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University of Alabama-University, Alabama, Mining and Metallurgical Society, William L Mason University of Alaska-College, Alaska, Mining Society of the University of Alaska, E H Beistline University of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona, Miners Society, S L Smith Birmingham-Southern College-Birmingham, Alabama, Pick and Hammer Club, Daniel D Arden University of California-Berkeley, California, Mineral Technology Association, Jack Washburn Carnegie Institute of Technology-Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, The Metals Club, Gerhard Derge Case Institute of Technology-Cleveland, Ohio, Case Metallurgical Engineering Society, Robert F Hehemann City College of New York-New York, New York, CCNY Student Chapter AIME, Daniel T O'Connell

Jan 1, 1957

By A. V. Henry

THE kaolins of the southeastern United States were known to civiliza-tion as early as the latter part of the eighteenth century-and yet the Fig. 1.-KAOLIN PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS. commercial history of Georgia kaolins may be said to begin in the year 1900. The U. S. Bureau of Mines reported for that year a production of 6885 tons of "miscellaneous" clays in Georgia. A comparison of these figures with those of 1934, when the production rose to 284,556 tons (65 per cent of the domestic production), indicates the growing economic and technologic importance of this raw material. Fig. 1 clearly shows that a part of the increase is due to a normal growth in the use of kaolinitic clays and a part is due to replacement of clays formerly imported.

Jan 1, 1937

By F. N. Rhines, B. H. Alexander

MUCH attention has been directed to the effects of grain size upon the properties of alloys, but there has been scant study either of the conditions that determine the pattern and dimensions of den-drites in metal systems, or of the influence of their shape and size upon the overall properties of cast-ings. The aim of the research that is about to be described has been to investigate the effect of vari-ous factors upon the mode of formation of dendrites in alloys by measurements of the distance between adjacent dendrite arms (dendrite spacing). Early investigators, including Grignonl and Tschernoff,2 showed that a metal dendrite is com-posed of a tree-like system of stalks and branches arranged in a simple geometrical pattern. North-cott and Thomas3 demonstrated that, in the face-centered cubic solid solutions of copper-base, these stalks and side arms all lie in (100) directions in the crystal. Several investigators, including Sauveur and Chou,0 Sauveur and Reed,' and Martin and Mar-tina have reported that the addition to steel of alloy-ing elements, such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum, not only makes the dendrites easier to reveal by etching, but makes them coarser. The latter authors8 proposed that the coarsening of the dendrites is roughly proportional to the increase in the temperature range of freezing, caused by adding the alloying elements. Sauveur and Chou6 showed, in addition, that the dendrites are coarsened by a decreased rate of cooling of the casting. Measurement of Dendrite Arm Spacing Among the physical conditions that could be ex-pected to have an influence upon the dendrite arm spacing, that appears in a cast metal, are: composi-tion, rate of freezing, crystal structure, and type of constitution. The relationships obtaining between these variables and the dendrite dimensions have been examined, in the present research, by measur- ing the arm spacing in a wide variety of alloys, listed in tables II through VI. Alloy compositions are recorded in the tables by showing the symbol of the major metal followed by the percentage and symbol of the alloying agent; thus, "Al-10Ag" is an aluminum-base alloy containing 10 pct of silver. Although none of the alloys were analyzed, an im-pression of their degree of purity may be obtained from that of their component metals given in table I. Five hundred grams of each alloy was made by melting in small clay-graphite crucibles in an elec-tric muffle furnace. After alloying the temperature was adjusted to 50" to 75°C above the liquidus and the melts were poured into cast iron molds, at room temperature, the molds having a wall thickness of 1 in. and a cavity 11/2 in. sq in cross-section. Each ingot, thus cast, was sectioned at mid-height and the sectioned surface was polished and etched for metallographic examination. Dendrite spacing meas-urements were made at three positions, namely, ad-jacent to the mold wall, midway between the wall and the center of the ingot, and at the center (desig-nated e, m, and c respectively, in the tables). A typical series of microstructures is presented in fig. 1. For each measurement, the average was taken of the dendrite spacing of several grains covering a zone about 2 mm wide. Only those grains which had a major dendrite axis nearly in the plane of polish were selected in order to eliminate corrections for orientation differences from grain to grain. Although the dendrite spacings were measured to the nearest thousandth of a millimeter, the values listed in the tables are thought to be significant only to the nearest hundredth of a millimeter. The larg-est difference in readings found, when various ob-servers rated the same specimens, was 0.012 mm; the largest difference between corresponding meas-urements upon duplicate specimens was 0.027 mm.

