dorset. The Poxwell well started in the Portland beds and entered the Corallian at 995 ft. The sands at the horizon of the out-

Jan 1, 1938

T. R. HARRISON, Washington, D. C. (written discussion). *-Mr. Kowalke shows that a high resistance millivoltmeter is subject to smaller errors, due to change in resistance of the thermocouple to which it is attached, than is a low-resistance instrument. He uses as examples instruments having resistances of 30 and 2 ohms, respectively. At the Bureau of Standards, resistances above 300 ohms would be considered high and 30 ohms rather low. In the tests on calorized-iron thermocouples, a difference between the first and third calibrations of the couples serves to show changes due to the intermediate heat treatment and only under certain conditions would changes in calibrations due to changes in the wire be detected by ,a recalibration after 1 1/2 in. had been cut from the hot-junction end of the couple and the ends rewelded. The calibration of a couple depends only on the thermoelectric prop-erties of that part of the couple which lies within the region of non-uniform temperature, i.e., the temperature gradient; hence, so long as the temperature gradient falls along wires of similar thermoelectric properties no change in the electromotive force is produced by altering the metals of those parts of the circuit that are at uniform temperature. Usually at the cold-junction end of the circuit, copper leads, brass binding posts, manganin resistance coils, and various other materials form part of the circuit, but so long as all are at a uniform temperature (or if for each junction between unlike metals there is a similar opposing junction at the same temperature) no resultant thermoelectromotive force will be produced thereby. Likewise, if a length of several inches at the hot-junction end of the couple is at uniform temperature, it matters not if this section is unlike other parts of the couple, so long as there is good metallic connection and no source of e.m.f. other than thermoelectric is present. Cutting off part of the hot end of the couple within such a region of uni-form temperature would not alter the e.m.f. of the couple.

Jan 12, 1919

Marius R. Campbell, Washington, D. C. (Communication to the Secretary): Having spent considerable time in a systematic study of this field,'both as regards the details of its structure and stratigraphy and the broader question of its relation to the Appalachian basin, I wish to add a word concerning the correlations made by Mr. Hodge in his paper. From A commercial standpoint, the question of correlation, even along the strike, is of little or no importance, for the variability is such that each opening should be tested individually, regardless of the horizon at which it appears; but these correlations assume an entirely different aspect when their scientific bearing is considered; they then become of vital importance, and, before being accepted, should be subjected to the most rigid scrutiny and severe tests. Mr. Hedge states positively that the Imboden seam of coal is equivalent to the Elkhorn coal of Pike and Letcher counties, Kentucky. In the writer's opinion, such equivalency is, at the utmost, only a possibility. This correlation has been generally adopted by the geologists of the Kentucky Geological Survey, but the writer has been unable to find on what grounds they base the statement. The evidence of identity seems to be in the character of the coal, as both seams furnish fine coking coal; also, in the similarity of the interval between them aid the " Bee Rock," or top of the great conglomerate. It is probably an easy matter to determine the thickness of this interval on Elkhorn creek, and we will assume that the measure of 300 to 350 feet is correct. In the Big Stone Gap field, the question of measuring the interval between the Imboden and the " Bee Rock " is exceedingly difficult. The line of outcrop of this mass of strata is along the northern base of Stone mountain, and, in the uprising of the great arch, the strata on its flanks have been thrown into many minor folds, and, in places, have been broken by local faults. This complicated structure, together with the absence of ally well-marked stratum, renders it exceedingly difficult to obtain a correct measure of the intervening sandstones and shales. The interval of 300 to 350 feet, assigned by Mr. Hodge, is mani-