Jan 1, 1951

By William B. Plank

THE growing dependence of our vast industrial civilization (:n mineral products demands today, as never before, the highest technical skill in those who produce these product-;. That the duty of training the engineers, whose responsibility it is to produce these mineral products efficiently and in sufficient amount, falls directly on the schools of mining is beginning to be more fully recognized. The Institute, realizing this fact and that its future membership depends largely on the annual accretion of young men, is showing a keen interest in the problems of the mining schools and in the work of its Committee on Engineering Education. The Committee has, during the past several years, considered the problems connected with the training of men for the mineral industry, whether these have been problems of college training, or placement of the young engineer in the industry, or personnel training after he enters the industry. The field of interest and discussion has been as broad and varied as the mineral industry itself. Coal mining, metal mining and metallurgy have been discussed and the papers on these subjects have been outstanding contributions to the literature on mineral education.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. H. Reamer, B. H. Sage

The formation volume and the relative volume of the liquid Phase of mixtures of Condensate and gas from five different parts of a field in the Louisiana area have been established experimentally. These studies included gas-condensate ratios as high as 25.000 cu ft/bbl at pressures up to 5,000 psi. The gravities of the tank condensates were between 53.9° and 63.9° API. The compositions of the condensate and gas samples inves-ligated are presented in tabular form. The formation volume. the relative volume of the liquid phase. and the specific volume of the mixtures are available. A rough correlation of the formation volume as a function of pressure. temperature, and gas-condensate ratio has been presented. This correlation i-considered applicable only to the range of conditions covered in this investigation for systems of similar nature and com-position. INTRODUCTION Often a knowledge of the influence of temperature. Pres sure, and relative quantities of condensate and gas upon the volumetric behavior of fluid*. from a given field has been employed in estimating the Conditions existing in the reservoir. The early work of Beecher and Parkhurst' and the more rrcent Studies of the Dominguez' and San Joaqnin Valley Field;: are examples of experimental studies of this character. Correlation of the volumetric behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures has Proved To be feasible' . at low gas-conden-sate ratios-; for fluids*. from a single geographic area. Progres 5 is being made in the Prediction of the volumetric behavior of distillate systems at high gas-condensate ratios and pressure.. However. the estimation of the retrograde". ' dew-point pressure still remains uncertain and probably can best be established by experiment. For this reason it appears of interest to make available experimental information about the volumetric behavior of mixtures of condensate and gas from five different part.; of a single field. This material shows a rough similarity to data for mixtures of condensate and gas from San Joaqnin ' Valley Fields. In the present paper. 110 attempt has been made to coordinate the available information on tbe volumetric behavior of fluids from condensate fields. It appears hopeful that progress can be realized by the utilization of recently developed equa-tions of state.!' However. the primary problem in any such correlation is the proper identification of the components and constituents of naturally occuring systems. Additional experimental information may be required to permit the determination of the values of the constants of the equation of state for References given at end of paper. Manuscriptt received in the office of the Petroleum Branch June 11. 1951. *For present purposes low gas- condensate ratios will he considered as those below 3,000 cu ft/bbl, and the region of high gas-condensate ratio will be limited to compositions containing more than 5,000 cu ft of pas per bbl of condensate. Mixtures Containing between 3,000 and 5.000 CII ft OF gas per bbl will be considered of intermediate gas-condensate ratio.