Jan 1, 1893

By Gilbert P. Moore

Petroleum operations in Bolivia are still limited to those of the subsidiaries of the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey. Development work is being carried on at Sanandita and at Bermejo and testing operations in the north. Five wells have been completed at Sanandita. Wells 1 and 2 are producers, 3 and 5, which are north of 1 and 2, are poor wells, and well 4, to the south, was dry. In the Bermejo field, well 5 has just been completed. No information as to the production is obtainable. In the north one string was operated at each of the following locations: Machareti, Camatindi and Camiri. The well completed at Machareti during the year was a failure. The result of the others is not known. It is reported on good authority that a pipe line will be completed in 1931 to connect the Sanandita field with the Lomitas field in the Argentine. This will place Bolivia among the ranks of the producing countries of South America for the first time. This development indicates that some arrangement has been arrived at with the Argentine Government for the importation of Bolivian oil. During 1930 the Bolivian Government declared in effect the new Petroleum Law which had been expected for such a long time. One of the first acts of the military junta, which rose to power through a coup d'état, was to cancel this law, so that Bolivian oil operations are still under the old law of 1921. One new local company was formed to exploit 1,500,000 hectares near the town of Cochabamba. The Bolivia Concessions, Ltd., which had a concession permitting the selection of 17,000,000 acres in eastern Bolivia, is reported to have failed in 1930 and is now being liquidated. Chile During 1930 the Chilean Government entered into a contract with an individual to explore in five distinct zones of the Republic. According to the contract, geologists must be at work there by May 1 of this year and a well must be started by the end of 1931. If the operations are

Jan 1, 1931

By C. L. Rabe

The Muddy and Dakota sands, more commonly known as the "D" and "J" sands, respectively, of the Denver-Julesburg Basin are correlative over a large area. It is reasonable to believe, therefore, that depositional environment throughout the Basin was comparable. Local variations in sand development do occur, however, and productivity is often governed by permeability as well as structural position. Experience indicates permeability is commonly a function of cementing material. While cases of siliceous or calcareous cementing have been observed, the bonding material is, for the most part, clay. Under the latter circumstance, clay should bear some relation to permeability. Similarly, gamma radiation should bear some relation to the amount of clay. This study was undertaken to determine if a cross relation exists between gamma radiation and permeability. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION A qualitative relation does exist between gamma radiation and permeability for clay-bonded Muddy and Dakota sands of the Denver-Julesburg Basin. This is illustrated graphically by Fig. 1, which shows corrected gamma ray deflection vs permeability for five wells over an area approximately 50 miles long and 8 miles wide. The "corrected" gamma ray deflection cannot be read directly from the gamma ray survey in all cases. It became apparent early in the investigation that methods would have to be developed for converting all gamma ray surveys to a common deflection scale and to correct for thin bed effects. COMMON SCALE DEFLECTION Because all logs are not recorded in the same calibration units or at the same sensitivity, it was felt they could be most readily converted to a common scale by measurement of deflection in inches from zero. Initially, four wells in the Jacinto field of Nebraska were carefully correlated, and selected intervals were planimetered to obtain average deflections. Average deflections of planimetered intervals from three of the wells were plotted vs those of the fourth well which was to be used as a common reference. The plots are shown in Fig. 2. While results obtained by this method in the Jacinto field were relatively good, the planimetered intervals were not easily correlated with logs from other fields. Furthermore, the planimetric method is laborious and not readily adapted to routine operations. Deflection of the "Bentonite marker" was found to

Jan 1, 1958

Charles Mather MacNeill, President of the Utah Copper CO. and of the Chino Copper Co., and a life member of the Institute since 1899, died at his home in New York on March 17, after a very brief illness with pneumonia. Mr. MacNeill was born at Oak Park, Ill., in 1871, and began his connection with mining enterprises immediately after graduating from high school, his first position being that of cashier with the Pueblo Smelting and Refining Co. He later went to Aspen, Colo., as manager of the Holden lixiviation plant. In 1893, he went to Cripple Creek as manager of the Lawrence Reduction Works, in which Mr. Holden and the late Capt. J. R. DeLamar were large owners. It was at this plant that Mr. Jackling became associated with him. The plant was destroyed by fire and, early in 1894, Mr. MacNeill became associated with Messrs. Spencer Penrose and Charles L. Tutt in a plan to finance and erect a chlorination plant at Colorado City, Colo., for the treatment of Cripple Creek ores. This plant was erected and was known as the Colorado-Philadelphia Reduction Works. Mr. MacNeill was general manager of the plant, Mr. Tutt having been president and Mr. Penrose, secretary and treasurer. The plant was very successful and was expanded, hally being reorganized under the name of the United States Reduction & Refining Company. Late in 1903, or very early in 1904, D. C. Jackling called the attention of Messrs. MacNeill and Penrose to the copper properties in Bingham Cañon, Utah, which have since become the main properties of the Utah Copper Co. After extended examinations and milling tests, these properties were bought, Mr. MacNeill becoming president of the Utah Copper Co., Mr. Penrose, secretary-treasurer, and Mr. Jackling, general manager. Mr. MacNeill remained president of the company to the time of his death. Mr. MacNeill was also a director, a member of the executive committee, and was largely interested in the Ray Consolidated Copper Co.; he was also president and a member of the executive committee of the Chino Copper Co. He had a variety of other mining interests, but the ones mentioned were distinctly the meost important. He was a director

Jan 1, 1923

IN welcoming the attending members of the Ameri-can Zinc Institute's Ninth Annual Meeting to St. Louis on April 18, the president of the Chamber of Commerce stressed the notable progress that had been made during nine years, marked by many price de-pressions and internal dissensions, while controversies between miners and smeltermen threatened to wreck the organization, prices dropped, and consumption grew languid for want of organized publicity and research. The reports and recommendations of Percy B. Butler, chairman of the Adjustment Committee, and F. C. Wallower, chairman of the Galvanizing Committee, might well be adopted as the institute's objectives. In reply to the speeches of welcome to St. Louis, Arthur Thacher reminded the delegates that the cor-ner stone of progress in the mineral industries was laid by the formation of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., in 1871, and the dedication of that organization to the exchange of ideas and methods of the winning of metals and non-metals from their crude state. The activities of the American Zinc Institute constitute, he said, a valuable phase of that work. Mr. Thacher forecast the treat-ment of 1 per cent zinc ore. After the reading of the report of the board of directors, in which Scott Turner and Louis Boschern were named as honorary members of the institute, a survey of world zinc conditions by A. J. M. Sharpe of London was presented. He held pres-ent conditions in China responsible for much of the present depression in zinc. World stocks on, April 1, 1927, were estimated as 52,900 metric tons. Adolph Boldt's paper on "Solidarity in Industry" was followed by a survey of the Tri-State district by Otto Ruhl, who emphasized the importance to the dis-trict of the organization of the Tri-State section of the A.I.M.E., which already has 135 members and asso¬ciates. He also mentioned .that flotation in the Tri¬State field is adding 1500 tons of concentrate to the weekly production. "Mining Economics" was the subject of Julian D. Conover, secretary of the Tri-State Zinc and Lead Ore Producers Association. He gave a detailed report on the costs of mining and milling in the district.

Jan 5, 1927

Charles Mather MacNeill, President of the Utah Copper CO. and of the Chino Copper Co., and a life member of the Institute since 1899, died at his home in New York on March 17, after a very brief illness with pneumonia. Mr. MacNeill was born at Oak Park, Ill., in 1871, and began his connection with mining enterprises immediately after graduating from high school, his first position being that of cashier with the Pueblo Smelting and Refining Co. He later went to Aspen, Colo., as manager of the Holden lixiviation plant. In 1893, he went to Cripple Creek as manager of the Lawrence Reduction Works, in which Mr. Holden and the late Capt. J. R. DeLamar were large owners. It was at this plant that Mr. Jackling became associated with him. The plant was destroyed by fire and, early in 1894, Mr. MacNeill became associated with Messrs. Spencer Penrose and Charles L. Tutt in a plan to finance and erect a chlorination plant at Colorado City, Colo., for the treatment of Cripple Creek ores. This plant was erected and was known as the Colorado-Philadelphia Reduction Works. Mr. MacNeill was general manager of the plant, Mr. Tutt having been president and Mr. Penrose, secretary and treasurer. The plant was very successful and was expanded, hally being reorganized under the name of the United States Reduction & Refining Company. Late in 1903, or very early in 1904, D. C. Jackling called the attention of Messrs. MacNeill and Penrose to the copper properties in Bingham Cañon, Utah, which have since become the main properties of the Utah Copper Co. After extended examinations and milling tests, these properties were bought, Mr. MacNeill becoming president of the Utah Copper Co., Mr. Penrose, secretary-treasurer, and Mr. Jackling, general manager. Mr. MacNeill remained president of the company to the time of his death. Mr. MacNeill was also a director, a member of the executive committee, and was largely interested in the Ray Consolidated Copper Co.; he was also president and a member of the executive committee of the Chino Copper Co. He had a variety of other mining interests, but the ones mentioned were distinctly the meost important. He was a director

Jan 1, 1923