Jan 1, 1952

Report of Secretary TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS Gentlemen -I have the honor to present the following report for the calendar year 1920 The activities which-seem to call for special com¬ment are THE NEW FORM OF MAGAZINE MINING AND METALLURGY appeared every month during the calendar year and has been developed until it contains some ten departments It has brought forth more commendatory letters than have been received at headquarters on any other subject throughout the year Less than a dozen letters unfavorable to the change have been received, and the indications are that the magazine has met a want deeply felt, especially by members distant from headquarters The technical papers printed by the Institute are published in abstract in the magazine and opportunity is given to members who desire them to receive full copies of any or all papers published The Bound Volumes, as usual, contain all the papers in full and discussions thereof FINANCES The greatly increased cost of paper and printing has put a tremendous burden on the Institute's finances, since the dues of $12 per year are only 20 per cent greater than the members paid when the Institute was founded forty-nine years ago This has resulted in a temporary deficit, similar to that encountered by many of our sister engineering societies The fact that our Institute has lower dues and gives more in the way of publications to its members than any other of\the national engineering societies has rendered the situation more difficult for us MEETINGS The Annual Meeting in New York, the Field Meeting in the Lake Superior District, the meeting of the Petroleum and Gas members at St Lours, and of the Institute of Metals Division in Columbus, Ohio, have all been described in full in the magazine

Jan 1, 1923

[ ] S. H. Ash (Mining Industry Continues with Lower Fatal-Injury Rates, P. 257) was born in Roslyn, Wash. and attended Lehigh University and University of Washington. He received a B.S. and E.M. degree in mining engineering. Mr. Ash was supervising engineer in charge of work of Safety Div., Bureau of Mines, eastern Pennsylvania and the states of N. Y., Del., N. J. and the New England states. He was appointed chief engineer of Metal and Nonmetal Mining Section of the Mineral Production Security Div., Bureau of Mines, July 1942. At present he is chief engineer, Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines. Besides holding membership in AIME, he is a member of National Honorary Engineering Society, Society of American Military Engineers, Tau Beta Pi and many other societies.

Jan 1, 1952

By Walter E. Heinrichs

Since World War II exploration geophysics has derived its scope from the following factors: first, the usual post-war interest in exploration to rebuild war-depleted reserves; second, the impetus supplied by the uranium prospecting boom; third, increased demand for natural resources due to the Korean War; fourth, the discovery of substantial metallic ore by geophysical means in Canada, the U. S., and other countries; and, finally, continuing discoveries of commercial oil by geophysical methods throughout the world. The past year's national business slump has severely curtailed mining exploration in general and correspondingly has brought about even greater reductions in applied geophysics in mining. Petroleum exploration, conceived and executed on a broader statistical basis than mining, has kept up its geophysical programs relatively well, although domestic work has been substantially reduced.

Jan 7, 1959

By G. W. Nabor, H. J. Ramey

A blotter-type electrolytic model was utilized to prepare flow diagrams for a field test of the in-situ combustion process. It is pointed out that the areal sweep of a combustion pattern is similar to sweep patterns that would be developed at an infinite mobility ratio, which exists (approximately) across a combustion front because of the complete removal of liquids from the sand behind it. The precision of the blotter method was tested by comparison with results obtained by other techniques and was found to be satisfactory. The blotter-type model will not furnish as much information as more elaborate and expensive potentiometric models, but its speed of operation and ease of construction make it a highly satisfactory tool to determine areal sweep patterns. A tabulation of sweep efficiency and mobility ratio is furnished for various well geometries. INTRODUCTION In connection with the first field experiment with the in-situ combustion method of oil recovery," flow diagrams for the unique well geometry and boundary conditions involved in the subject test were developed. From these diagrams, information concerning the areal sweep and distribution of flow was obtained. A survev of the literature on potentiometric models, utilized to solve two-dimensional flow problems,1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10 indicated that the information desired could be obtained by means of a blotter-type model by making certain modifications in the technique. The following discussion describes the application of the modified blotter-type electrolytic model to the solution of the problem of the flow of gases in an oil reservoir for an engineering appraisal of the progress of the combustion front during the first field experiment. Considerable information has been published on the theoretical aspects of electrical model techniques. One author stated that:' "The models are based on the observation that since the velocity of an ion in an electrolytic system is proportional to the potential gradient, just as the velocity of a fluid particle in a porous medium is proportional to the pressure gradient, the paths of the ions in the electrolytic systems must be similar to those of the fluid particles in a porous medium with the same geometry and equivalent boundary conditions." This suggestion of a real analogy has been established repeatedly by comparisons of analytic derivations with model results. The analogy between the movement of a combustion front and the model results is not as apparent, since the combustion process differs from water flooding and gas cycling in that the velocity of the burning front is different from the velocity of the injected fluid at the front in combustion. Analogy between electric current flow and movement of the burning front exists because the local velocity of the burning front is proportional to the air (mass) velocity at this point (assuming frontal temperatures are at least as high as the ignition temperature of the fuel). Most model studies fall into one of two categories: (1) electron conduction, or (2) ionic conduction models. Examples of these are models which employ as flow media either a thin metal sheet, or a porous blotter saturated with an electrolyte, respectively. Of the two, the porous blotter model, an ionic conduction model, appears to be the most adaptable to the flow problem that results when using in-situ combustion. This problem requires that the mobility of the particles in the model be controlled analogous to the mobility of gas flowing through burned sand of high permeability to gas and then through oil sand of lower permeability to gas. Although the blotter model has heretofore been

Jan 1, 1955

As a representative of the Institute in the Joseph A. Holmes Safety Association, which comprises some twenty-three different National Societies, it is proper that I make some report of the progress of the Association to the Institute. The societies represented in the organization are as follows: Association- Representatives, 1916 American Association for the Advancement of Science L. 0. Howard American Chemical Society Charles Baskerville American Electro-Chemical Society F. G. Cottrell American Federation of Labor : A. E. Helder American Forestry Association P. S. Ridsdale American Institute of Electrical Engineers John H. Finney American Institute of Mining Engineers Hennen Jennings American Mining Congress David T. Day American Red Cross Society Maj. Robert U. Patterson American Society for Testing Materials A. W. Gibbs American Society of Mechanical Engineers..... John A. Brashear

Jan 4, 1917

By Philip D. Wilson

AS thin most important and vital component of an airplane aluminum hay rapidly become the heart and tome- of the war program. Its production ham increased amt will continue to increase, in comparison with its pre-war position further than that of any of lie other important critical metals except magnesium. Compared with the 1939 production of tons of primary ingot coming from four plants, all owned by the Aluminum Company of America the 1942 figures are more than three timer as large. Including, recoverable scrap and contracted ingot from Canada the 191,, supply of aluminum for the United States will be over siren times dial of 1939- A substantial part of this increase has been achieved during the past year as total production in 1941 was only some 307,500 tons. During 1942 six great new ingot plants sponsored and owned by the Government have come into production and three others are nearing completion.

Jan 1, 1943

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. WILLIAM A. POMEROY. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia FRANK A. ROSS Chairman. RUSH J. WHITE, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. FREDERIC KEFFER, FRANCIS A.,THOMSON.

Jan 4, 1915

The St. Lawrence Seaway and power project has received the support of the Canadian Parliament, with the House of Commons approving a bill that authorizes the Government to proceed with construction of the seaway, with or without U. S. cooperation. Itogan Mining Co., third largest gold mine in the Philippines, reopened in December under the management of Marsman and. Co. The 'mine was almost totally destroyed during the occupation. The International Materials Conference committee on copper, lead, and zinc has recommended against stockpiling during the: first quarter of 1952 because of the current demands for defense needs. The General Services Administration has told producers who have contracts calling for delivery of copper to the stockpile during the first quarter of 1952 that they do not need to make those deliveries.

Jan 1, 1952

Year Institute of Metals ? Petroleum - Iron and Steel ? Coal ? Mineral Industry Education - Industrial Minerals 1918 W M CORSE 1919 1920 W H BASSETT 1921 1922 W B PRICE 1923 E DEGOLYER 1924 G K ELLIOTT 1925 F JULIUS FOHS 1926 PAUL D MERICA 1927 JOHN M LOVEJOY 1928 S SKOWRONSKI A W AMBROSE RALPH H SWEETSER 1929 J B UMPLEBY G B WATERHOLSE 1930 ZAY JEFFRIES C V MILLIKAN W J MACKENZIEHOWARD N EAVENSON 1931 SAM TOUR C E BEECHER F M BECKET 1932 C H MATHEWSON EARL OLIVER F N SPELLERTHOMAS G FEAR C H FULTON

Jan 1, 1952

By C. A. Pierce

STUDIES of roof and floor movement are of interest to those actively engaged in mining. This is especially true in the case of an entirely new area where there is no precedent for guidance. The potash deposit being mined is in the southeast corner of New Mexico, about 20 miles east of Carlsbad. The deposit was formed by the land-locked, shallow, Permian Sea that extended through parts of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and eastern New Mexico. The saline deposits vary from 500 to 4000 ft. thick. Neither of the companies operating in this area has delimited its com-mercial ore bodies. As all production so far has been from Federal and State leases, the Department of the Interior and the State of New Mexico have a direct interest in the development and extraction of these ore horizons. The ore is composed of an intimate mechanical mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride). It lies generally in a horizontal bed varying from 5 to 12 ft. in thickness, and has a cover of approximately 1000 ft., consisting of about 500 ft. of salt beds and 500 ft, of sediments. The immediate mine roof for several feet is principally salt with some potash and clayey material. The next 500 ft. above, from the standpoint of structure, may be considered rock salt with a few inter-bedded potash members. The upper 500 ft. is of sedimentary (Permian and Triassic) origin and contains several water-bearing formations with flows varying from 10 to 500 gal. per minute. This water intensifies the interest in convergence problems as the ore and surrounding for-mations are water soluble. Potash salt (sylvite) and rock salt (halite) are plastic minerals. Plasticity is defined as a "property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresses."1

Jan 1, 1938

YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1923. GELASIO CAETANI Rome, Italy. 1929. TAKUMA DAN Tokyo, Japan. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1928. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND New York, N. Y. 1928. WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON Yonkers, N. Y. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1921. C. MCDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1909. ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass.

Jan 1, 1923

1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacristan, Durham, England. 1923. GELASIO CAETANI Rome, Italy. 1920. HENRY STURQIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1922 FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England 1928. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND. .New York, N. Y. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Park, France. 1931. WALDEMAR LINDQREN Cambridge, Mass 1929. JOHN MARKLE. .New York, N. Y. 1921. C. MCDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1909. ALEXANDRE POURCEL Park, France. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass.

Jan 1, 1932

Truman H. Aldrich '78 W. S. Ayres '73 Andrew A. Blair '75 Walter M. Brodie '72 H. M. Chance '74 Fred'k G Corning '77 Ralph Crocker '81 A. W. Crookston '80 George M. Davidson '81 W. B. Devereaux '80 H. S. Drinker Founder William E. C. Eustis '76 B. F. Fackenthal, Jr. '80 John Hays Hammond '81 Edward Hart '81 A. Heckscher '79 Henry D. Hibbard '79 Francis C. Holman '81 Julian Kennedy '79 William,St. George Kent '72 Frank Klepetko '80 Wheaton B. Kunhardt '80 Daniel J. Leary '81 Frank Lyman '77 John Markle '79 Samuel Mather '79

Jan 1, 1923

By R. E. Hucko

Introduction The principal thrust of the US Department of Energy (DOE) coal preparation R&D program is to develop technology to reduce ash and sulfur content of US coals to levels where the resultant product can be formulated into a high quality solid or slurry fuel that could replace oil or natural gas in both new and retrofit applications. The coal preparation program is implemented by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and is conducted both in house and by a cross section of industrial organizations, universities, and national laboratories. Research is subdivided into three areas - coal characterization, beneficiation, and ancillary unit operations.

Jan 1, 1985

A week-long educational program and two-day symposium on applying the fluidizing reactor to the minerals industry drew more than 100 engineers to the University of Arizona at Tucson several weeks ago. The educational program, intended for engineers who will work closely with the reactor, attracted registrants from all sections of the U. S. and Canada. Meeting at the College of Mines on February 23 for a full week of intensive classwork, the engineers ploughed in with enthusiasm. Eight hours daily of lectures and laboratory work were followed by a generous helping of homework supplied by Professor Sigmund L. Smith, who directed the course. The study program was completed on Friday and the following Monday marked the start of a symposium of technical papers covering a wide variety of operations and new ideas.

Jan 4, 1959